Introduction
Sixty-Six Cessation Intervention Studies
Selection of Studies
Investigators | Project name/site | Years done | Where reported? |
---|---|---|---|
Ary et al. | Project PATH, Oregon Research Institute, OR | 1988–1989 | JBM, 1990 |
Aveyard et al. | Univ. of Birmingham, West Midlands, UK | 1997–1998 | BMJ, 1999 |
Baskerville, Hotte, Dunkley | Univ. of Ottawa, CAN | ~1993 | Health Canada, 1997 |
Bauman et al. | Univ. of NC-Chapel Hill, U.S.-wide sample; Family Matters | 1996–1999 | Prevention Science, 2000 |
Beaglehole et al. | Wellington, New Zealand | 1976 | New Zealand Medical J, 1978 |
Biener et al. | Univ. of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, State-wide | 1993–1994 | AJPH, 1998 |
Chakravorty | PRC, UNIV.IC, IL | 1991 | DAI, 1992 |
Charlton | Univ. of Manchester, UK | ~1988 | HER, 1992 |
Cinnomin, Sussman | Conejo Valley HS, CA | 1992 | Book, 1995 |
Colby et al. | Boston Univ., VAMC-P, H&RIH | ~1997 | JCCP, 1998 |
Coleman-Wallace et al. | Emory Univ., GA LL, CA, schools in CA | 1996–1998 | J School Health, 1999 |
Corby et al. | Wayne St. Univ., Detroit, MI | ~1999 | Exp Clin Psychopharm, 2000 |
Digiusto | New S Wales D.H., AUST | 1989 | Book, 1994 |
Dino et al. | ALA-FL, WV Univ. | 1999 | Manuscript under review |
Eakin, Severson, Glasgow | Oregon Research Institute, OR | 1986 | NCI Monographs, 1989 |
Etter, Ronchi, Perneger | Univ. of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland | 1996 | J Epid Comm Health, 1999 |
Fibkins | S-WRHS, NY | 1990 | NASSB, 1993 |
Forster et al. | Univ. of Minnesota,14 MN communities | 1993–1996 | AJPH, 1998 |
Glasgow et al. | Oregon Research Institute, OR | ~1997 | JCCP, 1999 |
Glover | EC Univ., NC | 1985 | AJPH, 1986 |
Goldberg, Gorn | McGill Univ., Quebec, CAN | ~1981 | J Communication, 1982 |
Greenberg, Deputat | St. Univ. of NY, NY | 1975 | JSH, 1978 |
Hafstad, Aaro, Langmark | Univ. of Bergen, Buskerud County, Norway | 1992 | HER, 1996 |
Horn et al. | ALA, WVUNIV. | 1998 | HE, 1999 |
Horswell, Horton | Ottawa, CAN | ~1996 | Health Canada, 1997 |
Hotte et al. | Ottawa, CAN | 1997 | Health Canada, 1997 |
Hurt et al. | NDC, Mayo, Rochester MN and LaCrosse, WS | 1997 | Arch Ped & Adol Med, 2000 |
Jason, Mollica, Ferrone | DePaul, Chicago, IL | 1978 | PM, 1982 |
Jerome | Reston, VA | ~1997 | |
Johnson et al. | HASP, IPR, USC, LA, CA | 1981–1983 | JBM, 1986 |
Kempf, Stanley | Rutgers Univ., Substance Abuse Treatment Campus, NJ | 1994–1995 | J Addictive Diseases, 1996 |
Killen et al. | CRDP, Stanford, CA | 1986 | JAMA, 1988 |
Lampkin | AMA, 5 School-based health centers (CO, DE, MI) | 1997 | AMA Technical Report, 1998 |
Librett | End Nicotine Dependence, Salt Lake City, UT | 1998–2000 | Unpublished doctoral dissertation, 2001 |
Lotecka, McWhinney | Oceanside, CA | ~1981 | IJA, 1983 |
Matson-Koffman, Miller | Atlanta, GA | 1994 | Conference presentation, 1995 |
McDonald, Roberts, Deeschaemaker | TCDC, Oakland, CA | 1994 | J Sub Abuse Tr, 2000 |
Mills, Ewy, Dizon | ACS-MN | ~1977 | HE, 1978 |
Murray, Prokhorov, Harty | Univ. of MN, State-wide campaign, MN and WS | 1986–1990 | PM, 1994 |
Myers, Brown | Univ. of SD, VAMC-SD, CA | 1986–1989 | Pediatrics, 1994 |
Myers, Brown, Kelly | Univ. of SD, VAMC-SD, CA, outpatients | ~1997–1999 | J Child Adol Substance Abuse, 2000 |
Pallonen | CPRC-Univ. of RI, RI | 1991–1994 | Tobacco Cessation for Youth Conference, 1996; Substance Use & Misuse, 1998 |
Patten et al. | NDC, Mayo, catchment areas in MN | 1988–1997 | Unpublished data, 2001 |
Patterson | Mishawaka, IN | ~1983 | The School Counselor, 1984 |
Pendell | C&I, Inc, MN | 1995–1997 | Manual material and handout at CDC, 1997; Pendell, 1996 |
Perry et al. | SHDP-Univ. of CA SF, Univ. of CA LA, CA | 1978 | AJPH, 1980 |
Perry et al. | HSPP, SU-ALA, CA | 1980 | Adolescence, 1983 |
Peters | Ottawa, CAN | ~1993 | Health Canada, 1997 |
Peterson, Clark | Melbourne, AUST | ~1985 | Psych Rep, 1986 |
Popham et al. | Univ. of CA LA, CA State-wide media campaign | 1990–1991 | Am J Prev Med, 1994 |
Prince | Project Tobacco, No Thanks! GGI, Ventura County, CA | ~1993 | Adolescence, 1995 |
Quinlan, McCaul | ND St. Univ.-Fargo | ~1998 | Health Psych, 2000 |
Rigotti et al. | TRTC, Harvard, 6 MA communities | 1994–1996 | NEJM, 1997 |
Skjoldebrand, Gahnberg | Public Dental Service, Uppsala Sweden | 1990–1993 | Swed Dent J, 1997 |
Smith et al. | Mayo Clinic NRC, Rochester, MN | 1993–1995 | Pediatrics, 1996 |
St. Pierre, Shute, Jaycox | ~HS in CA | 1982 | HE, 1983 |
Suedfeld et al. | Rutgers, NJ undergraduates | ~1971 | IJA, 1972 |
Sussman, Burton et al. | Project TNT, IPR, PRC, CA, IL | 1990 | Book, 1995 |
Sussman, Dent, Lichtman | Project EX IPR, CA | 1998 | Addict Beh, 2001 |
Sussman, Dent, Stacy | Project TND IPR, CA | 1997–1998 | AJHB, in press |
Townsend et al. | MRC-E&MCU, Middlesex, GB | 1990 | British Medical Journal, 1991 |
Vartiainen et al. | Helsinki, Finland | ~1997–1999 | Under review, 2001 |
Wakefield et al. | Univ. of IL at Chicago, IL; U.S. Nation-wide survey | 1996 | British Medical Journal, 2000 |
Weissman et al. | Oregon Research Institute, OR | ~1985 | Psych Add Beh, 1987 |
Zavela, Harrison, Owens | UNCT, Greeley, CO | 1990 | APHA Meeting Presentation, 1991 |
Zheng | USC, CA-pilot data collected in Wuhan, China, Project EX | 2000 | Unpublished data, 2000 |
Investigators | Methodological design | Biochemical validation? |
---|---|---|
Ary et al. | Experimental – two condition: multigrade level (6th through 11th) social influence prevention, standard care; also parent messages randomly assigned to 12 schools within program condition | Yes |
Aveyard et al. | Experimental – two condition: expert system and three class sessions based on transtheoretical model, standard health education (a little to motivate quitting) | No |
Baskerville, Hotte, Dunkley | Quasi-experimental – quit-and-win contest and smoke free month, standard care control | Yes |
Bauman et al. | Experimental – family program, standard care control | No |
Beaglehole et al. | Quasi-experimental – classroom program, standard care control | No |
Biener et al. | Single-group – random digit dialing | No |
Chakravorty | Experimental – three condition: mintsnuff, chewing gum control, lecture only | Yes |
Charlton | Quasi-experimental – pilot clinic ("courses"), self-help | Yes |
Cinnomin, Sussman | Experimental – two condition: social influence/stress-coping, chemical addiction | Yes |
Colby et al. | Experimental – two condition: motivational interview, brief advice | Yes |
Coleman-Wallace et al. | Quasi-experimental – three condition: Tobacco Education Program (TEG) for precontemplators, Tobacco Awareness Program (TAP) for those who want to quit, control; 57% mandatory-punish (in TEG) | Yes |
Corby et al. | Single-group – within subject replicated ABA design, 1 week each with a two week follow-up | Yes |
Digiusto | Quasi-experimental – three condition: lunchtime quit clinic, class-time quit clinic, standard care control | Yes |
Dino et al. | Quasi-experimental – two condition: not on tobacco (NOT), brief intervention | Yes |
Eakin, Severson, Glasgow | Single-group – within subject replicated AB design | Yes |
Etter, Ronchi, Perneger | Quasi-experimental – two condition: smoke-free program-four buildings/limited areas/cessation counseling service, control (other buildings) | No |
Fibkins | Single-group – 1 group clinic | No |
Forster et al. | Experimental – two condition: policy program, standard care control | No |
