Background
Statement of the research hypothesis
Method
Setting
Population sample
Design
Data analysis
Ethical considerations
Results
Characteristics of the respondents
Characteristics | Adherent | p-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable
|
No;
n (%)
|
Total;
n (%)
| ||
Socio-demographic characteristics
| ||||
Gender distribution
| ||||
All | 72 (18) | 331 (82) | 403 (100) | |
Males | 25 (18) | 116 (82) | 141 (35) | 0.958 |
Females | 47 (18) | 215 (82) | 262 (65) | |
Mean age
| ||||
All | 37.6 yrs | 40.2 yrs | 39.7 yrs | 0.017* |
Male | 41.6 yrs | 42.8 yrs | 42.6 yrs | 0.491 |
Female | 35.4 yrs | 38.8 yrs | 38.2 yrs | 0.012* |
Marital status
| 0.225 | |||
Never married | 14 (19) | 58 (81) | 72 (18) | |
Married | 40 (19) | 173 (81) | 213 (53) | |
Divorced/Separate | 13 (23) | 44 (77) | 57 (14) | |
Widowed | 5 (9) | 52 (91) | 57 (14) | |
Missing | 0 | 4 | 4 (1) | |
Ever widowed?
| 0.053 | |||
Yes | 5 (9) | 52 (91) | 57 (14) | |
No | 67 (20) | 275 (80) | 342 (85) | |
Education level
| 0.665 | |||
No education |
1 (10)
|
9 (10)
| 10 (3) | |
Primary |
28 (19)
|
117 (81)
| 145(36) | |
Secondary |
32 (16)
|
168 (84)
| 200(50) | |
Post secondary |
10 (22)
|
36 (78)
| 46 (11) | |
Missing | 2 | |||
Monthly Income (USD)
| 0.734 | |||
Unemployed |
27 (20)
|
110 (80)
| 137(34) | |
< 60 |
17 (21)
|
66 (80)
| 83 (21) | |
61 - 120 |
11 (14)
|
69 (86)
| 80 (20) | |
121 - 180 |
2 (9)
|
21 (91)
| 23 (6) | |
181 - 240 |
5 (19)
|
22 (82)
| 27 (7) | |
241 - 600 |
5 (15)
|
29 (85)
| 34 (8) | |
600+ |
4 (24)
|
13 (77)
| 17 (4) | |
Missing | 2 | |||
Housing
| 0.275 | |||
1 room |
39 (21)
|
147 (79)
| 186(46) | |
2-3 rooms |
16 (19)
|
69 (81)
| 85 (21) | |
1 bedroom |
7 (17)
|
34 (83)
| 41 (10) | |
2 bedrooms |
4 (8)
|
48 (92)
| 52 (13) | |
≥ 3 bedrooms |
6 (15)
|
33 (85)
| 39 (10) | |
1-3 rooms
|
55 (20)
|
216 (80)
| 271 (67) | 0.068 |
≥ 1 bedrooms
|
17 (13)
|
115 (87)
| 132 (33) | |
Clinical characteristics
| ||||
CD4 cell count ≤200 cells/ml
| 0.025* | |||
Yes
|
25(26)
|
71 (74)
| 96 (24) | |
No
|
44(16)
|
237(84)
| 281(70) | |
Missing
| 26 (6) | |||
Time on ART
| 0.003* | |||
3 to 6 months |
13(37)
|
22 (63)
| 35 (9) | |
6 - 12 months |
18(21)
|
69 (79)
| 87 (22) | |
1 to 2 years |
25(19)
|
110(81)
| 135(34) | |
3 years + |
16(11)
|
129(89)
| 145(36) | |
Missing
| 1 | |||
Adverse effects
| ||||
Nausea |
7 (30)
|
16 (70)
| 23 (7) | 0.898 |
Vomiting |
1 (8)
|
11 (92)
| 12 (4) | |
Diarrhea |
3 (23)
|
10 (77)
| 13 (4) | |
Neuropathy |
3 (10)
|
27 (90)
| 30 (9) | |
Itching |
6 (23)
|
20 (77)
| 26 (8) | |
Rashes |
5 (12)
|
36 (88)
| 41 (13) | |
Others |
6 (15)
|
33 (85)
| 39 (12) | |
None |
24(17)
|
114(83)
| 138(43) | |
ART knowledge
| ||||
Health literacy
| ||||
Adhere |
57 (17)
|
272 (83)
| 329 (82) | 0.55 |
Condom use |
35 (18)
|
162 (82)
| 197 (49) | 0.959 |
Nutrition |
43 (16)
|
233 (84)
| 276 (68) | 0.077 |
Use
| ||||
Identify drugs |
72 (18)
|
331 (82)
| 403 (100) | |
Dosage |
72 (18)
|
330 (82)
| 402 (100) | |
Life-long therapy |
72 (18)
|
328 (82)
| 400 (99) | |
Social support
| ||||
Living with
| 0.484 | |||
Family |
53(17)
|
268(83)
| 321(80) | |
Friends |
2 (22)
|
7 (78)
| 9 (2) | |
Alone |
16(22)
|
56 (78)
| 72 (18) | |
Living with children?
