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Erschienen in: AIDS Research and Therapy 1/2011

Open Access 01.12.2011 | Short report

Factors associated with non-adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy in Nairobi, Kenya

verfasst von: Samwel N Wakibi, Zipporah W Ng'ang'a, Gabriel G Mbugua

Erschienen in: AIDS Research and Therapy | Ausgabe 1/2011

Abstract

Background

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) requires high-level (> 95%) adherence. Kenya is rolling out ART access programmes and, issue of adherence to therapy is therefore imperative. However, published data on adherence to ART in Kenya is limited. This study assessed adherence to ART and identified factors responsible for non adherence in Nairobi.

Methods

This is a multiple facility-based cross-sectional study, where 416 patients aged over 18 years were systematically selected and interviewed using a structured questionnaire about their experience taking ART. Additional data was extracted from hospital records. Patients were grouped into adherent and non-adherent based on a composite score derived from a three questions adherence tool developed by Center for Adherence Support Evaluation (CASE). Multivariate regression model was used to determine predictors of non-adherence.

Results

Overall, 403 patients responded; 35% males and 65% females, 18% were non-adherent, and main (38%) reason for missing therapy were being busy and forgetting. Accessing ART in a clinic within walking distance from home (OR = 2.387, CI.95 = 1.155-4.931; p = 0.019) and difficulty with dosing schedule (OR = 2.310, CI.95 = 1.211-4.408, p = 0.011) predicted non-adherence.

Conclusions

The study found better adherence to HAART in Nairobi compared to previous studies in Kenya. However, this can be improved further by employing fitting strategies to improve patients' ability to fit therapy in own lifestyle and cue-dose training to impact forgetfulness. Further work to determine why patients accessing therapy from ARV clinics within walking distance from their residence did not adhere is recommended.
Hinweise

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

SNW conceived, designed and conducted study, analysed data and interpreted findings. ZWN and GGM supervised and guided the student. All authors contributed to the final report and approved the final manuscript.
Abkürzungen
AOR
Adjusted Odds Ratio
ART
Antiretroviral Therapy
ARV
Antiretroviral
CCC
Comprehensive Care Centre
COR
Crude Odds Ratio
HAART
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
OR
Odds Ratio.

Background

Antiretroviral treatment success depends on sustainable high rates of adherence to medication regimen of ART [1]. However, significant proportions of HIV-infected patients do not reach high levels of adherence and this can lead to devastating public health problems. Mills et al in a meta-analysis study found a combined continental adherence to ART of 64% with 55% adherence in North America and 77% in Africa. Twenty four percent non-adherence has been reported in Southwest Ethiopia [2], 22% in Cote d'Ivore [3] and 13% in Cameroon [4]. Byakika et al [5] reported 68% adherence to HIV treatment in Uganda, 54% in Nigeria [6] and 63% in South Africa [7]. Non-adherence to ART has been associated to diverse factors including patient related factors, health condition/disease, health care system and healthcare teams, therapy/treatment and Socio-economic factors [5, 6, 810]. Kenya is rolling out a free HAART programme to increase access and by 2009, 336980 patients were accessing [11], and adherence reported vary from 48% in Kibera, Nairobi [12]; 56.8% in Eldoret [13] and 64% in Mombasa [14].

Statement of the research hypothesis

Published data about factors that influence non-adherence to ART in Kenya is limited. To generate this knowledge, this study determined prevalence of non-adherence and associated factors.
It was hypothesized that:
H0 - there are no factors association with non-adherence to HAART among HIV patients in Nairobi, Kenya.

Method

Setting

This study was conducted at HIV/AIDS treatment centre in the Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) and Riruta Health centre in Nairobi, Kenya.

Population sample

The sample was of 416 HIV+ outpatients aged 18 years or more on free HAART for three or more months between November, 2008 and April, 2009.

Design

Cross-sectional observational study design collected data from systematically selected patients as they visited the three purposively selected HIV clinics to refill. The patients were interviewed about their health beliefs, health system interaction, ARV therapy uptake and reasons for non-adherence. CASE adherence tool [15] was used to determine adherence. Additional data about time on ARV and age were extracted from hospital records.
CASE Adherence tool was developed by the New York Academy of Medicine's (NYAM) Center for Adherence Support Evaluation (CASE). It consists of three adherence questions: (rated on a likert scale) "How often do you feel that you have difficulty taking your HIV medications on time? On average, how many days PER WEEK would you say that you missed at least one dose of your HIV medications? When was the last time you missed at least one dose of your HIV medications?"A higher composite score signify better adherence.
The CASE Adherence Index correlated strongly with the AACTG three-day self-reported adherence data (p < 0.001), is more strongly associated with HIV outcomes and performed as well as the three-day self-report when predicting CD4 cell count status[16].

