Introduction
Results
Prevalence of respiratory agents
Pathogens detected | Number | % of total no. of episodes | % of positive episodes |
---|---|---|---|
Single infection
| 50 | 15.8 | 30.5 |
Coinfection, two pathogens
| 52 | 16.5 | 31.7 |
Flu A + Flu B | 34 | 10.8 | |
Flu-A + Adv | 3 | 0.9 | |
Adv + PIV 3 | 3 | 0.9 | |
CP + MP | 2 | 0.6 | |
PIV 1 + PIV 2 | 2 | 0.6 | |
MP + Adv | 2 | 0.6 | |
Adv + Flu B/RSV | 1/1 | 0.3/0.3 | |
MP + Flu A/Flu B/RSV/PIV3 | 1/1/1/1 | 0.3/0.3/0.3/0.3 | |
Coinfection, three pathogens
| 37 | 11.7 | 22.6 |
Flu A + Flu B + Adv | 20 | 6.3 | |
Flu A + Flu B + MP | 6 | 1.9 | |
Adv + MP + CP | 2 | 0.6 | |
Flu A + Adv + MP | 3 | 0.9 | |
Flu B + Adv + MP | 1 | 0.3 | |
Flu A + MP + CP | 1 | 0.3 | |
Flu B + PIV 2 + PIV 1 | 1 | 0.3 | |
MP + CP + RSV | 1 | 0.3 | |
Flu A + Flu B + PIV 2/PIV 1 | 1/1 | 0.3/0.3 | |
Coinfection, four pathogens
| 14 | 4.4 | 8.5 |
Adv + MP + Flu A + Flu B | 5 | 1.6 | |
Adv + MP + CP + PIV 3 | 2 | 0.6 | |
Adv + Flu A + Flu B + PIV 3/RSV | 2/1 | 0.6/0.3 | |
Adv + CP + Flu A + Flu B | 1 | 0.3 | |
Adv + CP + PIV 1 + PIV 2 | 1 | 0.3 | |
Adv + MP + PIV 1 + PIV 3 | 1 | 0.3 | |
MP + PIV 1 + Flu A + Flu B | 1 | 0.3 | |
Coinfections, five pathogens
| 9 | 2.8 | 5.5 |
Adv + MP + Flu A + Flu B + PIV 3/PIV 1/CP | 2/1/1 | 0.6/0.3/0.3 | |
Adv + CP + MP + PIV 1 + PIV 2 | 1 | 0.3 | |
Adv + PIV 1 + PIV 2 + PIV 3 + Flu B | 1 | 0.3 | |
CP + MP + Flu A + Flu B + PIV 3 | 1 | 0.3 | |
Adv + CP + MP + RSV + Flu A/Flu B | 1/1 | 0.3/0.3 | |
Coinfections, six pathogens
| 2 | 0.6 | 1.2 |
Adv + Flu A + Flu B + PIV 3 + MP + CP | 1 | 0.3 | |
Adv + Flu A + Flu B + PIV 3 + PIV 1 + PIV 2 | 1 | 0.3 | |
Total number of coinfections
| 114 | 36.1 | 69.5 |
Total number of episodes with pathogens detected
| 164 | 51.9 | |
No pathogen detected
| 152 | 48.1 | |
Total number of episodes
| 316 |
Age and seasonal distributions
Agent Group | 1-6 mo; n = 41 | 7 mo-1 yr; n = 53 | 1-3 yr; n = 105 | 3-6 yr; n = 75 | > 6 yr; n = 42 | Total; n = 316 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total no. (%)a | Coinfection no. (%)b | Total no. (%)a | Coinfection no. (%)b | Total no. (%)a | Coinfection no. (%)b | Total no. (%)a | Coinfection no. (%)b | Total no. (%)a | Coinfection no. (%)b | Total no. (%)a | Coinfection no. (%)b | |
RSV | 1 (2.4) | 1 (100) | 3 (5.7) | 3 (100) | 1 (1.0) | 1 (100) | 1 (1.3) | 1 (100) | 0 (-) | 0 (-) | 6 (1.9) | 6 (100) |
