Background
Methods
Design
Search strategy
1. exp Stroke/ 2. stroke.mp. 3. cerebrovascular diseas$.mp. 4. cerebral vascular diseas$.mp. 5. cerebral vascular accident$.mp. 6. cerebrovascular accident$.mp. 7. (hemipleg$ or hemipar$).mp. 8. 6 or 4 or 1 or 3 or 7 or 2 or 5 9. exp Physical Therapy Modalities/ 10 physiotherapy.mp. 11. physical therapy.mp. 12. 11 or 10 or 9 13. randomized controlled trial.pt. 14. controlled clinical trial.pt. 15. randomised controlled trials.sh. 16. random allocation.sh. 17. double-blind method.sh. 18. single-blind method.sh. 19. 18 or 16 or 13 or 17 or 12 or 15 or 14 20. clinical trial.pt. 21. exp Clinical Trial/ 22. ((singl$ or doubl$ or treb$ or trip$) adj25 (blind$ or mask$)).ti, ab. 23. (clin$ adj25 trial$).ti, ab. 24. placebo$.ti, ab. 25. placebo.sh. 26. random$.ti, ab. 27. research design.sh. 28. 27 or 25 or 21 or 26 or 20 or 22 or 24 or 23 29. comparative study.sh. 30. exp Evaluation Studies/ 31. follow up studies.sh. 32. (contro$ or prospectiv$ or volunteer$).ti, ab. 33. 32 or 30 or 31 or 29 | 34. 33 or 28 or 19 35. exercis$.mp. 36. exercis$.sh. 37. exp Exercise/ 38. functional strength train$.mp. 39. activities of daily living.mp. 40. neuro facilitation.mp. 41. bobath therap$.mp. 42. motor relearn$.mp. 43. rehabilitation.mp. 44. rehabilitation.sh. 45. exp Rehabilitation/ 46. restoration of function$.mp. 47. 35 or 39 or 40 or 36 or 41 or 38 or 42 or 46 or 45 or 37 or 43 or 44 48. intensit$.mp. 49. intensit$.sh. 50. frequenc$.sh. 51. frequenc$.mp. 52. duration.mp. 53. duration.sh. 54. dose.mp. 55. dosage.mp. 56. amount.mp. 57. quantit$.mp. 58. how much.mp. 59. dos$.mp. 60. dosing.mp. = .doses.mp. 62. amounts.mp. 63. 63. 50 or 53 or 57 or 61 or 51 or 58 or 48 or 59 or 52 or 60 or 56 or 49 or 62 or 54 or 55 64. 64. 8 and 63 and 34 and 12 and 47 |
Criteria for inclusion of trials
Types of trial
Types of participants
Types of interventions
-
Experimental and control group interventions identical except for dose. Therapy dose can be described in terms of time spent in therapy and/or of effort expended [16]. Description of time includes: minutes per session; sessions per day/week; and number of days/weeks [16]. Description of effort can be made in terms of the work or power required to perform an exercise for example, resistance training and the amount of weight used [16]. For this systematic review dose refers to the total time spent in exercise-based therapy.
-
Interventions investigated were exercise-based (no electrostimulation, splinting or orthotics) to facilitate muscle activity or functional ability;
Types of outcome measures
-
Measure of motor impairment - muscle function. For example. Motricity Index, muscle tone, joint range of motion;
-
Measures of motor impairment - movement control. For example. co-ordination, reaction time;
-
Measure of motor activity. For example. Modified Rivermead Mobility Index, Action Research Arm Test, Functional Ambulation Categories, 9 Hole Peg Test.
Trial selection
Assessment of risk of bias
Data Extraction
-
Trial design, sample size and attrition;
-
Participant characteristics' e.g. age, gender, site of lesion, stroke classification;
-
Type of interventions;
-
Dose of interventions (sum of treatment hours);
-
Measures made at outcome (end of intervention period) and follow-up time-points in terms of average scores for trial groups.