Data analysis

Patient's scores in the CASE adherence tool were summed up to obtain a composite score that ranged from 3 to 16 points. Patients with Index score ≤10 points were classified as non-adherent and > 10 adherent [15]. Other data generated from the questionnaire were keyed into SPSS and analyzed for frequencies, cross-tabulations, chi-square test, and multivariate logistic regression to determine predicting factors. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant in all statistical analysis.

Ethical considerations

Ethical clearance was given by the KEMRI's National Ethical Review Committee, and permission to conduct the research was obtained from the participating clinics. Consent was obtained both verbally and in writing in either English or Kiswahili. To ensure confidentiality, interviews were conducted in private and strict control maintained over data.

Results

Characteristics of the respondents

Characteristics of the respondents are presented in Table 1. Out of the 416 patients interviewed, 403 answered all adherence questions and were analyzed. Females were 262 (65%) and males 141 (35%); their age ranged between 18 and 64 years old. Most patients were married 213 (53%); 246 (61%) had at least secondary education, 145 (36%) had primary education and 10 (3%) had no formal education. Three hundred (75%) respondents earned less than $120 per month; and most 271(67%) lived in 1-3 rooms and the rest in a more than 1 bedroom house.
Table 1
Characteristics of respondents
Characteristics
Adherent
 
p-value
Variable
No; n (%)
Total; n (%)
 
 
Socio-demographic characteristics
 
Gender distribution
    
All
72 (18)
331 (82)
403 (100)
 
Males
25 (18)
116 (82)
141 (35)
0.958
Females
47 (18)
215 (82)
262 (65)
 
Mean age
    
   All
37.6 yrs
40.2 yrs
39.7 yrs
0.017*
   Male
41.6 yrs
42.8 yrs
42.6 yrs
0.491
   Female
35.4 yrs
38.8 yrs
38.2 yrs
0.012*
Marital status
   
0.225
   Never married
14 (19)
58 (81)
72 (18)
 
   Married
40 (19)
173 (81)
213 (53)
 
   Divorced/Separate
13 (23)
44 (77)
57 (14)
 
   Widowed
5 (9)
52 (91)
57 (14)
 
   Missing
0
4
4 (1)
 
Ever widowed?
   
0.053
   Yes
5 (9)
52 (91)
57 (14)
 
   No
67 (20)
275 (80)
342 (85)
 
Education level
   
0.665
   No education
1 (10)
9 (10)
10 (3)
 
   Primary
28 (19)
117 (81)
145(36)
 
   Secondary
32 (16)
168 (84)
200(50)
 
   Post secondary
10 (22)
36 (78)
46 (11)
 
   Missing
  
2
 
Monthly Income (USD)
   
0.734
   Unemployed
27 (20)
110 (80)
137(34)
 
   < 60
17 (21)
66 (80)
83 (21)
 
   61 - 120
11 (14)
69 (86)
80 (20)
 
   121 - 180
2 (9)
21 (91)
23 (6)
 
   181 - 240
5 (19)
22 (82)
27 (7)
 
   241 - 600
5 (15)
29 (85)
34 (8)
 
   600+
4 (24)
13 (77)
17 (4)
 
   Missing
  
2
 
Housing
   
0.275
   1 room
39 (21)
147 (79)
186(46)
 
   2-3 rooms
16 (19)
69 (81)
85 (21)
 
   1 bedroom
7 (17)
34 (83)
41 (10)
 
   2 bedrooms
4 (8)
48 (92)
52 (13)
 
   ≥ 3 bedrooms
6 (15)
33 (85)
39 (10)
 
1-3 rooms
55 (20)
216 (80)
271 (67)
0.068
≥ 1 bedrooms
17 (13)
115 (87)
132 (33)
 
 
Clinical characteristics
 
CD4 cell count ≤200 cells/ml
   
0.025*
Yes
25(26)
71 (74)
96 (24)
 
No
44(16)
237(84)
281(70)
 
Missing
  
26 (6)
 
Time on ART
   
0.003*
   3 to 6 months
13(37)
22 (63)
35 (9)
 
   6 - 12 months
18(21)
69 (79)
87 (22)
 
   1 to 2 years
25(19)
110(81)
135(34)
 
   3 years +
16(11)
129(89)
145(36)
 