Glasgow et al. | Experimental – two condition: brief intervention, simple advice to quit smoking | Yes |
Glover | Single-group – two pilot clinics | Yes |
Goldberg, Gorn | Quasi-experimental – two condition: personal involvement, standard care control | No, did use behavioral observation |
Greenberg, Deputat | Quasi-experimental – four condition: fear, facts, values, standard care control | No |
Hafstad, Aaro, Langmark | Single-group – mass media campaign for teens | No |
Horn et al. | Quasi-experimental – two condition: not on tobacco (NOT), brief intervention | Yes |
Horswell, Horton | Quasi-experimental – peer led school clinic, standard care control | No |
Hotte et al. | Quasi-experimental – quit 4 life small groups plus kit, quit 4 life self-help kit-only | No |
Hurt et al. | Single-group – nicotine patch therapy | Yes |
Jason, Mollica, Ferrone | Quasi-experimental – 3 condition: role-play plus discussion, discussion-only, control | Yes |
Jerome | Single-group – Life Sign computer assisted | Yes |
Johnson et al. | Quasi-experimental – 4 condition: social curriculum/familiar media role models, social curriculum/unfamiliar media role models, health curriculum/familiar media role models, health curriculum/unfamiliar media role models | Yes |
Kempf, Stanley | Quasi-experimental – 2 condition: smoke-free policy, standard care control | No |
Killen et al. | Quasi-experimental – 2 condition: special intervention, standard care control | Yes |
Lampkin | Single-group – pretest-posttest (averaged follow-up) | No |
Librett | Single-group – pretest-posttest | No |
Lotecka, McWhinney | Quasi-experimental – two condition: matched groups: coping, information | No |
Matson-Koffman, Miller | Single-group – quit and win/tobacco free teens, school clinic | NR |
McDonald, Roberts, Deeschaemaker | Single-group – consecutive cohorts | No |
Mills, Ewy, Dizon | Single-group – two cohorts, senior high and junior high | No |
Murray, Prokhorov, Harty | Quasi-experimental – two condition: statewide anti-smoking campaign in Minnesota, Wisconsin as control; sequential 9th grade cohorts | No |
Myers, Brown | Single-group – consecutive cohorts | No |
Myers, Brown, Kelly | Single-group – consecutive cohorts at three facilities | Yes |
Pallonen | Single-group – feasibility study | Yes |
Patten et al. | Single-group – retrospective cohort study | Yes, at baseline only |
Patterson | Single-group – feasibility study | No |
Pendell | Single-group – consecutive cohorts | No |
Perry et al. | Quasi-experimental – two condition: special intervention, standard care control | Yes |
Perry et al. | Experimental – three condition: long-term health effects, social consequences, physiological effects; also two teaching modalities (teacher, college student) | Yes |
Peters | Single-group – quit 4 life self-help kit requesters | No |
Peterson, Clark | Quasi-experimental – two condition: discussion group, standard care control group | No |
Popham et al. | Single-group – state-wide: looks at those exposed and not exposed to campaign | No |
Prince | Quasi-experimental – three condition: peer led, adult led, standard care control group | No |
Quinlan, McCaul | Experimental – three condition: stage-matched (to precontemplation stages of change), stage-mismatched (action material offered), assessment only | No |
Rigotti et al. | Quasi-experimental – two condition: enforcement or non-enforcement of tobacco sales laws | No |
Skjoldebrand, Gahnberg | Single-group – all teens who came to the clinic for check-ups | No |
Smith et al. | Single-group – non-randomized open label trial | Yes |
St. Pierre, Shute, Jaycox | Single-group-group clinic pilot of ACS I-Quit | No |
Suedfeld et al. | Experimental – four condition: use of sensory deprivation (Senory D) chamber or not, with a tobacco use health consequences message or not | No |
Sussman, Burton et al. | Experimental – three condition: psychosocial dependency, chemical addiction, wait list control | Yes |
Sussman, Dent, Lichtman | Experimental – three condition: clinic plus school-as-community, clinic only, standard care control | Yes |
Sussman, Dent, Stacy | Experimental – three condition: health educator led classroom, self-instruction, standard care control | Yes |
Townsend et al. | Single-group – "1-shot" | No |
Vartiainen et al. | Single-group-quit-and win approach | Yes |
Wakefield et al. | Nation-wide survey of the extent of smoking restrictions on teen smoking | No |
Weisman et al. | Single-group-AB design | Yes |
Zavela, Harrison, Owens | Experimental – three condition: mint snuff, bubble gum, comparison (no oral substitute lecture-only group) | No |
Zheng | Single-group – quit clinic pilot | Yes |
Program Components
Theoretical Contents
Modality of Programming
Investigators | Theoretical guide | Modalities | #Sessions |
---|---|---|---|
Ary et al. | Social influence-oriented prevention | Classroom program, three parent messages, videos | 10 |
Aveyard et al. | Stages of change model – normative/ipsative feedback, smoking pros/cons; control-information on health | Three computer expert system lessons and three classes | 6 |
Baskerville, Hotte, Dunkley | Contingency-based, quit-and-win contest contingent on smoke free month, buddy support, chemical addiction | System-wide, school-based contest and self-help materials, youth signed up from 10 high schools | NA |
Bauman et al. | Motivation enhancement, parenting, modeling, social influences | Family-directed, through mail and phone calls | NA (5 booklets, 15 activities) |
Beaglehole et al. | Social influence and health belief model versus standard care fear information and discussion | Classroom program with films | NR (semester course) |
Biener et al. | Supply reduction: $0.25 excise tax | System-wide, state-wide reaction to price increase | NA |
Chakravorty | Substitution (chemical addiction) and education | School clinic | 2 |
Charlton | Cognitive-behavioral – "Packing it in?" | School clinic or self-help | 6 |
Cinnomin, Sussman | Cognitive-behavioral, social influences, chemical addiction | School clinic | 6 |
Colby et al. | Brief motivation enhancement-oriented | Medical hospital clinic | 1 |
Coleman-Wallace et al. | Stages of change – TEG and TAP; cognitive-behavioral | Mostly school clinic, videos, cooperative learning | 8 |
Corby et al. | Contingency-based, 1-week contingency management ($40) | CO measurement at a medical-type clinic | NA |
Digiusto | Cognitive-behavioral, social influences | School clinic | 6 |
Dino et al. | Cognitive-behavioral, social influences, chemical addiction | School clinic; single-gender groups led by same-gender facilitator; brief intervention – 20 minute quit advice and self-help material | 12 |
Eakin, Severson, Glasgow | Cognitive-behavioral, coping skills – 4 As | At Oregon Research Institute, school-like clinic, small group meetings, 2–3 counselors, videos | 3 |
Etter, Ronchi, Perneger | Supply reduction, policy, information campaign, self-help | System-wide, smoke-free areas, posters, leaflets, self-help quit manuals at part of university | NA |
Fibkins | Recovery/addiction, student assistance counseling model, recovery concepts: "Five Hour a Day" | School clinic with counselor and nurse | 6 |
Forster et al. | Supply reduction; make youth tobacco access a salient issue, change ordinances, change retailer and parent practices, enforcement of sale laws | System-wide, community organizer teams, group presentations, letter and petition drives, meetings with community leaders and retailers, media campaigns, purchase attempts | NA |