Statistical analysis of outcome and follow-up data
Synthesis and interpretation
Results
Study | Reason for Exclusion |
---|---|
Ada 2006 | Not a randomised controlled trial. |
Barreca 2004 | Treatment interventions between control and experimental group differed in content. |
Dromerick 2009 | Interventions included different time periods for wearing of mitt (not an exercise based intervention) and different doses of shaping, therefore, unable to determine which aspect of this intervention would contribute to functional outcomes. |
Duncan 2003 | Treatment interventions between control and experimental group differed in content. |
Fang 2003 | Control group received no intervention, therefore study investigated effects of physiotherapy rather than an increased intensity of physiotherapy. |
Feys 1998 | Investigated the effects of an intervention not intensity. |
Fisher 2001 | Not a randomised controlled trial. |
Green 2002 | Investigated the effect of an intervention in a specific setting not intensity. |
Kuys 2008 | Not a randomised controlled trial. |
Kwakkel 2002 | Examination of a subgroup of the original trial (Kwakkel 1999). |
Moreland 2003 | Progressive resisted exercise - not the definition of intensity used in this review. |
Nugent 1994 | Not a controlled or randomised controlled trial. |
Page 2004 | Investigated the effect of an intervention not intensity. |
Richards1993 | Treatment interventions between control and experimental group differed in content. |
Richards 2008 | Not a randomised controlled trial. |
Sivenius 1985 | Extra therapy incorporated components of physical, occupational and speech therapy. It was not possible to isolate the effects of exercise-based therapy. |
Slade 2002 | Therapy analysed included physical, perceptual and cognitive, washing and dressing, daily living activities, group treatment, joint treatment and splinting and this was analysed as 'a package'. It was not possible to isolate the effects of exercise-based therapy. |
Smith 1981 | No specific treatment techniques described. Intensive therapy involved multi disciplinary treatment and therefore difficult to isolate the effects of exercise-based therapy. Control group also given extra treatment if deemed necessary. |
Sunderland 1992 | Treatment interventions between control and experimental group differed in content. The experimental group also included EMG biofeedback. |
Wade 1992 | Subjects received physiotherapy immediately or after three months delay, therefore effectively the first half of a crossover study - physiotherapy versus no treatment. Therefore not different intensities of the same physiotherapy treatment. |
Werner 2002 | Treatment interventions between control and experimental group differed in content. |
Wolf 2007 | Not a randomised controlled trial. |
Study designs