Missing
  
1
 
Adverse effects
    
   Nausea
7 (30)
16 (70)
23 (7)
0.898
   Vomiting
1 (8)
11 (92)
12 (4)
 
   Diarrhea
3 (23)
10 (77)
13 (4)
 
   Neuropathy
3 (10)
27 (90)
30 (9)
 
   Itching
6 (23)
20 (77)
26 (8)
 
   Rashes
5 (12)
36 (88)
41 (13)
 
   Others
6 (15)
33 (85)
39 (12)
 
   None
24(17)
114(83)
138(43)
 
 
ART knowledge
  
Health literacy
    
   Adhere
57 (17)
272 (83)
329 (82)
0.55
   Condom use
35 (18)
162 (82)
197 (49)
0.959
   Nutrition
43 (16)
233 (84)
276 (68)
0.077
Use
    
   Identify drugs
72 (18)
331 (82)
403 (100)
 
   Dosage
72 (18)
330 (82)
402 (100)
 
   Life-long therapy
72 (18)
328 (82)
400 (99)
 
 
Social support
  
Living with
   
0.484
   Family
53(17)
268(83)
321(80)
 
   Friends
2 (22)
7 (78)
9 (2)
 
   Alone
16(22)
56 (78)
72 (18)
 
Living with children?
   
0.345
   No
10(14)
62 (86)
72 (18)
 
   Yes
50(18)
235(82)
285(71)
 
   Have no children
12(26)
34 (74)
46 (11)
0.122
   Has children
60(17)
297(83)
357(89)
 
HIV Status disclosed
   
0.794
   Yes:
58(18)
271(82)
329(82)
 
   No:
13(18)
60 (81)
73 (18)
 
Reminded dose by
   
0.781
   Self
36(19)
151(81)
187(46)
 
   Family
35(17)
176(83)
211(52)
 
   Friends
1 (20)
4 (80)
5 (1)
 
Level of social Support
    
   Never (0%)
13(23)
43 (77)
56 (14)
 
   Rarely (25%)
5 (28)
13 (72)
18 (5)
 
   Sometimes (50%)
12(26)
34 (74)
46 (11)
 
   Often (75%)
17(22)
60 (78)
77 (19)
 
   Always (> 75%)
24(18)
181(88)
205(51)
 
   Missing
  
1
 
Felt social Support
   
0.030*
   < Sometimes
18(24)
56 (76)
74 (21)
 
   > Sometimes
41(14)
241(86)
282(79)
 
 
Concerns about therapy
 
Taking ART worries me
   
0.378
   Agree
16 (22)
58 (78)
74 (18)
 
   Disagree
55 (17)
264 (83)
319 (79)
 
   Not sure
  
10 (3)
 
I Worry about long-term effects of ART
   
0.885
   Agree
31 (19)
135 (81)
166 (41)
 
   Disagree
40 (18)
181 (82)
221 (55)
 
   Not sure
  
16 (4)
 
Lack understanding of how ART works
   
0.505
   Agree
28 (20)
115 (80)
143 (35)
 
   Disagree
40 (17)
197 (83)
237 (59)
 
   Not sure
  
23 (6)
 
Therapy disrupt my life
   
0.006*
   Agree
20 (29)
49 (71)
69 (17)
 
   Disagree
49 (15)
274 (85)
323 (80)
 
   Not sure
  
11 (3)
 
I am embarrassed taking ARV
   
0.162
   Agree
38 (20)
148 (80)
186 (46)
 
   Disagree
31 (15)
175 (85)
206 (51)
 
   Not sure
  
11 (3)
 
 
Reason for not taking therapy
 
Implied missed therapy
   
0.001*
   Gave reason for not taking
50 (24)
156 (76)
206 (51)
 
   Never failed
22 (11)
175 (89)
197 (49)
 
Reason for not taking medicine
   
0.000*
   Being busy and forgetting
44 (29)
110 (71)
154 (38)
 
   Hiding from colleagues
3 (60)
2 (40)
5 (2)
 
   Others
3 (6)
44 (94)
47 (11)
 
*Statistically significant at level p < 0.05 by chi-square test
Majority respondents 281 (70%) had a CD4 count of more than 200 cells/ml, 280 (80%) had more than 1 year experience with ART and 138(43%) had not had side effects. ART knowledge was extremely high (100), but only 197 (49%) stated condom use as important, (82%) reported adherence and (68%) nutrition.
Most 321(80%) patients lived with family, 329(82%) had disclosed their HIV status and 282(79%) reported getting social support. Sixty nine (17%) patients found therapy disruptive of their life while 186 (46%) were embarrassed taking ARV. Most respondents 154 (38%) reported being busy and forgetting as the reason for missing therapy, while 197 (49%) had never failed to take medicine.