Glasgow et al. | Brief motivation enhanced-oriented and follow-up support phone calls | Medical-like planned parenthood clinic, short video, brief counseling, 1–3 phone calls | 1–2 |
Glover | Cognitive-behavioral-ACS Fresh Start | College/school clinic | 2 |
Goldberg, Gorn | Motivation enhancement, personal involvement to help younger youth | College classroom program, films, advertisement analysis, social influence texts, discussion | ~16 |
Greenberg, Deputat | Affect-oriented, fears, facts or values | School clinic, films | 7 |
Hafstad, Aaro, Langmark | Motivation enhancement, cognitive consistency – popular opinions and being a smoker | System-wide, newspaper ads, poster, 1 TV and cin ema spot; home-mailed questionnaires | NA |
Horn et al. | Cognitive-behavioral, social influences, chemical addiction | School clinic; single-gender groups led by same-gender facilitator; brief intervention – 20 minute quit advice and self-help material | 14 |
Horswell, Horton | Social influence – Canadian Cancer Society's Fresh Start Program | School clinic: "Pack in Those Smokes" | 3 |
Hotte et al. | Cognitive behavioral-consequences, coping with withdrawal | School clinic: "Quit 4 life" | 7 |
Hurt et al. | Chemical addiction, brief 4A's intervention: advice to quit, self-help material | Medical clinic; nicotine patch use | 7 (1 advice 6 patch checks |
Jason, Mollica, Ferrone | Social influence, immediate and long-term consequences of smoking | Classroom program | 6 |
Jerome | Chemical addiction, gradual with-drawal, self-help cognitive-behavioral guide | Hand-held computer, weekly support meetings at high school | 8 |
Johnson et al. | Social influence and short-term consequences/long-term consequences; public commitment in both conditions | Classroom program, videos | 4 |
Kempf, Stanley | Supply reduction, smoke-free policy versus no regulation of smoking outside the building | More a medical clinic context, residential therapeutic community drug treatment programs | NA |
Killen et al. | Social influence, social-cognitive/increase attractiveness of 4 health practices | Classroom program | 20 |
Lampkin | Stage of change, some addiction and mo tivation enhancement | School based health center (medical context) | 4 |
Librett | Cognitive-behavioral, alter tobacco use expectancies, build self-efficacy | School clinic | 6 |
Lotecka, McWhinney | Cognitive-behavioral, coping | School clinic | 4 |
Matson-Koffman, Miller | Contingency-based, quit and win/tobacco free teens, contest, chemical addiction, phone counseling | School clinic | 8 |
McDonald, Roberts, Deeschaemaker | Therapeutic community and "I quit" derived, adult cessation & recovery concepts | Medical, inpatient treatment | 5 |
Mills, Ewy, Dizon | Stages of change-pre-contemplation, social influence, contract with buddy control | School clinic | 8 |
Murray, Prokhorov, Harty | Social influences-oriented | System-wide, higher taxes on tobacco, school-based with smoke-free campuses and education, mass-media campaign on TV and radio and newspapers and billboards, and local community grants | NR |
Myers, Brown | Recovery oriented | Medical, inpatient treatment – generalization to cigarettes | NA; 28 – not tobacco |
Myers, Brown, Kelly | Motivation enhanced, with cognitive-behavioral and social influence material | Medical, outpatient treatment – at three facilities | 6 |
Pallonen | Stages of change | Computer assisted | 3 |
Patten | Cognitive-behavioral, chemical addiction, social influence | Medical clinic consultation, telephone and mail follow-up | 2 |
Patterson | Cognitive behavioral-similar to f resh start | School clinic | 6 |
Pendell | Stages of change – TEG and TAP | Mostly school clinic, videos, cooperative learning | 16 |
Perry et al. | Comprehensive social influences | Prevention and cessation in classroom program, films, self-monitoring | 4 |
Perry et al. | Comprehensive social influences, prevention component oriented | Prevention in senior high school classroom, films, self-monitoring | 3 |
Peters | Cognitive behavioral-consequences, coping with withdrawal | System-wide, self-help quit kit "Quit 4 life", call a toll free number to request kit | NA |
Peterson, Clark | Social influence, group decision to cut down | School clinic | 3 |
Popham et al. | Social influence, health and social consequences, society's disapproval, profit motivation of tobacco industry | System-wide, TV, radio, outdoor and print media. 13 general audience ads, 2 youth-focused ads | NA |
Prince | Cognitive behavioral | School clinic | 6 |
Quinlan and McCaul | Stages of change-pre-contemplation (costs and benefits), action (quit techniques and quit date) | Brief university clinic-two activities and take home materials | 1 |
Rigotti et al. | Supply reduction, enforcement of no-sales laws to minors | System-wide, health department distributed written information to vendors and penalized noncompliance; minors attempted to purchase tobacco from vendors, surveys | NA |
Skjoldebrand, Gahnberg | Addiction model | Medical, 1 public dental clinic: interviews and advice about tobacco, waiting room posters, brochures, and video program, some instruction by dental nurses in a group-information format, referral to tobacco detoxification program offered | NA |
Smith et al. | Addiction model | Medical clinic-like, patch, behavioral counseling with group support-coping, wellness, relapse prevention | 8 |
St.Pierre, Shute, Jaycox | Cognitive-behavioral, I-quit, psychosocial dependency, chemical addiction | School clinic, video | 6 |
Suedfeld et al. | Affect-oriented, SD to "unfreeze" attitudes and permit change | University lab; sensory deprivation (Sensory D) chamber | 1 24 hour Sensory D session |
Sussman, Burton et al. | Cognitive-behavioral, psychosocial dependency and chemical addiction | School clinic, videos | 5 |
Sussman, Dent, Lichtman | Motivation enhancement, with social influences and chemical addiction material | School clinic, school meetings and events in 1 condition | 8 |
Sussman, Dent, Stacy | Motivation enhancement-skills-decision making-chemical addiction | Continuation high school classroom program | 12 |
Townsend et al. | Social influence | Medical, nurse or physician assisted, quit pamphlet, general practice setting | 1 |
Vartiainen et al. | Contingency-based, quit-and-Win lottery (for ~$1,600) | System-wide, through schools, biochemically validated quitting to enter lottery | NA |
Wakefield et al. | Supply reduction: restrictions on smoking at home, school and public places | System-wide, cross-sectional survey; self-reports | NA |
Zavela, Harrison, Owens | Substitution (addiction), with coping-oriented material | College clinic | 9 |
Zavela, Harrison, Owens | Substitution (addiction), with coping-oriented material | College clinic | 9 |
Zheng | Motivation enhanced, with social influence and addiction | School-based clinic setup in community center | 8 |
Number of Sessions
Methodological Design
Biochemical Validation
Target Population
Number of Baseline Tobacco Users
Investigators | # Tobacco users at baseline | Minimal or mean level of tobacco use | Through study age range | % female | % white |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ary et al. | 776 | >1 cig./week | 12–18 | ~50 | 89 |