Study | Design | Participants | Attrition (cumulative) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number & gender | Mean (SD) age (years) | Stroke lesioned hemisphere | Stroke classification | Mean (SD) time after stroke (days) | |||||||||
Control | Extra | Control | Extra | Control | Extra | Control | Extra | Control | Extra | Control | Extra | ||
Cooke 2009 | Multi-centre Observer- blind RCT | 38 (21 M) | 35 (22 M) | 66.4 (13.7) | 67.5 (11.3) | 17 right | 13 right | All anterior circulation stroke | 36.8 (22.5) | 32.4 (21.3) | 7 by 6 weeks 21 by 6 weeks | 3 by 6 weeks 10 by 12 weeks | |
Donaldson 2009 | Single centre Observer- blind RCT | 10 (5 M) | 10 (5 M) | 72.7 (14.5) | 73.0 (8.6) | 5 right | 4 right | All anterior circulation stroke | 13.4 (4.4) | 25.6 (15.5) | 2 by 6 weeks 7 by 12 weeks | 0 by 6 weeks 4 by 12 weeks | |
GAPS 2004 | Multi-centre Observer- blind RCT | 35 (17 M) | 35 (24 M) | 67 (10) | 68 (11) | 15 right | 15 right | TACI = 7 PACI = 18 LACI = 8 POCI = 1 unsure = 1 | TACI = 6 PACI = 15 LACI = 10 POCI = 2 unsure = 2 | 25 days (range 6-71) | 0 by 4 weeks 1 by 3 months 1 by 6 months | 1 by 4 weeks 3 by 3 months 4 by 6 months | |
Lincoln 1999 | Single centre Observer- blind RCT | 95 (45 M) | 94 (51 M) | Median 73 (IQR 64-80) | Median 73 (IQR 65-81) | 38 right | 47 right | TACI = 7 PACI = 29 LACI = 13 POCI = 0 unsure = 46 | TACI = 9 PACI = 31 LACI = 11 POCI = 0 unsure = 43 | 1-5 weeks after stroke | 5 by 5 weeks 11 by 3 months 14 by 6 months | 7 by 5 weeks 10 by 3 months 13 by 6 months | |
Kwakkel 1999 & 2002 | Multi-centre Observer- blind RCT | 37 (14 M) |
Arm group
33 (16 M) | 64.1 (15) |
Arm group
69 (9.8) | 24 right |
Arm group
19 right | TACI = 25 PACI = 9 LACI = 3 POCI = 0 unsure = 0 |
Arm group
TACI = 19 PACI = 11 LACI = 3 POCI = 0 unsure = 0 | 7.5 (2.9) |
Arm group
7.2 (2.8) | 3 by 20 weeks 3 by 26 weeks 4 by 52 weeks |
Arm group
4 by 20 weeks 4 by 26 weeks 5 by 52 weeks |
Leg group
21 (13 M) |
Leg group
64.5 (9.7) |
Leg group
18 right |
Leg group
TACI = 17 PACI = 13 LACI = 1 POCI = 0 unsure = 0 |
Leg group
7.0 (2.5) |
Leg group
5 by 20 weeks 5 by 26 weeks 6 by 52 weeks | ||||||||
Partridge 2000 | Single centre Observer- blind RCT | 60 | 54 | 76.5 (range 60 - 90) | 53 right | No data provided in paper | No data provided in paper | 4 by 6 weeks 11 by 6 months | 2 by 6 weeks 10 by 6 months | ||||
(52 M) | |||||||||||||
Rodgers 2003 | Single centre Observer- blind RCT | 61 (30 M) | 62 (28 M) | Median 75 (no range provided) | Median 74 (no range provided) | 35 right | 34 right | TACI = 13 PACI = 17 LACI = 29 POCI = 2 unsure = 0 | TACI = 8 PACI = 17 LACI = 34 POCI = 3 unsure = 0 | Median of 5 days after stroke | 10 by 3 months 13 by 6 months | 8 by 3 months 14 by 6 months |
Participants
Interventions
Study | Intervention | Intensity - mean hours delivered (SD) | Measurement time points | Outcome measures | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Extra | Control | Extra | Baseline | Outcome | Follow-up 1 | Follow-up 2 | ||