Adv | 10 (24.4) | 5 (50) | 11 (20.8) | 6 (54.5) | 28 (26.7) | 21 (75.0) | 20 (26.7) | 18 (90.0) | 7 (16.7) | 7 (100) | 77 (24.4) | 58 (75.3) |
CP | 3 (7.3) | 3 (100) | 6 (11.3) | 6 (100) | 4 (3.8) | 3 (75.0) | 1 (1.3) | 1 (100) | 3 (7.1) | 3 (100) | 17 (5.4) | 16 (94.1) |
MP | 6 (14.6) | 4 (66.7) | 9 (17.0) | 8 (88.9) | 21 (20.0) | 15 (71.4) | 12 (16.0) | 9 (75.0) | 5 (11.9) | 4 (80.0) | 53 (16.8) | 40 (75.5) |
Flu A | 0 (-) | 0 (-) | 6 (11.3) | 6 (100) | 39 (37.1) | 36 (92.3) | 40 (53.3) | 35 (87.5) | 12 (28.6) | 11 (91.7) | 97 (30.7) | 88 (90.7) |
Flu B | 0 (-) | 0 (-) | 6 (11.3) | 6 (100) | 33 (31.4) | 32 (100) | 39 (52.0) | 37 (94.8) | 13 (31.0) | 11 (84.6) | 91 (28.8) | 86 (94.5) |
PIV 1 | 0 (-) | 0 (-) | 3 (5.7) | 3 (100) | 2 (1.9) | 2 (97.0) | 4 (5.3) | 4 (100) | 2 (4.8) | 2 (100) | 11 (3.5) | 11 (100) |
PIV 2 | 0 (-) | 0 (-) | 2 (3.8) | 2 (100) | 1 (1.0) | 1 (100) | 3 (4.0) | 3 (100) | 3 (7.1) | 2 (66.7) | 9 (2.8) | 8 (88.9) |
PIV 3 | 2 (4.9) | 2 (100) | 5 (9.4) | 3 (60) | 5 (4.8) | 5 (100) | 2 (2.7) | 2 (100) | 3 (7.1) | 3 (100) | 17 (5.4) | 15 (88.2) |
Episodes | 13 (31.7) | 6 (46.1) | 22 (41.5) | 14 (63.6) | 59 (56.2) | 31 (52.5) | 51 (68.0) | 39 (76.5) | 19 (45.2) | 14 (73.7) | 164 (51.9) | 114 (69.5) |
Clinical features
Patient characteristic | Negativea n = 152 | Single infectiona n = 50 | Coinfectiona n = 114 |
---|---|---|---|
Length of hospital stay (d) | 8.44 ± 3.99 | 7.62 ± 2.91 | 7.74 ± 2.75 |
Feverb | 90 | 30 | 83 |
Vomiting | 35 | 12 | 25 |
Cough | 113 | 36 | 75 |
Rash | 11 | 2 | 7 |
Diarrhea | 15 | 2 | 5 |
White blood cells/mm3 | |||
< 4000 | 12 | 3 | 12 |
4000-10000 | 87 | 22 | 62 |
> 10000 | 53 | 24 | 36 |
AURI | 47 | 17 | 40 |
ALRI | 105 | 33 | 74 |
Relationship between the incidence of pathogens and multiple infections
Binary logistic regression analysis
Pathogen-positive Background | Prevalence (%) of pathogens | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adv | CP | MP | Flu A | Flu B | PIV 1 | PIV 2 | PIV 3 | |
Adv (77*) | 14.3 | 29.9 |
53.2
| 50.6 | 7.8 | 5.2 | 16.9 | |
CP (17*) | 64.7 |
82.4
| 35.3 | 29.4 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 23.5 | |
MP (53*) | 43.4 | 26.4 |
45.3
| 41.5 | 7.5 | 1.9 | 15.1 | |
Flu A (97*) | 42.3 | 6.2 | 24.7 |
82.5
| 4.1 | 2.1 | 7.2 | |
Flu B (91*) | 42.9 | 5.5 | 24.2 |
87.9
| 6.6 | 4.4 | 8.8 | |
PIV 1 (11*) | 54.5 | 18.2 | 36.4 | 36.4 | 54.5 |
63.6
| 27.3 | |
PIV 2 (9*) | 44.4 | 22.2 | 11.1 | 22.2 | 44.4 |
77.8
| 22.2 | |
PIV 3 (17*) |
76.5
| 23.5 | 47.1 | 41.2 | 47.1 | 17.6 | 11.8 |