Adherence to HAART

Seventy two (18%) respondents were non-adherence based on CASE adherence method, while74 (18%) reported missing at least one dose of therapy per week (< 95% adherence) (Table 2). Adherence to HAART among respondents differed significantly at p-value < 0.05 by age (p = 0.017), difficulty fitting therapy in own daily schedule (p = 0.006), social support (p = 0.015), period on therapy (p = 0.002), self report missed therapy (p = 0.001), proximity to clinic where respondents refilled (p = 0.003) and time spent at clinic per visit (p = 0.000) by univariate analysis (Table 1). However, only having difficult fitting therapy in own schedule (OR = 2.310, CI.95 = 1.211-4.408, p = 0.011) and proximity to clinic where respondents refilled (OR = 2.387, CI.95 = 1.155-4.931, p = 0.019) predicted non-adherence by multivariate analysis (Table 3). Main reason for missing therapy was being busy and forgetting.
Table 2
Prevalence of non-adherence to HAART among respondents
 
Adherent?
Methods of determining adherence
Yes; n (%)
No; n (%)
a)CASE adherence Index; i.e. ≤ 10 (non-adherent)
72 (18)
331 (82)
b)missed at least once a week method (< 95 adherence)
74 (18)
329 (82)
Table 3
Predictors of Non-adherence to HAART among respondents
 
Crude
Adjusted
Characteristics
OR (CI. 95 )
p-value
OR (CI. 95 )
p-value
Proximity to clinic where refilled
2.740 (1.382,5.434)
0.003*
2.387
(1.155,4.931)
0.019**
Reported difficult fitting therapy in own schedule
2.282
(1.250-4.169)
0.006*
2.310
(1.211-4.408)
0.011**
Gave reasons for skipping doses
2.550
(1.477-4.401)
0.001*
2.264
(1.261-4.064)
0.006**
**Statistically significant at level p < 0.05 by multivariate analysis