Cooke 2009 | Conventional physical therapy - lower limb from usual staff | 9.2 (6.9) | 23.0 (10.4) | Pre-intervention | After 6 weeks of intervention | 12 weeks after end treatment | NA | ▪ Walking speed ▪ Ability to walk at 0.8 m/s or more ▪ Modified Rivermead Mobility Index ▪ Knee flexion peak torque ▪ Knee extension peak torque | |
Extra from research staff | |||||||||
Donaldson 2009 | Conventional physical therapy - upper limb from usual staff | 2.81 (3.7) | 13.8 (27.1) | Pre-intervention | After 6 weeks of intervention | 12 weeks after end treatment | ▪ Action Research Arm Test ▪ 9 hole peg test ▪ Hand grip force ▪ Pinch grip force ▪ Elbow flexion force - isometric ▪ Elbow extension force - isometric | ||
Extra from research staff | |||||||||
GAPS 2004 | Treatment broadly based on 'normal movement' (Bobath approach) from usual staff. | Average 21 (no data) | Average 34 (no data) | Pre-intervention | After 4 weeks of intervention | 3 months after start treatment | 6 months after start treatment | ▪ Rivermead Mobility Index ▪ Motricty Index | |
Lincoln 1999 | Treatment based on the Bobath approach from usual staff | No data | Median 9.58 extra to control (IQR 4.7-10) | Pre-intervention | After 5 weeks of intervention | 3 months after start treatment | 6 months after start treatment | ▪ Rivermead Arm Assessment ▪ Action Research Arm Test ▪ Rivermead Motor Assess - gross function ▪ 10-hole Peg Teat ▪ Maximum grip strength | |
Extra from research staff | |||||||||
Kwakkel 1999 & 2002 | Routine arm & leg training using evidenced-based guidelines from usual staff | 27.5 arm & 23.2 leg* |
Arm group
91.8* | Pre-intervention | After 20 weeks treatment | 26 weeks after start treatment | 52 weeks after start treatment |
Arm group
▪ Action Research Arm Test ▪ Frenchay Activities Index | |
Arm group
Arm training from usual staffLeg group
Leg training from usual staff | leg* |
Leg group
84.2* |
Leg group
▪ Comfortable walking speed ▪ Maximum walking speed ▪ Functional Ambulation Categories | ||||||
Partridge 2000 | Bobath method of treatment from usual staff | No data | No data | Pre-intervention | After 6 weeks of intervention | 6 months after start treatment | NA | ▪ Functional reach ▪ 5-metre timed walk ▪ Timed sit-to-stand | |
Rodgers 2003 | Normal movement approach (Bobath) within meaningful activity and task analysis from usual staff | 17.4 | 24.9 | Pre-intervention | None | 3 months after stroke | 6 months after stroke | ▪ Action Research Arm Test ▪ Upper Limb Motricity Index ▪ Frenchay Arm Test |
Assessment of potential bias
Cooke 2009 | Donaldson 2009 | GAPS 2004 | Lincoln 1999 | Kwakkel 1999 & 2002 | Partridge 2000 | Rodgers 2000 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sequence generation | low | low | low | low | low | low | low |
Allocation concealment | low | low | low | unclear | unclear | low | low |
