Introduction
Methods
Study design, period and area
Study population
Inclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria
Sample size and sampling technique
Sample size determination
Sampling procedure
Variables of the study
Dependent variable
Independent (explanatory) variables
Operational definition
Unprotected sex
Protected sex
Ever had sex
Data collection procedures
Data quality control issues
Data analysis
Ethical clearance
Results
Socio-demographic characterstics
Variables | Ever had sex (N = 817) | Ever had multiple sex partners (N = 297) | Unprotected sex (N = 297) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes N (%) | No N (%) | Total N (%) | Yes N (%) | No N (%) | Yes N (%) | No N (%) | |
Sex
| |||||||
Male | 229 (42) | 316 (58) | 545 (66.7) | 110 (48.5) | 16 (23.5) | 138 (60.3) | 91(39.7) |
Female | 68 (25) | 204 (78) | 372 (33.3) | 117 (51.5) | 52 (76.5) | 46 (67.6) | 22 (32.4) |
Age
| |||||||
18-20 | 35 (21.) | 131 (79) | 166 (20.3) | 16 (45.7) | 19 (54.3) | 22 (62.9) | 13 (37.1) |
20-24 | 239 (38.7) | 379 (61.3) | 618 (75.6) | 98 (41.2) | 140 (58.8) | 145 (60.7) | 94 (39.3) |
>24 | 23 (70) | 10 (30) | 33 (4) | 12 (54.5) | 10 (45.5) | 17 (51.5) | 6 (48.5) |
Religion
| |||||||
Orthodox | 236 (37.8) | 388 (62.2) | 624 (76.4) | 92 (39.3) | 142 (60.7) | 145 (61.7) | 90 (38.3) |
Muslim | 22 (26.8) | 60 (73.2) | 82 (10) | 8 (36.4) | 14 (63.6) | 14 (60.9) | 9 (39.1) |
Protestant | 29 (32.2) | 61 (67.8) | 90 (11) | 18 (14.3) | 3 (1.8) | 21 (72.4) | 8 (27.6) |
Other | 10 (47.6) | 11 (52.4) | 21 (2.6) | 8 (40) | 12 (60) | 4 (40) | 6 (60) |
Year of study
| |||||||
Year one | 63 (24.8) | 191 (75.2) | 254 (31.1) | 23 (37.1) | 39 (62.9) | 40 (64.5) | 22 (35.5) |
Year two | 98 (38.3) | 158 (61.7) | 256 (31.3) | 43 (43.4) | 56 (56.6) | 65 (61.9) | 35 (38.1) |
Year three | 98 (49.7) | 99 (50.3) | 197 (24.1) | 44 (45.8) | 52 (54.2) | 57 (59.4) | 39 (40.6) |
Year four | 24 (36.9) | 41 (63.1) | 65 (8) | 9 (37.5) | 15 (62.5) | 16 (66.7) | 8(33.3) |
Year five | 14 (31.1) | 31 (68.9) | 45 (5.5) | 7 (50) | 7 (50) | 6(40) | 9 ( 60) |
Place of residence
| |||||||
In the University | 291 (36.3) | 511 (63.7) | 802 (98.2) | 524 (65.3) | 122 (96.8) | 180 (62.1) | 110 (37.9) |
Out of campus | 6 (40) | 9 (60) | 15 (1.8) | 10 (66.7) | 167 (98.8) | 4 (57.1) | 3 (42.9) |
Marital status
| |||||||
Single | 241 (34.2) | 463 (65.8) | 704 (86.2) | 109 (45.6) | 130 (54.4) | 141 (58.8) | 99 (41.3) |
Married | 47 (46.5) | 54 (53.5) | 101 (12.4) | 15 (31.9) | 32 (68.1) | 36 (75) | 12 (25) |
Divorced | 5 (71.4) | 2 (28.6) | 7 (0.9) | 1 (20) | 4 (80) | 5 (100) | 0 (100) |