Discussion

The current study assessed non-adherence and factors associated with it in Nairobi, Kenya. Prevalence of non-adherence found in this study (18%) is comparable to the continental prevalence (23%) for Africa [1], 21% in Southwest Ethiopia [2] and 22% in Cote d'Ivore [3]. But, inconsistent with the findings of Ellis et al. in Kibera, Nairobi (48%) [12]; Talam et al. in Eldoret (56.8%) [13] and Munyao et al. in Mombasa [14]. The inconsistency with the findings of Eldoret study was attributed to differences in assessment methods, and inconsistency with the findings of Kibera and Mombasa studies to difference in treatment periods (2005) when ART knowledge among patients and clinicians was low [17].
In this study, younger respondents below the mean age (39.7 years) were more likely not to adhere to HAART although age did not predict. The finding is consistent with the findings of Iliyasu et al in Nigeria [6], Carballo et al in Spain [9] and Orrell et al in South Africa [7] but, inconsistent with the finding of Talam et al in Eldoret [13]. The inconsistent with Eldoret study can be attributed to difference in mean age; respondents in the Eldoret study were younger (mean age 36.1 years). Better adherence among older adults may be explained by survivor effect in that, individuals who maintain greater compliance with treatment recommendations may actually outlive those who are non-adherent. Proportion of female in this study was two-fold that of male and is similar to the proportion of HIV/AIDS reported in Kenya [18]. However, gender did not predict non-adherence to HAART in Nairobi. These findings correlated with findings of other studies [5, 6, 13, 19]. Marital status did not predict non-adherence. Other studies have reported mixed results; Byakika et al found an association between marital status and non-adherence to ARV therapy in Uganda [5] while, Weiser et al in Botswana did not [19].
Socio-economic factors did not significantly influence adherence in this study. Findings with respect to income were consistent with the findings of Orrell et al in South Africa [7] but inconsistent with findings of Byakika et al in Uganda where patients paid for ART [5]. Finding about formal education was consistent with the findings of Weiser et al in Botswana [19] but, inconsistent with the findings of Carballo et al in Spain [9] where understanding of treatment regimen was poor [10]. Although respondents living in smaller houses were more likely not to adhere to therapy than respondents living in bigger houses, house size did not predict non-adherence. These findings are consistent with findings in other studies [9, 20].
In this study, proximity to clinic predicted non-adherence. Respondents who accessed therapy in clinics within a walking distance from their homes were about two and a half times more likely not to adhere than patients who refilled in far away clinics. These findings together with social stigma associated with ART use suggested that most respondents who accessed free therapy in clinics within walking distance to their homes did so due to lack of choice; speculatively, could not afford transport cost to alternative HAART clinics. Where respondents paid for transport, amounts paid did not significantly influence non-adherence to HAART which was consistent with the finding of Byakika et al in Uganda [5]. Most respondents reported felt social support from friends and relatives, and it was therefore hypothesized that these friends and relatives also provided respondents with material support, making it possible to overcome cost barrier that has been associated with non-adherence to therapy in other studies [5]. Such "helpers" have been found to make their expectations for the patients to adherence known, thus, creating a responsibility on the part of patients who consequently, adhered to therapy to promote goodwill with the helpers [21]. Recipients who reported receiving social support were two folds more likely to adhere to therapy than those who did not. These findings are consistent with many ARV therapy adherence studies [16, 2, 2225].
Adherence to therapy in this study increased with duration on HAART although did not predict it. This is consistent with findings of Mannheimer et al [15] but, inconsistent with the findings of Byakika et al in Uganda [5]. The inconsistency was attributed to the shorter experience with ARVs and paying for therapy in the Uganda study. Where drugs are paid for, many studies have found shortage of drugs due to economic barriers, as the most common reason for non adherence. The reported adverse effects did not significantly influence non-adherence which was consistent with findings of Weiser et al in Botswana [19], and Aspeling and Van Wyk in South Africa [22]. The findings could be attributed to high ART knowledge and awareness found among respondents in line with the South Africa study in which informed HIV patients tolerated side effects and adhered to therapy [22].
In this study, respondents regarded adherence to HAART extremely important to HIV treatment and translated this knowledge into positive belief about necessity of HIV medication almost universally. Belief in the benefit of therapy found together with availability of free HAART is credited for improved adherence among the respondents. This finding correlates with findings of Aspeling and Van Wyk in South Africa where adequate pre-therapy counselling and HIV education impacted adherence positively [22]. However, giving reason for skipping therapy predicted non-adherence. Three quarters of the respondents who gave reasons for skipping therapy stated being busy and forgetting as the reason and a third of them did not adhere. This finding is consistent with findings of Nieuwkerk et al [26] and Byakika et al in Uganda [5]. Having difficult fitting therapy in own daily schedule predicted non-adherence. Respondents who reported difficult with therapy were more than two folds more likely not to adhere to ARV therapy. This was consistent with the findings of Munro et al [8]. It was speculated, in line with Vervoort et al [24] finding that when medication scheme did not fit in a patient's routine, it caused them to forget to take medications and consequently resulted in poor adherence.

Conclusion

Given the complex array of factors associated with non-adherence, no single strategy is likely to be effective for every patient. It is recommended that patients be targeted with comprehensive individualized interventions employing behavioral educational strategies to improve ability to fit therapy in own lifestyle and cue-dose training to impact forgetfulness. Further research is recommended to explain poor adherence among patients accessing therapy from ARV clinics within walking distance from their homes.

Acknowledgements

This study was carried as part of my PhD thesis work. In work of this nature one has many debts to acknowledge. For practical reasons it would be impossible to individually thank all those who through help and advice, generously contributed to its accomplishment. They all appreciate that I cannot adequately thank them. A few of them however deserve special attention. First, special thanks go to my supervisors, Prof. Zipporah Ng'ang'a and Dr. Gabriel Mbugua without whose support, guidance and constructive comments this study could not have been a success. My appreciation also go to the study participants, the management and staff of Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya Medical Research Institute and Riruta comprehensive care centers for allowing use of the sites for the study. Special thanks also go to the director and staff of the Centre for Microbiology Research of Kenya Medical Research Institute for the valuable comments on the proposal and for allowing its clearance through the centre.
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://​creativecommons.​org/​licenses/​by/​2.​0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

SNW conceived, designed and conducted study, analysed data and interpreted findings. ZWN and GGM supervised and guided the student. All authors contributed to the final report and approved the final manuscript.
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Metadaten
Titel
Factors associated with non-adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy in Nairobi, Kenya
verfasst von
Samwel N Wakibi
Zipporah W Ng'ang'a
Gabriel G Mbugua
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2011
Verlag
BioMed Central
Erschienen in
AIDS Research and Therapy / Ausgabe 1/2011
Elektronische ISSN: 1742-6405
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-6405-8-43

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