Blinding (participants, personnel and assessors) | low | low | low | low | low | low | high |
Incomplete outcome data | low | low | low | unclear | low | unclear | low |
Selective outcome reporting | low | low | low | low | low | high | low |
Other sources of bias | low | low | low | low | low | low | low |
Outcomes
Time-point | Study | Measure used | Augmented therapy | Standard therapy | Mean difference | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number subjects | Mean (SD) | Number subjects | Mean (SD) | Effect size | [95% CI] | |||
Outcome
| ||||||||
4 weeks after start therapy | GAPS | Motricity arm + leg | 33 | 119.0 (46.0) | 34 | 111.0 (45.0) | 8.0 | [-13.8,29.8] |
20 weeks after start therapy | Kwakkel | Motricity leg | 26 | 68.2 (25.8) | 34 | 45.2 (24.8) |
23.0
|
[10.0,35.9]
|
20 weeks after start therapy | Kwakkel | Motricity arm | 29 | 53.1 (32.0) | 34 | 28.9 (28.5) |
24.2
|
[9.2,33.1]
|
6 weeks after start therapy | Donaldson | Hand grip force | 10 | 71.9 (49.5) | 8 | 64.8 (39.3) | 7.1 | [-34.0,48.1] |
5 weeks after start therapy | Lincoln | Hand grip strength | 87 | 0 (25.19) | 90 | 11.0 (36.3) |
-11.0
|
[-20.2,-1.8]
|
Subtotal - hand grip force/strength
| 97 | 98 |
-10.1
|
[-19.1,-1.2]
| ||||
6 weeks after start therapy | Donaldson | Pinch grip force | 10 | 31.5 (23.1) | 8 | 24.5 (19.7) | 7.0 | [-12.8,26.8] |
6 weeks after start therapy | Donaldson | Elbow extend force | 10 | 64.5 (44.6) | 8 | 68.6 (39.6) | -4.1 | [-43.1,34.8] |
6 weeks after start therapy | Donaldson | Elbow flexion force | 10 | 76.1 (58.7) | 8 | 75.0 (38.7) | 1.1 | [-44.1,46.3] |
6 weeks after start therapy | Cooke | Knee extend torque | 26 | 45.3 (33.2) | 25 | 27.8 (26.3) |
17.5
a
|
[1.1, 33.9]
|
6 weeks after start therapy | Cooke | Knee flexion torque | 26 | 34.0 (23.1) | 25 | 19.0 (17.8) |
15.0
a
|
[3.7, 26.3]
|
Follow-up 1
| ||||||||
3 months after start therapy | GAPS | Motricity arm + leg | 32 | 130.0 (44.0) | 33 | 120.0 (42.0) | 10.0 | [-10.9,30.9] |
26 weeks after start therapy | Kwakkel | Motricity leg | 26 | 68.2 (25.3) | 34 | 27.2 (26.8) |
41.0
|
[27.7,54.3]
|
26 weeks after start therapy | Kwakkel | Motricity arm | 29 | 48.6 (31.1) | 34 | 31.1 (30.1) |
17.5
|
[2.3,32.7]
|
3 months after stroke | Rodgers | Motricity arm | 54 | 85.0 (20.0) | 51 | 78.0 (36.3) | 7.0 | [-4.3,18.3] |
Subtotal - Motricity arm
| 83 | 85 |
10.7
|
[1.7,19.8]
| ||||
18 weeks after start therapy | Cooke | Knee extend torque | 19 | 56.4 (36.3) | 18 | 37.9 (27.8) | 18.5a
| [-2.3, 39.3] |
18 weeks after start therapy | Cooke | Knee flexion torque | 19 | 41.7 (28.8) | 18 | 25.2 (22.9) | 16.5a
| [-0.2, 33.2] |
3 months after start therapy | Lincoln | Hand grip strength | 84 | 9.0 (28.2) | 84 | 19.0 (43.0) | -10.0 | [-19.5,1.8] |
Follow-up 2
| ||||||||
6 months after start therapy | Lincoln | Hand grip strength | 81 | 23.0 (40.7) | 81 | 25.0 (45.2) | -2.0 | [-15.3,11.3] |