| 0.345 | |||
No |
10(14)
|
62 (86)
| 72 (18) | |
Yes |
50(18)
|
235(82)
| 285(71) | |
Have no children |
12(26)
|
34 (74)
| 46 (11) | 0.122 |
Has children |
60(17)
|
297(83)
| 357(89) | |
HIV Status disclosed
| 0.794 | |||
Yes: |
58(18)
|
271(82)
| 329(82) | |
No: |
13(18)
|
60 (81)
| 73 (18) | |
Reminded dose by
| 0.781 | |||
Self |
36(19)
|
151(81)
| 187(46) | |
Family |
35(17)
|
176(83)
| 211(52) | |
Friends |
1 (20)
|
4 (80)
| 5 (1) | |
Level of social Support
| ||||
Never (0%) |
13(23)
|
43 (77)
| 56 (14) | |
Rarely (25%) |
5 (28)
|
13 (72)
| 18 (5) | |
Sometimes (50%) |
12(26)
|
34 (74)
| 46 (11) | |
Often (75%) |
17(22)
|
60 (78)
| 77 (19) | |
Always (> 75%) |
24(18)
|
181(88)
| 205(51) | |
Missing | 1 | |||
Felt social Support
| 0.030* | |||
< Sometimes |
18(24)
|
56 (76)
| 74 (21) | |
> Sometimes |
41(14)
|
241(86)
| 282(79) | |
Concerns about therapy
| ||||
Taking ART worries me
| 0.378 | |||
Agree |
16 (22)
|
58 (78)
| 74 (18) | |
Disagree |
55 (17)
|
264 (83)
| 319 (79) | |
Not sure | 10 (3) | |||
I Worry about long-term effects of ART
| 0.885 | |||
Agree |
31 (19)
|
135 (81)
| 166 (41) | |
Disagree |
40 (18)
|
181 (82)
| 221 (55) | |
Not sure | 16 (4) | |||
Lack understanding of how ART works
| 0.505 | |||
Agree |
28 (20)
|
115 (80)
| 143 (35) | |
Disagree |
40 (17)
|
197 (83)
| 237 (59) | |
Not sure | 23 (6) | |||
Therapy disrupt my life
| 0.006* | |||
Agree |
20 (29)
|
49 (71)
| 69 (17) | |
Disagree |
49 (15)
|
274 (85)
| 323 (80) | |
Not sure | 11 (3) | |||
I am embarrassed taking ARV
| 0.162 | |||
Agree |
38 (20)
|
148 (80)
| 186 (46) | |
Disagree |
31 (15)
|
175 (85)
| 206 (51) | |
Not sure | 11 (3) | |||
Reason for not taking therapy
| ||||
Implied missed therapy
| 0.001* | |||
Gave reason for not taking |
50 (24)
|
156 (76)
| 206 (51) | |
Never failed |
22 (11)
|
175 (89)
| 197 (49) | |
Reason for not taking medicine
| 0.000* | |||
Being busy and forgetting |
44 (29)
|
110 (71)
| 154 (38) | |
Hiding from colleagues |
3 (60)
|
2 (40)
| 5 (2) | |
Others |
3 (6)
|
44 (94)
| 47 (11) |
Adherence to HAART
Adherent? | ||
---|---|---|
Methods of determining adherence
|
Yes;
n (%)
|
No;
n (%)
|
a)CASE adherence Index; i.e. ≤ 10 (non-adherent) | 72 (18) | 331 (82) |
b)missed at least once a week method (< 95 adherence) | 74 (18) | 329 (82) |
Crude | Adjusted | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics
|
OR (CI.
95
)
|
p-value
|
OR (CI.
95
)
|
p-value
|
Proximity to clinic where refilled | 2.740 (1.382,5.434) | 0.003* | 2.387 (1.155,4.931) | 0.019** |
Reported difficult fitting therapy in own schedule | 2.282 (1.250-4.169) | 0.006* | 2.310 (1.211-4.408) | 0.011** |
Gave reasons for skipping doses | 2.550 (1.477-4.401) | 0.001* | 2.264 (1.261-4.064) | 0.006** |