Aveyard et al. | 1090 | >1 cig./week | 13–14 | 50 | 86 |
Baskerville, Hotte, Dunkley | 331 | NR (quit – 30 day) | 14–18 | NR | NR |
Bauman et al. | 110 | >1/30 days | 12–15 | 57 | 85 |
Beaglehole et al. | 128 | >2 cpd | 12–15 | NR | NR |
Biener et al. | 216 | >1/30 days | 12–17 | NR | NR |
Chakravorty | 83-ST | >1.5 dips/day | 14–18 | 0 | ~95 |
Charlton | 87 | NR | 16 | ~75 | NR |
Cinnomin, Sussman | 60 | 16 cpd (quit – 7 day) | 14–19 | 38 | ~30 |
Colby et al. | 40 | 10 cpd (quit – 7 day) | 14–17 | 58 | 65 |
Coleman-Wallace et al. | 351 | 13 cpd | 14–18 | NR | NR |
Corby et al. | 8 | 19 cpd (quit – 7 day) | 15–19 | 38 | NR |
Digiusto | ~277 | ~12 cpd (quit – 7 day) | 14–18 | ~50 | NR |
Dino et al. | 346 | ~15 cpd (median quit – 8 day) | 14–19 | 54 | 87 |
Eakin, Severson, Glasgow | 25-ST | 5–8 dips/day (quit – 7 day/1 slip) | 14–18 | 0 | NR |
Etter, Ronchi, Perneger | 582 | 11 cpd | ~24–33 | 60 | NR |
Fibkins | 27 | NR | 14–18 | NR | NR |
Forster | 660 | >1 cpd (quit – 7 day) | 14–16 | NR | NR |
Glasgow et al. | 506 | 12 cpd (quit – 30 day) | 15–35 | 100 | 88 |
Glover | 41-ST | NR (quit – 6 months) | 18–22 | 0 | NR |
Goldberg, Gorn | 141 | Current, 100+life | 18 | 41 | NR |
Greenberg, Deputat | 100 | .5 cpd | 16–18 | 57 | NR |
Hafstad, Aaro, Langmark | 497 | >1 per week | 14–15 | 65 | NR |
Horn et al. | 163 | ~17 cpd | 14–19 | 55 | 92 |
Horswell, Horton | 36 | NR | 12–18 | NR | NR |
Hotte et al. | 632 | 12 cpd | 14–15 | 49 | NR |
Hurt et al. | 101 | ~20 cpd (quit – 7 days) | 13–17 | 41 | 95 |
Jason, Mollica, Ferrone | 32 | ~4 cpd | 14–16 | ~56 | ~35 |
Jerome | 17 | 13 cpd (quit – 7 days) | 15–17 | 47 | 82 |
Johnson et al. | 448 | Monthly smoking – 13% | 16–18 | NR | NR |
Kempf, Stanley | 132 | 14 cpd | 13–17 | 18 | 28 |
Killen et al. | ~180 | Weekly smoking – 16% | 14–16 | 45 | 69 |
Lampkin | 121 | 9 cpd (quit – 30 days) | 15–18 | 66 | 64 |
Librett | 212 | 9 cpd | 11–18 | 59 | 77 |
Lotecka, McWhinney | 49 | 7 cpd (quit – 7 days) | 14–18 | NR | NR |
Matson-Koffman, Miller | 80 | NR | 14–18 | NR | NR |
McDonald, Roberts, Deeschaemaker | 51 | 27 cpd (quit – 7 days) | 12–19 | 46 | NR |
Mills, Ewy and Dizon | 34 | ~14 cpd | 12–18 | NR | NR |
Murray, Prokhorov, Harty | 450 | >1 per week | 14–15 | NR | NR |
Myers, Brown | 141 (last 3 months) | 13 cpd (quit – 7 days) | 12–18 | 40 | 79 |
Myers, Brown, Kelly | 35 | >1 per week | 13–18 | 40 | 71 |
Pallonen | 135 | 10 cpd (quit – 7 days) | 16–18 | 54 | 90 |
Patten et al. | 96 | ~17 cpd (quit – 7 days) | 11–17 | 38 | 92 |
Patterson | 21 | NR (quit – 2 days) | 14–18 | NR | NR |
Pendell | 3955 | NR | 12–18 | NR | NR |
Perry et al. | 243 | >1 per month – 27% | 16 | 54 | NR |
Perry et al. | 82 | >1 per week | 16 | ~50 | NR |
Peters | 635 | >1 cpd (quit – 7 days) | 15–19 | NR | NR |
Peterson, Clark | 22 | 8 cpd | 14–16 | 100 | NR |
Popham et al. | 7000 | >1 per month – 13% | 9–18 | 53 | 50 |
Prince | 110 | 12 cpd | 16–18 | 46 | NR |
Quinlan and McCaul | 94 | ~13 cpd | 18–55; mean = 22 (SD = 7) | 64 | 100 |
Rigotti et al. | ~2,900 | >1 cpd | 13–17 | 52 | 76 |
Skjoldebrand, Gahnberg | 101 | >1 cpd | 12–17 | 38 | NR |
Smith et al. | 22 | 23 cpd (quit – 7 days) | 13–17 | 68 | NR |
St. Pierre, Shute, Jaycox | 12 | NR | 16–18 | 42 | NR |
Suedfeld et al. | 40 | 18 cpd | 19–22 | 0 | NR |
Sussman, Burton et al. | 244 | NR (quit – 7 days) | 14–18 | 50 | 60 |
Sussman, Dent, Lichtman | 335 | 8 cpd (quit – 30 days) | 14–19 | 36 | 27 |
Sussman, Dent, Stacy | 583 | ~8 cpd (quit – 30 days) | 14–19 | 34 | 43 |
Townsend et al. | 68 | 7 or more cpd | 13–17 | 54 | NR |
Vartiainen et al. | 3241 | > 1 per month (~8 per month) | 15–24 | 45 | NR |
Wakefield et al. | 14,746 | > 1 per month | 14–17 | 54 | 47 |
Weissman et al. | 11 | 18.5 cpd (quit – 7 days) | 13–18 | 46 | NR |
Zavela, Harrison, Owens | 42-ST | 7.6 dips per day | 18–39 (mean = 20.7) | 3 | NR |
Zheng | 46 | 5 cpd (quit – 7 day) | 16–17 | 7 | 0 |
Age
Gender and Ethnicity
Recruitment
Means of Recruitment
Investigators | Means of recruitment | Reach (recruited/total tobacco users notified) | Retention (% at posttest/attended 1st session) | Follow-up (% at follow-up/completed pretest) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ary et al. | 1. classroom prevention program | 92% | 100% | 76% |
Aveyard et al. | 1. use of whole classes as part of personal health and social education lessons | 90% | NR | 89% |
Baskerville, Hotte, Dunkley | 1. contest | 13% | 66% | NR |
2. home room class announcement | ||||
Bauman et al. | 1. telephone screening | 55% | NA | 73% |
Beaglehole et al. | 1. classroom education program | 99% | NR | 92% |
Biener et al. | 1. telephone screening based on random-digit-dialing | ~75% | NA | NA |
Chakravorty | 1. person-to-person | NR | 95% | NA |
2. PA announcement | ||||
3. flyer | ||||
Charlton | 1. class presentation | 26% joined clinic | ~33% of clinic attendees | 39% |
Cinnomin, Sussman | 1. class presentation | 55% | ||
2. person-to-person | 100% | 85% | ||
Colby et al. | 1. patient assessment (screening) and information about project | 85% | NR | 95% |
2. money ($20) | ||||
Coleman-Wallace et al. | 1. school district support and announcements | 21% | 77% | NA |
2. money ($3) for control group | ||||
3. mandatory to avoid suspension (57% subjects) | ||||
Corby et al. | 1. newspaper ads | NR | 100% | 100% |
2. money ($135 total possible) | ||||
3. referrals from community agencies | ||||
4. person-to-person | ||||
Digiusto | 1. posters | 21% (39% in class time, 11% in lunchtime) | 80% | ~80% |
2. assembly announcement | ||||
3. classroom announcement | ||||
4. class release time in 1 condition | ||||
Dino et al. | 1. poster "ads" placed in likely smoking areas and public areas around the school | ~10% | 65% | 48% |
2. PA announcement | ||||
3. person-to-person | ||||
4. class release time | ||||
Eakin, Severson, Glasgow | 1. person-to-person | 76% agreed to be in study/approached | 84% | 80% |
2. referrals | ||||
3. money ($60) | ||||
Etter, Ronchi, Perneger | 1. names of university administrative files (screening) | |||
2. surveys by mail | 77% | NA | 83% | |
Fibkins | 1. person-to-person | 9% | 100% | NA |
2. referrals to school counselor and nurse | ||||
Forster et al. | 1. classroom surveys (whole classes) | 93% | NA | 93% |
2. media campaigns | ||||
3. policy enactment and enforcement | ||||
Glasgow et al. | 1. chart review/screening (approach subject at contraceptive visit) | 74% agreed to be in study/approached | NR | 91% |
2. money ($70) | ||||
Glover | 1. mandatory | NR | 100% | 100% |
Goldberg, Gorn | 1. mandatory | NR | 100% | ~65% |
Greenberg, Deputat | 1. person-to-person | 100% – stopped at first 100; perhaps 40% of tobacco users at school | 95% | 78% |
2. referrals | ||||
3. 2 unit credit for complete participation | ||||
4. mandatory | ||||
5. principal support | ||||
Hafstad, Aaro, Langmark | 1. county-wide mass media campaign | NR | NA | 66% |
2. home-mailed questionnaire, with three reminders | ||||
Horn et al. | 1. poster "ads" placed in likely smoking areas and public areas around the school | ~10% | 72% | NA |
2. PA announcement | ||||
3. person-to-person | ||||
4. class release time | ||||
Horswell, Horton | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Hotte et al. | 1. class credit | 74% | 46% | 31% |
2. some type of school-wide announcements | ||||
Hurt et al. | 1. flyers in schools | NR | 70% | 57% |
2. press releases, TV and radio announcements, | ||||