6 months after stroke | Rodgers | Motricity arm | 48 | 83.0 (28.2) | 48 | 77.0 (25.9) | 6.0 | [-4.8,16.8] |
6 months after start therapy | GAPS | Motricity arm + leg | 30 | 124.0 (42.0) | 34 | 121.0 (51.0) | 3.0 | [-19.8,25.8] |
Time-point | Study | Measure used | Augmented therapy | Standard therapy | Mean difference | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number subjects | Mean (SD) | Number subjects | Mean (SD) | Effect size | [95% CI] | |||
Outcome
| ||||||||
6 weeks after start therapy | Cooke | Symmetry step time | 19 | 18.8 (35.6) | 15 | 28.6 (33.1) | 9.7a
| [-32.9, 13.5] |
6 weeks after start therapy | Cooke | Symmetry step length | 19 | 13.5 (15.8) | 15 | 25.0 (36.6) | 11.5a
| [-31.3, 8.3] |
Follow-up 1
| ||||||||
18 weeks after start therapy | Cooke | Symmetry step time | 19 | 19.4 (29.9) | 14 | 23.0 (23.5) | 3.6a
| [-21.9, 14.6] |
18 weeks after start therapy | Cooke | Symmetry step length | 19 | 23.7 (49.9) | 14 | 12.3 (11.0) | -11.4a
| [-11.8, 34.6] |
Time-point | Study | Measure used | Augmented therapy | Standard therapy | Mean difference | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. subjects | Mean (SD) | No. subjects | Mean (SD) | Effect size | [95% CI] | |||
Outcome
| ||||||||
6 weeks after start therapy | Donaldson | ARAT | 10 | 41.8 (17.8) | 8 | 45.0 (14.0) | 3.2 | [-17.9,11.5] |
20 weeks after start therapy | Kwakkel | ARAT | 29 | 9.0 (28.9) | 34 | 0.0 (1.5) | 9.0 | [-1.5,19.5] |
5 weeks after start therapy | Lincoln | ARAT | 87 | 1.0 (25.9) | 90 | 5.0 (28.2) | -4.0 | [-12.0,4.0] |
Subtotal - ARAT
| 126 | 132 | 0.1 | [-5.7,6.0] | ||||
6 weeks after start therapy | Donaldson | 9 Hole Peg Test | 10 | 0.2 (0.2) | 8 | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.0a
| [-0.1,0.1] |
5 weeks after start therapy | Lincoln | 10 Hole Peg Test | 87 | 0.0 (19.3) | 90 | 0.0 (41.5) | 0.0a
| [-9.5,9.5] |
5 weeks after start therapy | Lincoln | Rivermead arm | 87 | 3.0 (5.9) | 90 | 4.0 (5.2) | -1.0 | [-2.6,0.6] |
6 weeks after start therapy | Cooke | Rivermead mobility | 31 | 36.6 (10.4) | 32 | 34.6 (10.8) | 2.0 | [-3.2,7.2] |
6 weeks after start therapy | Cooke | Walk 0.8 m/s or more | 31 | 11 | 32 | 4 |
3.9
c
|
[1.1,13.9]
|
6 weeks after start therapy | Cooke | Comfort walk speed | 32 | 0.6 (0.5) | 31 | 0.3 (0.4) |
0.3
|
[0.1,0.5]
|
20 weeks after start therapy | Kwakkel | Comfort walk speed | 26 | 0.7 (0.5) | 34 | 0.4 (0.4) |
0.3
|
[0.1,0.5]
|
Subtotal - comfort walk speed
| 58 | 65 |
0.3
|
[0.1,0.5]
| ||||
20 weeks after start therapy | Kwakkel | Max walk speed | 26 | 0.9 (0.7) | 34 | 0.5 (0.6) |
0.4
|
[0.1,0.7]
|
20 weeks after start therapy | Kwakkel | FAC | 29 | 4 (1.5) | 34 | 3 (2.2) |
1.0
|
[0.1,2.0]
|
6 weeks after start therapy | Partridge | 5 metre walk time | 33 | 49.2 (32.0) | 22 | 39.9 (29.9) | 9.3 | [-7.3,25.9] |
5 weeks after start therapy | Lincoln | Rivermead Gross Function | 87 | 3.0 (4.4) | 87 | 5.0 (5.2) |
-2.0
|
[-3.4,-0.6]
|
Follow-up 1