Other | 4 (80) | 1 (20) | 5 (0.6) | 1 (25) | 3 (75) | 2 (50) | 2 (50) |
Ethncity
| |||||||
Amhara | 153 (32.8) | 313 (67.2) | 466 (57.1) | 52 (34.2) | 100 (65.8) | 104 (67.5) | 50 (32.5) |
Oromo | 60 (40.8) | 87 (59.2) | 147 (18) | 35 (59.3) | 24 (40.7) | 31 (52.5) | 28 (47.5) |
Tigray | 38 (45.8) | 45 (54.2) | 83 (10.2) | 18 (47.4) | 20 (52.6) | 21 (55.3) | 17 (44.7) |
Others | 46 (38.3) | 74 (61.7) | 120 (14.7) | 21 (45.7) | 25 (54.3) | 28 (60.9) | 18 (39.1) |
Total
|
297 (36.4)
|
520 (63.6)
|
817 (100)
|
127 (42.8)
|
170 (57.2)
|
184 (70)
|
113 (30)
|
Sexual practice
Variables | Watching porn video (N = 817) | Sex for the exchange of Money (N = 297) | Attending night clubs (N = 817) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes N (%) | No N (%) | Yes N (%) | No N (%) | Yes N (%) | No N (%) | |
Sex
| ||||||
Male | 421 (77.2) | 124 (22.8) | 7 (3.1) | 221 (96.6) | 112 (20.6) | 433 (79.4) |
Female | 113 (41.5) | 159 (76.5) | 5 (7.2) | 64 (92.8) | 18 (6.6) | 254 (93.4) |
Age
| ||||||
18-20 | 93 (56) | 73 (44) | 1 (2.9) | 34 (97.1) | 23 (13.9) | 143 (86.1) |
20-24 | 414 (67) | 204 (33) | 10 (4.2) | 229 (95.8) | 99 (16) | 519 (84) |
>24 | 27 (81.8) | 6 (18.2) | 1 (4.3) | 22 (95.7) | 8 (24.2) | 25 (75.8) |
Religion
| ||||||
Orthodox | 413 (66.2) | 211 (33.8) | 8 (3.4) | 227 (96.6) | 103 (16.5) | 521 (83.5) |
Muslim | 48 (55.8) | 38 (44.2) | 1 (4.3) | 21 (95.7) | 9 (11) | 73 (89) |
Protestant | 6 (75) | 2 (25) | 0 (0) | 27 (93.1) | 10 (11.1) | 80 (88.9) |
Other | 67 (65) | 36 (35) | 1 (9.1) | 10 (90.9) | 8 (38.1) | 13 (61.9) |
Year of study
| ||||||
Year one | 147 (57.9) | 107 (42.1) | 4 (6.3) | 59 (93.7) | 26 (10.2) | 228 (89.8) |
Year two | 171 (66.8) | 85 (33.2) | 4 (3.9) | 96 (96.1) | 45(17.6) | 211 (82.4) |
Year three | 147 (74.6) | 50 (25.4) | 4 (4.1) | 92 (95.5) | 46 (23.4) | 151 (76.6) |
Year four | 42 (64.6) | 23 (35.4) | 0 (0) | 24 (100) | 9 (13.8) | 56 (86.2) |
Year five | 27 (60) | 18 (40) | 0 (0) | 14 (100) | 4 (8.9) | 41 (91.1) |
Place of residence
| ||||||
In the university | 524 (65.3) | 278 (34.7) | 11 (3.8) | 280 (96.2) | 127 (15.8) | 675 (84.2) |
Out of campus | 10 (66.7) | 5 (33.3) | 1 (16.7) | 5 (83.3) | 3 (20) | 12 (80) |
Marital status
| ||||||
Single | 458 (65.1) | 246 (34.9) | 11 (4.6) | 230 (95.4) | 17 (16.8) | 84 (83.2) |
Married | 69 (68.3) | 32 (31.7) | 1 (2.1) | 46 (97.9) | 110 (15.6) | 594 (84.4) |
Divorced | 3 (42.9) | 4 (57.1) | 0 (0) | 5 (100) | 1 (14.3) | 6 (85.7) |
Other | 4 (80) | 1 (20) | 0 (0) | 4 (100) | 1 (40) | 3 (60) |
Ethncity
| ||||||
Amhara | 288 (61.8) | 178 (38.2) | 6 (3.9) | 147 (96.1) | 62 (13.3) | 404 (86.7) |
Oromo | 106 (72.1) | 41 (27.9) | 3 (5) | 57 (95) | 28 (19) | 119 (81) |