3. telephone interview/screening | ||||
4. $100 compensation | ||||
Jason, Mollica, Ferrone | 1. classroom program | ~100% | ~100% | 84% |
Jerome | 1. person-to-person | ~23% | 88% | NA |
2. referral by assistant principal | ||||
Johnson et al. | 1. classroom program | ~100% | 36% | 17% |
Kempf, Stanley | In-patient facility – NA | 98% | NA | 77% |
Killen et al. | 1. classroom program | ~100% | NR | 78% |
Lampkin | 1. screened at school health center | 42% | NR ~68% completed at least 2 sessions | 69% |
2. provider referral | ||||
3. clinical interview | ||||
4. $2500 offered to participating sites | ||||
Librett | 1. posters | ~24% | 67% | NA |
2. flyers | ||||
3. PA announcements | ||||
4. person-to-person | ||||
5. mandatory at 1 of 5 schools | ||||
Lotecka, McWinney | 1. person-to-person | 78% | 46% – 1 month later | NR |
2. class release time | ||||
Matson-Koffman, Miller | 1. contest with prizes | 27% | NR | 44% |
McDonald, Roberts, Deeschaemaker | 1. posters | NR | 46% | NR |
2. mandatory tobacco classes | ||||
Mills, Ewy, Dizon | 1. mandatory to avoid disciplinary action | ~11% | 53% | 53% |
2. school referral | ||||
Murray, Prokhorov, Harty | 1. state-wide campaign; 90% school participation, 95% of youth heard or saw at least 1 TV or radio ad | ~90% | NA | NA |
2. funds available for programs – $0.50 per student | ||||
Myers, Brown | In-patient facility – NA | NA | NA | 78% |
Myers, Brown, Kelly | 1. announcements at outpatient facilities | NR | 89% | 80% |
2. intake interview/screening, child and parent | ||||
Pallonen | NR – vocational high school students | NR | 63% – 4 months after baseline | NA |
Patten | 1. sometimes flyers in schools | NR | 89% – 6 months after baseline | 50% |
2. sometimes press releases, TV and radio announcements | ||||
3. for Nicotine Dependence Center consultation | ||||
Patterson | NR | NR | 100% | 100% |
Pendell | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Perry et al. | 1. classroom program | ~100% | ~100% | 97% |
Perry et al. | 1. classroom program | ~100% | NR | ~100% |
Peters | 1. widely advertised through TV and print media | 94% of requesters agreed to do baseline survey; total reach NR | 63% | 52% |
2. free to any teen who reported smoking at least 18 months | ||||
Peterson, Clark | 1. classroom presentation | ~39% | NR | 100% |
Popham et al. | 1. state-wide campaign; 50% of youth heard or saw at least 1 TV or radio ad | NR | NA | NA |
2. youth contacted through school districts | ||||
Prince | 1. PA announcements | ~6% | 85% | 85% |
2. person-to-person | ||||
3. referrals | ||||
Quinlan and McCaul | 1. screening questionnaire | 66% | NA | 98% |
2. ad in university newspaper | ||||
3. posters | ||||
4. extra credit or $10–15 | ||||
5. person-to-person | ||||
6. lottery ($100) | ||||
Rigotti et al. | 1. written information sent from health departments | NR | NA | 76% annual survey rate |
2. minor sting operation | ||||
Skjoldbrand, Gahnberg | All youth who were seen at the clinic for check-ups, NA | 100% | NA | NA |
Smith et al. | 1. flyers | 56% | 86% | 77% |
2. press releases | ||||
3. referrals | ||||
4. money ($50) | ||||
St. Pierre, Shute, Jaycox | NR | 8% | 100% | NA |
Suedfeld et al. | 1. college newspaper advertisement | NR | NR | 70% |
2. screening of smokers, blind to study | ||||
Sussman, Burton et al. | 1. flyers | ~9% | 52% | 29% |
2. PA announcements | ||||
3. person-to-person | ||||
4. class release time | ||||
Sussman, Dent, Lichtman | 1. classroom presentation | 34% | 54% | 51% |
2. elective class credit | ||||
3. person-to-person | ||||
4. class release time | ||||
5. flyers | ||||
Sussman, Dent, Stacy | 1. classroom program | 70% | 70% | 68% |
2. class credit | ||||
Townsend et al. | 1. voluntary – invitation | 73% | NA | NA |
Vartiainen et al. | 1. campaign letter sent to schools | ~3% | NA | 55% |
2. youth fill out registration cards | ||||
3. two prizes of ~$800 at 1-month, 2 prizes of~$1,600 at 6-months | ||||
Wakefield et al. | 1. contacted school districts | 80% took annual survey | NA | NA |
2. voluntary survey; strong restrictions: 57% public places, 48% home, 91% school | ||||
Weissman et al. | 1. person-to-person | NR | 55% | 55% |
2. voluntary – invitation | ||||
Zavela, Harrison, Owens | 1. flyers | NR | 100% | 100% |
2. PA announcements | ||||
3. ads in college newspapers | ||||
4. referrals | ||||
5. money ($20) | ||||
Zheng | 1. school staff announcements at two schools | 72% | 98% | NA |
2. money ($10) |
Reach
Retention
Follow-up
Investigators | % quit at posttest (Attended first session) | Mean reduction at posttest (Non-quitters/attended first session) | Length of follow-up | % quit at follow-up (Attended first session) | Mean reduction at follow-up (Non-quitters/attended first session) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ary et al. | NR | NR | 12 months | 35% – program 31% – control | 31% |
Aveyard et al. | NR | NR | 5 months (1 year after pretest) | 20% – transtheoretical program 20% – control | NR |
Baskerville, Hotte, Dunkley | 22% – Quit-and-Win participants 6% – intervention schools 5% – control schools | NR | 6 months | 2% – Quit-and Win participants NR – intervention or control schools | NR |
Bauman et al. | NA | NA | 1 year | 31% – family program 22% – control (not significant) | NR |
Beaglehole et al. | NR | NR | ~3 months | 1% increase-program 1% decrease-control | NR |
Biener et al. | NA | NA | ~1 year | 0% | NR – 29% decrease overall |
Chakravorty | 13% – both conditions | NR | NA | NA | NA |
Charlton | NR | NR | 6 months | 17% – clinic course 10% – individual package (control) | NR |
Cinnomin, Sussman | NR | NR | 1 month | 17% – cognitive-behavioral/social influence 0% – chemical addiction | 42% – cognitive-behavioral/social influence 5% – chemical addiction |
Colby et al. | NR | NR | 3 months | 20% – motivation interviewing 10% – brief advice | 10% – both conditions |
Coleman-Wallace et al. | 12% – TEG 15% – TAP 0% – control (small n) | 18% – TEG 24% – TAP 0% – control | NA | NA | NA |
Corby et al. | 100% | NA | 3 weeks | 0% | 0% |
Digiusto | 8% – both program conditions | NR | 3–4 months | 14% – both program 7% control | NR |
Dino et al. | 17% – NOT, 8% brief intervention | 59% – NOT, 42% – brief intervention | 5 months | 10% – NOT 7% – brief intervention | 57% – NOT, 51% – brief intervention |
Eakin, Severson, Glasgow | 28% | 77% | 6 months | 12% | 45% |
Etter, Ronchi, Perneger | NA | NA | 7 months after baseline | 0% – both program and control conditions | 3% increase in program, 5% increase in control |
Fibkins | 19% | ~30% | NA | NA | NA |
Forster et al. | NA | NA | 36 months | 2% increase program 7% increase control | 6% relative reduction |
Glasgow et al. | NR | NR | 6 months | 10% program 6% control | NR |
Glover | 2% | NR | 6 months | 2% | NR |
Goldberg, Gorn | 20% | NR | 3 months | 11% | NR |
Greenberg, Deputat | 40% – fear 27% – facts 36% – values 6% – control | NR | 5 months | 12% – fear 16% – facts 24% – values 4% – control | NR |
Hafstad, Aaro, Langmark | NR | NR | 2 weeks (5 weeks since start of campaign) | 12% | NR |
Horn et al. | 14% – NOT, 4% brief intervention | 76% – NOT, 54%-brief intervention | NA | NA | NA |
Horswell, Horton | ~6% – Pack In Those Smokes (PITS) 0% – control | 63% – PITS 0% – control | 6 months | ~6% – PITS 0% – control | 46% – PITS 0% – control |
Hotte et al. | 8% – group 2% – kit-only | 7% – group 3% – kit-only | 6 months | 4% – group NA – kit-only | 4% – group NA – kit-only |