| ||||||||
26 weeks after start therapy | Kwakkel | ARAT | 29 | 4.0 (28.2) | 34 | 0.0 (1.85) |
4.0
|
[-6.3,14.3]
|
3 months after stroke | Rodgers | ARAT | 54 | 53.0 (27.4) | 51 | 54.0 (41.5) | -1.0 | [-14.5,12.5] |
Subtotal - ARAT
| 83 | 85 | 2.2 | [-6.0, 10.4] | ||||
18 weeks after start therapy | Cooke | Rivermead mobility | 28 | 36.6 (9.8) | 23 | 39.7 (5.7) | -3.1 | [-7.4,1.2] |
3 months after start therapy | GAPS | Rivermead mobility | 32 | 9.7 (3.3) | 34 | 8.1 (3.6) | 1.6 | [-0.1,3.3] |
Subtotal - Rivermead mobility
| 60 | 57 | 1.0 | [-0.6,2.5] | ||||
18 weeks after start therapy | Cooke | Comfort walk speed | 27 | 0.6 (0.5) | 23 | 0.4 (0.4) | 0.2 | [-0.1,0.5] |
26 weeks after start therapy | Kwakkel | Comfort walk speed | 26 | 0.6 (0.5) | 34 | 0.4 (0.4) | 0.2 | [-0.0,0.4] |
Subtotal - Comfort walk speed
| 59 | 61 | 0.2 | [-0.1,0.4] | ||||
3 months after stroke | Rodgers | Frenchay Arm Test | 54 | 4.0 (2.2) | 51 | 4.0 (3.7) | 0.0 | [-1.2,1.2] |
3 months after start therapy | Lincoln | Rivermead arm | 84 | 3.0 (5.9) | 84 | 5.0 (5.2) |
-2.0
|
[-3.7,-0.3]
|
6 months after start therapy | Partridge | 5 metre walk time | 27 | 35.8 (16.5) | 33 | 49.4 (32.1) |
-13.6
|
[-26.2,-1.0]
|
3 months after start therapy | Lincoln | Rivermead Gross Function | 84 | 5.0 (5.2) | 84 | 6.0 (5.9) | -1.0 | [-2.7,0.7] |
26 weeks after start therapy | Kwakkel | FAC | 26 | 5.0 (0.7) | 34 | 4.0 (2.2) |
1.0
|
[0.2,1.8]
|
18 weeks after start therapy | Cooke | Walk 0.8 m/s or more | 27 | 10 | 23 | 4 |
2.8
|
[0.8,10.6]
|
26 weeks after start therapy | Kwakkel | Max walk speed | 26 | 0.9 (0.7) | 34 | 0.6 (0.6) | 0.3 | [-0.0,0.6] |
Follow-up 2
| ||||||||
6 months after start therapy | Lincoln | ARAT | 81 | 3.0 (28.9) | 81 | 19.0 (33.3) |
-16.0
|
[-25.6,-6.4]
|
52 weeks after start therapy | Kwakkel | ARAT | 28 | 6.0 (31.3) | 33 | 1.0 (21.1) | 5.00 | [-8.6,18.7] |
6 months after stroke | Rodgers | ARAT | 48 | 55.0 (31.9) | 48 | 56.0 (23.7) | -1.0 | [-12.2,10.2] |
Subtotal - ARAT
| 157 | 162 | -6.4 | [-12.8,0.0] | ||||
6 months after start therapy | Lincoln | 10 Hole Peg Test | 81 | 0 (40.7) | 81 | 0 (45.2) | 0.0 | [-13.3,13.3] |
6 months after stroke | Rodgers | Frenchay Arm Test | 48 | 5.0 (3.0) | 48 | 4 (3.0) | 1.0 | [-0.2,2.2] |
6 months after start therapy | Lincoln | Rivermead arm | 81 | 4.0 (6.7) | 81 | 6.0 (5.9) |
-2.0
|
[-4.0,-0.1]
|
6 months after start therapy | Lincoln | Rivermead Gross Function | 81 | 6.0 (5.9) | 81 | 7.0 (3.7) | -1.0 | [-2.5,0.5] |
52 weeks after start therapy | Kwakkel | Max walk speed | 25 | 0.9 (0.6) | 33 | 0.7 (0.6) | 0.2 | [-0.1,0.5] |
52 weeks after start therapy | Kwakkel | FAC | 25 | 5 (0.7) | 33 | 4 (1.48) |
1.0
|
[0.4,1.6]
|
6 months after start therapy | GAPS | Rivermead mobility | 30 | 10.2 (3.1) | 34 | 9.1 (4.0) | 1.1 | [-0.6,2.8] |
52 weeks after start therapy | Kwakkel | Comfort walk speed | 25 | 0.6 (0.5) | 33 | 0.5 (0.4) | 0.1 | [-0.1,0.3] |