Tigray | 57 (68.7) | 26 (31.3) | 2 (5.3) | 36 (94.7) | 22 (26.5) | 61 (73.5) |
Others | 83 (69.2) | 37 (30.8) | 1 (2.2) | 45 (97.8) | 17 (14.2) | 103 (85.8) |
Total
|
534 (65.4)
|
283 (34.6)
|
12 (4.0)
|
285 (96)
|
130 (15.9)
|
687 (84.1)
|
Variables | Male N (%) | Female N (%) | Total N (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Age at first sex (N = 297)
| |||
10-17 | 56 (24.7) | 16 (23.2) | 72 (24.3) |
18-19 | 106 (46.7) | 30 (43.5) | 136 (45.9) |
>20 | 65 (28.6) | 23 (33.3) | 89 (29.7) |
Starting time of sexual intercourse (N = 297)
| |||
Elementary school | 24 (10.5) | 9 (13) | 33 (11.1) |
High/preparatory school | 142 (62.3) | 32 (46.4) | 174 (58.6) |
In university | 58 (25.4) | 25 (36.2) | 83 (27.9) |
Other | 4 (1.8) | 3 (4.3) | 7 (2.4) |
Reason for having multiple sexual partners (N = 297)
| |||
To get partner with good sexual pleasure | 40 (35.4) | 1 (7.7) | 41 (32.6) |
Beautiful/handsome of partner | 21 (18.6) | 2 (7.7) | 22 (17.5) |
To get matured sexual partner | 9 (8) | 3 (23.1) | 12 (9.5) |
Effect of long term relation ship | 27 (24) | 2 (15.4) | 29 (23) |
Seeking for money | 5 (4.4) | 1 (7.7) | 6 (4.8) |
Other | 11 (9.7) | 5 (35.7) | 16 (12.7) |
Had sex with older individuals (N = 297)
| |||
Yes | 52 (22.7) | 12 (17.6) | 64 (21.5) |
No | 177 (77.3) | 56 (82.4) | 233 (78.5) |
Sex after watching porn videos (N = 297)
| |||
Yes | 64 (27.9) | 9 (13.2) | 73 (24.6) |
No | 165 (72.1) | 59 (86.8) | 224 (75.4) |
Sex after drinking alcohol (N = 297)
| |||
Yes | 88 (38.4) | 14 (20.6) | 102 (34.3) |
No | 141 (61.6) | 54 (79.4) | 195 (65.7) |
Had sex with commercial sex workers (N = 297)
| |||
Yes | 22 (9.6) | 0 (0) | 22 (7.4) |
No | 207 (90.4) | 68 (100) | 275 (92.6) |
Frequency of condom use (N = 297)
| |||
Regularly | 91 (39.7) | 22 (32.4) | 113 (38) |
Frequently | 71 (31) | 11 (16.2) | 82 (27.6) |
Some times | 15 (6.6) | 10 (4.4) | 25 (8.4) |
Never | 52 (22.7) | 25 (10.9) | 77 (25.9) |
Reason for not using condom (N = 184)
| |||
Difficult to get condom | 19 (13.7) | 2 (4.4) | 21 (11.4) |
In love with a partner | 27 (19.4) | 16 (35.6) | 43 (23.4) |
Condom reduce sexual satisfaction | 56 (40.3) | 11 (24.4) | 67 (36.4) |
My partner is free for HIV | 36 (25.9) | 13 (28.9) | 49 (26.6) |
For money | 1 (0.7) | 3 (6.7) | 4 (2.2) |
Reason for not practising sex until study period (N = 520)
| |||
Fear of HIV/other STIs | 46 (14.6) | 10 (4.9) | 56 (10.8) |
Fear of family | 7 (2.2) | 1 (0.5) | 8 (1.5) |
Need to wait until marriage | 192 (60.8) | 171 (83.8) | 363 (69.8) |
To prevent unwanted pregnancy | 5 (1.6) | 9 (4.4) | 14 (2.7) |