Hurt et al. | 11% | ~49% | 6 months | 5% | ~19% |
Jason, Mollica, Ferrone | 55% – both program groups 0% – control group | 14% – both program groups 50% – control | 17 months | 41% – both program groups 0% – control | 0% – both program groups 400% increase-control |
Jerome | 29% | 41% | NA | NA | NA |
Johnson et al. | 0% for all groups | NR | 24 months | 0% for all groups | NR |
Kempf, Stanley | NA | NA | 2 weeks | NR – "as-if" 100% in smoke-free program but not stated 4% – program | NR |
Killen et al. | NR | NR | 2 months | 9% – control | NR |
Lampkin | NR | NR | ~5 months | 14% | 18% |
Librett | 17% | 39% | NA | NA | NA |
Lotecka, McWhinney | NR | 64% – coping 0% – information (control) | NA | NA | NA |
Matson-Koffman, Miller | NR | NR | 12 months | 16% | ~12% |
McDonald, Roberts, Deeschaemaker | 16% | 61% | NA | NA | NA |
Mills, Ewy, Dizon | 15% (all were senior high youth) | 8% | 3 months | 7% | 7% |
Murray, Prokhorov, Harty | 2.3% – program State 0.1% increase-control State; difference not significant | NR | NA | NA | NA |
Myers, Brown | NR | NR | 24 months | 5% | 19% |
Myers, Brown, Kelly | NR | NR | 3 months | 17% | ~60% |
Pallonen | ~20% | NR | 6 months | 6% | NR |
Patten et al. | 18% | NR | mean of 64 months | 12% | ~18% |
Patterson | 14% – last 48 hours | NR | 3 months | 14% | NR |
Pendell | 14% across TEG and TAP | 50% across TEG and TAP | NA | NA | NA |
Perry et al. | NR | NR | 4 months | 5.7% quit (below monthly use) in program condition 4.1% increase in control condition | NR |
Perry et al. | NR | NR | 1–2 months | 23% across conditions (27% – long-term health, 17% – social consequences, 29% – immediate effects, not significant differences, small n) | 7% – long-term health, increased 16% – social consequences, 17% – immediate effects (not significant) |
Peters | 17% at 6 months | NR | 12 months | 15% | NR |
Peterson, Clark | 0% program and control groups | NR | 1 month | 0% program and control groups | 44% discussion group 9% control |
Popham et al. | NR | NR | 12 months | 2% – 1% difference as a function of exposure | NR |
Prince | 16% | 42% | 1 month | 16% | 42% |
Quinlan, McCaul | NA | NA | 1 month | 3% – stage matched 14% – stage mismatched 0% – control | NR |
Rigotti et al. | 0% – program 1% – control | NR | 24 months-anonymous surveys | 3% increase-program 0% – control | NR |
Skjoldebrand, Gahnberg | ~4% | NR | NA | NA | NA |
Smith et al. | 14% | 93% | 12 months | 5% | 59% |
St. Pierre, Shute, Jaycox | 0% | ~31% | NA | NA | NA |
Suedfeld et al. | NA | NA | 3 months | 0% | Sensory D-Message 28% Sensory D-No Message 22% No Sensory D-Message 22% Control 0% |
Sussman, Burton et al. | 35% – chemical addition-ST 11% – chemical addiction – smoking 24% – psychosocial dependency – ST 26% – psychosocial dependency – smoking 8% – wait-list control-smoking | NR | 3 months | 15% – program conditions – ST 7% – program conditions – smoking 0% – wait list control – ST 8% – wait list control – smoking | NR |
Sussman, Dent, Lichtman | 14% – both program conditions NA – control | 23% – both program conditions NA – control | 4–5 months | 17% – both program conditions 8% – control | 23% – in all conditions |
Sussman, Dent, Stacy | NR | NR | 12 months | 34% – health educator 21% – self-instruction 21% – control | 15% – health educator 0% – self-instruction and control |
Townsend et al. | 60% – agreed to try to quit NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Vartiainen et al. | NA | NA | 6 months | 28% | NR |
Wakefield et al. | NA | NA | ~24 months | Odds ratios Public place .90 Home ban .78 Enforce school ban .89 | NA |
Weisman et al. | 36% | 25% | 5 months | 36% | NR |
Zavela, Harrison, Owens | NR | NR | 1 month | NR | mean days abstinent mint snuff – 18.8 (63% of month) bubble gum – 21.5 (72% of month) No substitute – 23.5 (78% of month) |
Zheng | 13% 7-day quit rate 4% 30-day quit rate | 20% | NA | NA | NA |
Outcomes
Baseline Tobacco Use
Consideration of Control Group Cessation and Consumption Reduction Rates
Theory | # studies | Quit % (#s) | Quit 2% (#s) | % reduct (#s) | % reduct 2 (#s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Motivation enhancement | 9 | 19 (8) | 18 (9) | 27 (4) | - |
Contingency-based reinforced | 5 | 16 (5) | - | 6 (2) | 13 (3) |
Social influences | 11 | 12 (10) | - | 27 (5) | - |
Cognitive behavioral | 16 | 11 (12) | 11 (15) | 32 (6) | 44 (10) |
Stage of change | 7 | 11 (5) | 12 (7) | 13 (2) | 24 (4) |
Affect-oriented | 2 | 9 (2) | - | 23 (1) | - |
Addiction/recovery | 9 | 5 (3) | 12 (9) | 42 (4) | 43 (7) |
Supply reduction | 7 | 0 (4) | 0 (5) | 15 (2) | - |
Modality | # studies | Quit % (#s) | Quit 2% (#s) | % reduct (#s) | % reduct 2 (#s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Classroom | 9 | 17 (9) | - | 15 (4) | - |
School clinics | 28 | 12 (18) | 12 (26) | 34 (11) | 37 (19) |
Medical/recovery clinics | 13 | 10 (9) | 10 (11) | 27 (8) | 14 (9) |
Family | 1 | 31 | - | 9 | - |
System-wide | 11 | 6 (9) | 7 (8) | 15 (2) | - |
Computer | 3 | 13 (2) | 18 (3) | - | 41 (1) |
Sensory deprivation | 1 | 0 | - | 24 | - |
Overall Program Quit Rates and Reduction
Outcomes As A Function of Theory or Modality
Program Outcomes As A Function of Number of Sessions
Strength of Evidence of Effectiveness Provided by Studies
First author | Quit rate | Subjects/cell | Design | Outcome | Reach | Retain | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
>12% | >9% | >40 | >30 | >20 | E | QE | SG | C | IM | DIFF | 24%+ | 49%+ | |
Ary | * | * | * | * | * | * | 4% | * | * | ||||
Aveyard | * | * | * | * | * | * | 0% | * | * | ||||
Bauman | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9% | * | * | ||||
Chakrovorty | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | NR | * | ||||
Charlton | * | * | * | * | * | * | 7% | * | |||||
Colby | * | * | * | * | 10% | * | * | ||||||
C-Wallace | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
Digiusto | * | * | * | * | * | * | 7% | * | |||||
Dino | * | * | * | * | * | 3% | * | ||||||
Eakin | * | * | * | * | * | ||||||||
Fibkins | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||||
Glasgow | * | * | * | * | * | 4% | * | * | |||||
Goldberg | * | * | * | * | * | NA | * | ||||||
Greenberg | * | * | * | * | 13% | * | * | ||||||
Hafstad | * | * | * | * | * | * | NR | * | |||||
Horn | * | * | * | * | * | * | 10% | * | |||||
Jason | * | * | * | 41% | * | * | |||||||
Jerome | * | * | * | * | * | ||||||||
Lampkin | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
Librett | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | ||||
M-Koffman | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
McDonald | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | NR | |||||
Myers-2 | * | * | * | * | * | NR | * | ||||||
Patten | * | * | * | * | * | NA | * | ||||||
Patterson | * | * | * | * | NR | * | |||||||
Pendell | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | NR | NR | ||||
Perry-2 | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||||
Peters | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
Prince | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||||
Sussman-2 | * | * | * | * | * | * | 9% | * | * | ||||
Sussman-3 | * | * | * | * | * | * | 13% | * | * | ||||
Vartiainen | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
Weissman | * | * | * | NA | * | ||||||||
Zheng | * | * | * | * | * | * |
Outcomes As a Function of Gender and Ethnicity
Outcomes As a Function of Age Range
Outcomes As a Function of Baseline Tobacco Use
Self-Initiated Cessation Studies
Selection Criteria
Study Methods
Study authors | Duration between first and last data collection time-point | Year of first and last data time-point | % male | Age or grade range | Number of smokers | Definition of smoker | Number of quitters | % quitters | Program exposure? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alexander et al., 1983 | 1 year | 1979–1980 | 50 | 10–12 year old students | 551 | Smoked in last month; approximately 10% of the sample had smoked in the last month at pretest | 242 | 44 | Yes |
Ary, Biglan, 1988 | 1 year | NR | 50 | Grades 7, 9, and 10 | 64 | Smoked in last week | 23 | 36 | No |
Chassin, Presson, Sherman, 1984 | 1 year | 1981–1982 | 50 | Grades 6–11 | 178 | Monthly; 77% were weekly smokers at pretest | 33 | 18.5 | No |
Chassin, Presson, Sherman, Edwards, 1991 | 7 years | 1980–1988 | 50 | Grades 6th through young adulthood (mean age at last wave = 21.8 years) | 1056 | Monthly smoking or greater; 27% of the sample were monthly smokers at pretest | 338 | 32 | No |
Chen, White, Pandina, in press | 7 years | 1985/87–1992/94 | 41 | 18, 21, 24 year old at baseline | 324 | Greater than 1 cpd | 57 | 18 | No |
Ellickson, McGuigan, Klein, in press | 5 years | 1990–1995 | 44 | 18 year old at baseline | 2151 | Smoked at cigarette within the last year | 1093 | 51 | Yes |
Green, 1979 | 5 years | 1974–1979 | NR | 12-to-18 year old at baseline | 1200 | NR | 324 | 27 | No |
Hansen, Collins, Johnson, Graham, 1985 | 3 months | 1981 | 32 | 15 to 16.5 yrs. | 392 | Identify as a "smoker" yes or no; Mean = 7 cigarettes per day at pretest | 129 | 33 | Yes |
Hansen, McNeal, under review | 1 year; a series of contiguous years | 1993–2000 | 48 | Grades 6–11 | 1894 | Monthly | 563 | 30 | No |
Laoye, Cresswell, Stone, 1972 | 2 years | 1966–1968 | 50 | Grades 7–10 | 375 regular smokers 830 occasional smokers | Regular – smoked every day Occasional – "once in a while" | 98 regular smokers/446 of full smoker sample | 26 regular smokers/37 of full smoker sample | No |
Paavola, Vartiainen, Puska, in press | 13 years | 1978–1993 | 49 | 15–28 year old; 15 year old at baseline | 183 | Occasional or daily smoking; occasional smoker equals less than once per month to 1–2 times per week; approximately 29% of the sample had smoked occasionally or daily at pretest (16%, daily) | 64 | 34 (26% of daily smokers, 46% of occasional smokers) | Yes |
Sargent, Mott, Stevens, 1998 | 3 years | 1987–1989 | 58 | 16–18 year old rural youth; 16 years old at baseline | 276 | Smoked in last month; approximately 20% of the sample had smoked in the last month at pretest; 55% were daily smokers | 79 | 29 | No |
Skinner, Massey, Krohn, Lauer, 1985 | 3 years | 1980–1982 | 50 | Grades 7–12 | 642; perhaps 96 (15%) were weekly smokers | Smoked once or twice | 96 | 15 | No |
Stein, Newcomb, Bentler, 1996 | 12 years | 1976–1988 | 29 | Grades 7–9 through young adulthood (mean age at last wave = 25.5 years) | 18 regular 259 triers or occasional | Ever tried smoking | 169 | 61 | No |
Sussman et al., unpublished data (Project TNT data) | 1 year | 1991–1992 | 50 | 8th grade at baseline | 76 | Weekly smoking; approximately 8% of the sample were weekly smokers at pretest | 28 | 37 | Yes |
Sussman et al., 1998 | 1 year | 1994–1995 | 58 | 14-to-19 year old (mean age = 16.7 years) | 593 | Smoked in last month; approximately 57% smoked within the last month at pretest | 125 | 21 | Yes |
Zhu et al., 1999 | 4 years | 1989–1993 | 53 | 12-to-19 year old at baseline | 633 | Smoked more than 100 cigarettes in life and in last 30 days; 60% were daily smokers; over all smokers mean of ~7.5 cpd | 99 | 16 | No |
Target Population
Self-initiated Study Quit Rates
Difference in Quit-Rates: Program Studies versus Self-initiated Quit Studies
Study authors | Biochemical validation? | Variables examined as predictors | Significant univariate predictors | Significant predictors controlling for covariation | Type of analysis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alexander et al., 1983 | No | Alcohol and analgesic use, friends', siblings and parental smoking, allowance, tobacco health knowledge, smoking attitudes, teacher gender, age | Greater disapproval of smoking, fewer parent, friend and sibling smokers, disapproval of cigarette advertising, lower allowance (marginal), female teacher, younger | Fewer sibling smokers, disapproval of cigarette advertising, lower allowance, younger | Logistic regression |
Ary, Biglan, 1988 | Pretest smoking, addiction composite, SES composite, # siblings, parent smoking and tolerance, friends' smoking, re-Yes cent and daily alcohol or marijuana use, recent cigarette offers, intention to smoke in future | Lower pretest smoking rate, less intention to smoke, fewer number of offers to smoke, fewer friends' smoking Fewer friend smokers for older youth, more negative parental attitudes for younger youth (marginal), | Higher pretest smoking | Stepwise discriminant analysis | |
Chassin, Presson, Sherman, 1984 | Yes | Parental and friends' smoking, parental and friends' attitudes about smoking, perceived parental support, strictness of parents and friends, motivation to comply with desires of parents and friends, health beliefs, perceived control of smoking | more negative friend attitudes for younger youth, greater perceived parental support for younger youth (marginal), less strict peers (marginal), lower (higher) motivation to comply with friends for younger (older) youth (marginal) | NR | MANOVA with F and t test contrasts |
Chassin, Presson, Sherman, Edwards, 1991 | Yes | Parental and friends' smoking, prevalence estimates of youth and adult smoking, parental and friends' attitudes about smoking, smoking attitudes, perceived health, social, and psychological consequences of smoking, perceived parental and friends' support, health beliefs, parent and friend control over one's smoking, values agreement in one's social network, value placed on, and expectations for, academic success and independence, parents and peers expectations of one's tolerance for deviance, academic success and independence, locus of control | Less parental smoking, higher perceived parental support, higher parental expectations, greater network values agreement, more negative health and psychological concerns | NR | MANOVAs, F or t-test contrasts |
Chen, White, Pandina, in press | No | Marital status, is subject a parent, work status, parental cigarette use, change in proportion of friends who smoke over the two time-points, negative beliefs about smoking, smoking to cope with stress, depression, prior heavy smoking, alcohol abuse/dependence | Married by second time point, married to a non-smoker by second time point, decreases in proportion of friends who smoke | Married by second time point, married to a nonsmoker by second time point, decreases in proportion of friends who smoke | Chi-square and logistic regression |
Ellickson, McGuigan, Klein, in press | Yes | Gender, ethnicity, parental education, age, nuclear family indicator, school grades, academic intentions, cigarette refusal self-efficacy, smoking intention, friends' smoking, perceived prevalence of smoking, parents' and friends' approval of smoking, any household smoking, alcohol use, deviance, # years since first cigarette | Lower parental education, better school grades, higher refusal self-efficacy, lower smoking intention, fewer friends' use, fewer years since first cigarette | NR | Logistic regression |