Need to wait until marriage + Fear of HIV | 52 (16.5) | 9 (4.4) | 61 (11.7) |
Has no specific reason | 14 (4.4) | 4 (2) | 18 (3.5) |
Multivariate analysis on sexual behaviours
Variables | Ever had sex | Having multiple sexual partners | Sex for the exchange of money | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
COR (95 % CI) | AOR (95 % CI) | COR (95 % CI) | AOR (95 % CI) | COR (95 % CI) | AOR (95 % CI) | ||
Sex
| |||||||
Male | 2.2 (1.6 - 3.0)** | 0.9 (0.6 - 1.3) | 3.1 (1.7 - 5.7)** | 1.4 (0.7 – 3.0) | 2.4 (0.8 - 7.9) | 3.7 (1.1 - 13.2)** | |
female |
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
| |
Age
| |||||||
18-20 |
1
|
1
|
1
| ||||
21-24 | 8.6 (3.75 - 19.78)** | 9.5 (3.8 - 23.9)** |
─
|
─
|
─
|
─
| |
>24 | 3.65 (1.7 - 7.8)** | 3.6 (1.6 - 8.3)** |
─
|
─
|
─
|
─
| |
Year of study
| |||||||
Year I |
1
|
1
|
─
|
─
|
─
| ||
Year II | 0.53 (0.4 - 0.8)** | 0.8 (0.5 - 1.3) |
─
|
─
|
─
|
─
| |
Year III | 0.3 (0.2 - 0.5)** | 0.6 (0.4 - 1.0) |
─
|
─
|
─
|
─
| |
Year IV | 0.6 (0.3 - 1.0) | 0.9 (0.5 - 1.8) |
─
|
─
|
─
|
─
| |
Year V | 0.7 (0.4 - 1.5) | 1.1 (0.5 - 2.4) |
─
|
─
|
─
|
─
| |
Ethncity
| |||||||
Amhara |
─
|
─
| 0.6 (0.3 - 1.2) | 0.9 (0.4 - 2.2) |
─
|
─
| |
Oromo |
─
|
─
| 1.7 (0.8 - 3.8) | 1.6 (0.6 - 4.3) |
─
|
─
| |
Tigray |
─
|
─
| 1.1 (0.5 - 2.5) | 1.3 (0.5 - 3.9) |
─
|
─
| |
Other |
─
|
─
|
1
|
1
|
─
|
─
| |
Religion
| |||||||
Orthodox | 1.5 (0.6 - 3.6) | 0.9 (0.3 - 3.2) | 0.2 (0.0 - 0.8) | 0.4 (0.1 - 2.7) |
─
|
─
| |
Muslim | 2.5 (0.9 - 6.6) | 1.7 (0.5 - 6.1) | 0.1 (0.2 - 0.8) | 0.3 (0.0 - 2.5) |
─
|
─
| |
Protestant | 1.9 (0.7 - 5.0) | 1.1 (0.3 - 4.1) | 0.4 (0.1 - 2.3) | 1.3 (0.2 - 9.6) |
─
|
─
| |
Other |
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
| |||
Attending night clubs
| |||||||
Yes | 12.9 (7.9 - 21.1)** | 7.4 (4.2 - 12.9)** | 6.8 (3.9 - 11.5)** | 3.1 (1.7 - 5.7)** |
─
|
─
| |
No |
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
─
|
─
| |
Watching porn video
| |||||||
Yes | 3.3 (2.4 - 4.7)** | 1.8 (1.2 - 2.6)** | 5.7 (2.6 - 12.5)** | 2.8(1.1 - 6.9)** |
─
|
─
| |
No |
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
─
|
─
| |
Alcoholism
| |||||||
Never |
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
| |
Always | 4.3 (3.1 - 5.8)** | 1.9 (1.4 - 2.8)** | 9.47 (2.6 - 34.7)** | 4.4 (0.9 - 20.8) | 0.1(0.0 - 0.8) | 2.3 (0.4 - 13.7) | |
Sometime | 2.4 (1.1 - 4.1)** | 2.2 (0.9 - 5.5) | 6.3 (3.5 - 11.2)** | 2.8 (1.4 - 5.6)** | 0.4 (0.1 - 1.8) | 0.04 (0.0 - 1.5) | |
Chewing khat
| |||||||
Never |
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
| |
Sometimes | 12 (4.1 - 35.6)** | 3.3 (1.0 - 11.2)** | 5.2 (2.9 - 9.0)** | 2.3 (1.2 - 4.5)** | 0.3 (0.1 - 0.9)** | 8.5 (1.3 - 55.5)** | |