Green, 1979 | NR | Gender, age, eight factors of smoking attitudes | Older age, less likely to hold stereotypes of smoking or of smokers | NR | NR |
Hansen, Collins, Johnson, Graham, 1985 | No | Friends', parents' and siblings' smoking indices; five factors established with 72 smoking attitude/belief items: negative beliefs about smoking, positive short-term consequences, social morality, normative/prevalence expectations, rebelliousness | Positive short-term consequences, social morality, friends' smoking | Desire for positive short-term consequences of smoking, society has a right to do something about smoking, fewer friends who smoke | Stepwise discriminant analysis |
Hansen, McNeal, under review | No | Normative beliefs, manifest commitment, lifestyle incongruence, beliefs about consequences, resistance skill, goal setting skill, self esteem, social skill, decision making skill, stress management skill, alternatives, assistance skill | More anti-tobacco normative beliefs, manifest commitment to avoid tobacco, perceived lifestyle incongruence, more negative beliefs about consequences, resistance skill higher self esteem, slightly better decision making and stress management skills | NR | Analysis of variance |
Laoye, Cresswell, Stone, 1972 | No | Gender, level of smoking, grade level | More boys, occasional smokers, earlier grade levels | NR | Chi-square |
Paavola, Vartiainen, Puska, in press | No | Gender, marital status, education, social class (white/blue collar), employed or not, income, children, smoking among spouse, best friend (and cessation), and co-workers, passive smoking exposure, leisure time, type/quantity of milk, fat, alcohol consumed | Female gender, married (not cohabitation), white collar, employed, spouse is nonsmoker, best friend is non-smoker, less leisure time, no milk or skim milk consumed, low or no alcohol consumption | NR | Chi-square |
Sargent, Mott, Stevens, 1998 | No | Gender, paternal education (SES), school performance, pretest smoking, years since initiating smoking, previous cessation attempts, attitudes toward quitting now and in future, attitudes towards heavy smokers, smoking in one's social environment, alcohol use, happiness, self-competence, locus of control, desire for independence, social awareness | Lower pretest smoking, disapproval of others = heavy smoking, male gender, less tobacco use in one's social environment in last year, no cessation experience, lack of desire to quit now, intention to quit smoking in future | Lower pretest smoking, intention to quit smoking in future | Logistic regression |
Skinner, Massey, Krohn, Lauer, 1985 | Yes | Attachment to father, mother, and friends, parental supervision, commitment to education, time spent on homework, commitment to work, religiosity, commitment to school activities, adherence to conventional values, morality drug use, friends' smoking, parental smoking | Fewer friends smoking for females only | Not necessary | T-tests and discriminant analysis |
Stein, Newcomb, Bentler, 1996 | No | Pretest smoking, depression, socializing with peers, extroversion, friends' smoking | NR | Lower pretest smoking and less friends' smoking | EQS structural equations modeling |
Sussman et al., unpublished data [a] | Yes | Ethnicity, age, gender, SES, living situation, pretest smoking, smoking intention, current alcohol and marijuana use, friends' smoking and approval of smoking, prevalence estimates of peer smoking, peer commitment, refusal self-efficacy, general assertiveness, latch-key, family conflict, social maturity, risk-taking, health as a value, sense of coherence, health risk factors, self-esteem, perceived stress, loneliness/depression, program success expectancies | Greater importance of health as a value, greater sense of coherence | Greater importance of health as a value, greater sense of coherence | Logistic regression |
Sussman et al., 1998 | Yes | Ethnicity, age, gender, SES, living situation, acculturation, pretest smoking, smoking intention, current alcohol and marijuana and hard drug use, addiction concern, friends' smoking and approval of smoking, prevalence estimates of peer smoking, general assertiveness, family conflict, fear of victimization, morality of drug use, sensation seeking, health as a value, perceived stress, depression, program success expectancies | Latino ethnicity, not white ethnicity, lower pretest smoking, less intention to smoke in future, slightly lower addiction concern, fewer friends' who were smokers, belief in greater immorality of drug use, higher on health as a value, lower perceived stress, greater drug abuse prevention program success expectancies | Lower pretest smoking, less intention to smoke in future, lower perceived stress | Random regression model (PROC MIXED) |
Zhu et al., 1999 | No | Gender, age, ethnicity, smoking and quitting history, perception of danger of smoking, father, mother, sibling smoking, parental attitudes toward their children smoking, friends' smoking, school no-smoking policy, class at school on smoking health risks, school achievement, smoking intention, depression | Lower pretest smoking, never quit or quit for greater than two weeks in past, greater smoking danger perception, less intention to smoke in future, mother and father do not smoker and fewer friends' smoke, above average school achievement, less depressed | Lower pretest smoking, never quit or quit for greater than two weeks in past, less intention to smoke in future, mother not smoker, less depressed | Logistic regression |
Predictors of Quitting
Demographics | Bonding opportunities |
---|---|
Non-white – 1 study | Higher grades – 2 studies |
Higher socioeconomic status – 1 study | Got married – 2 studies |
Male gender – 2 studies, female gender – 1 study | Parental support – 2 studies |
Higher parental expectancies for child – 1 study | |
Behavior-related | |
Less allowance – 1 study | |
Low intention to smoke in future – 6 studies | Less leisure time – 1 study |
Lower pretest smoking – 6 studies | Less strict peers – 1 study |
Less smoking experience – 6 studies | Network values agreement – 1 study |
Lower alcohol use – 1 study | Less parental education – 1 study |
Better diet – 1 study | |
"Not want to quit now" – 1 study | Psychology |
Less depressed – 1 study | |
Beliefs/attitudes toward smoking | Less perceived stress – 1 study |
Self-concern – 1 study greater, 1 lower | |
Higher morality/social control of tobacco use – 3 studies | |
Stereotypes of smokers thwarted – 2 studies | |
Negative outcome expectancies of use – 2 studies | Perceived social |
Disapprove of others smoking – 2 studies | |
Positive program outcome expectancies – 1 study | Fewer friends smoke – 12 studies |
No parent/sibling smoking – 4 studies | |
Lower social acceptability – 2 studies | |
Lifestyle perceptions | |
Spouse is a non-smoker – 2 studies | |
High importance on health as a value – 2 studies | Parent don't like smoking – 1 study |
High sense of coherence – 1 study | Fewer offers to smoke – 1 study |
Perceived lifestyle incongruence – 1 study | |
Life skills | |
Greater refusal assertion skill – 2 studies | |
Higher self-esteem – 1 study | |
Better decision making skills – 1 study | |
Better stress management skills – 1 study |