Always | 2.6 (0.8 - 8.2) | 1.7 (0.5 - 6.2) | 9.9 (3.2 - 31.0)** | 2.8 (1.4 - 5.7)** | 0.2 (0.0 - 1.1) | 1.8 (0.3 - 10.1) |
Variables | Watching porn videos | Attending night clubs | Sex with commercial sex workers | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | ||
Sex
| |||||||
Male | 4.8 (3.5 - 6.5)** | 4.1 (2.9 - 5.8)** | 3.9 (2.3 - 6.7)** | 2.3 (1.3 - 4.3)** | NA | NA | |
female |
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
| |||
Age
| |||||||
18 – 20 |
1
|
1
| |||||
20 – 24 | 3.5 (1.4 - 9.0)** | 1.3 (0.9 - 2.0) | _ | _ | _ | _ | |
> 24 | 2.2 (0.9 - 5.5) | 3.0 (1.1 - 8.4)** | _ | _ | _ | _ | |
Year of study
| |||||||
Year I |
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
| |||
Year II | 0.7 (0.5 - 0.9) | 1.2 (0.8 - 1.8) | 1.2 (0.4 - 3.5) | 2.3 (0.6 - 9.2) |
─
|
─
| |
Year III | 0.5(0.3 - 0.7) | 1.6 (0.9 - 2.6) | 2.2 (0.8 - 6.4) | 3.4 (0.9 - 13.5) |
─
|
─
| |
Year IV | 0.8 (0.4 - 1.3) | 1.2 (0.6 - 2.5) | 3.1 (1.1 - 9.2)** | 3.7 (0.9 - 14.4) |
─
|
─
| |
Year V | 0.9 (0.5 - 1.8) | 1.3 (0.6 - 2.8) | 1.7 (0.5 - 5.7) | 2.8 (0.6 - 13.5) |
─
|
─
| |
Ethncity
| |||||||
Amhara | 1.4 (0.9 - 2.1) | 0.7 (0.4 - 1.2) | 0.9 (0.5 - 1.7) | 1.8 (0.8 - 3.7) |
─
|
─
| |
Oromo | 0.9 (0.5 - 1.5) | 1.3 (0.7 - 2.4) | 1.4 (0.7 - 2.8) | 1.95 (0.8 - 4.5) |
─
|
─
| |
Tigray | 1.02 (0.6 - 1.9) | 1.2 (0.6 - 2.3) | 2.2 (1.1 - 4.4)** | 5.6 (2.2 - 14.2)** |
─
|
─
| |
Other |
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
─
|
─
| |
Religion
| |||||||
Orthodox |
─
|
─
| 1 |
1
| |||
Muslim |
─
|
─
| 0.6 (0.3 - 1.3) | 0.73 (0.3 - 1.8) |
─
|
─
| |
Protestant |
─
|
─
| 0.6 (0.3 -1.3) | 0.73 (0.3 - 1.9) |
─
|
─
| |
Other |
─
|
─
| 3.1 (1.3 - 7.7)** | 4.0 (1.0 - 16.1) |
─
|
─
| |
Chewing
| |||||||
khat
| Never |
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
Some times | 4.1 (2.4 - 6.9)** | 2.0 (1.1 - 3.6)** | 9.8 (6.3 - 15.4)** | 6.48 (3.9 - 10.9)** | 0.3 (0.1 - 0.9)** | 0.54(0.2 - 1.5) | |
Always | 1.1 (0) | 1.1 (0) | 27.2 (10.8 - 68.3) | 18.7 (6.4 - 53.9)** | 0.3 (0.1 - 1.1) | 0.38 (0.1 - 2.2) | |
Alcoholism
| |||||||
Never |
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
| |
Always | 1.2 (0.6 - 2.4) | 0.61(0.3 - 1. 4) | 9.3 (3.6 - 24)** | 3.3 (1.1 - 10.1)** | 0.3 (0.0 - 3.3) | 0.8 (0.1 - 9.9) | |
Sometimes | 6.4 (4.4 - 9.4)** | 4.78 (3.2 - 7.2)** | 15.8 (8.9 - 27.7)** | 9.5 (5.2 - 17.5)** | 0.2 (0.1 - 0.9)** | 0.6 (0.1 - 2.3) | |
Attending
| |||||||
night clubs
| Yes | 4.2 (0.3 - 7.2) | 0.9 (0.5 - 1.8) | NA | NA | 4.2 (1.7 - 10.8)** | 4.6 (1.8 - 1.8)** |
No |
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|