Background
Subjects and Methods
Subject Selection
Anthropometric measurements
Experimental protocol
Statistical analysis
Results
Clinical Characteristics
Obese N = 15 | Normal-weight N = 15 | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 14.0 ± 1.9 | 15.9 ± 1.7 | 0.006 |
Bone age (years) | 15.1 ± 1.9 | 15.8 ± 1.8 | ns |
Tanner stage (breasts) | 4.3 ± 1.0 | 4.5 ± 1.1 | ns |
BMI (kg/m2) | 34.4 ± 7.1 | 21.7 ± 1.9 | < 0.0001 |
BMI SDS | 3.7 ± 1.5 | 0.1 ± 0.4 | < 0.0001 |
Subscapular skinfold thickness (mm) | 23.0 ± 7.7 | 12.6 ± 4.0 | 0.0001 |
Triceps skinfold thickness (mm) | 25.9 ± 5.1 | 17.3 ± 4.2 | < 0.0001 |
Waist circumference (umbilicus) (cm) | 105.7 ± 16.8 | 77.7 ± 5.5 | < 0.0001 |
Waist circumference (iliac crest) (cm) | 106.0 ± 16.6 | 76.0 ± 5.3 | < 0.0001 |
Waist to hip ratio | 0.90 ± 0.08 | 0.79 ± 0.05 | 0.0007 |
Waist to height ratio | 0.65 ± 0.09 | 0.48 ± 0.03 | < 0.0001 |
Total lean mass(kg) | 53.4 ± 9.1 | 40.1 ± 4.3 | 0.0001 |
Total fat mass (kg) | 39.3 ± 13.6 | 16.5 ± 3.4 | 0.0001 |
Percent body fat | 40.5 ± 6.0 | 28.0 ± 4.0 | < 0.0001 |
Trunk fat (kg) | 18.0 ± 8.1 | 6.1 ± 2.1 | < 0.0001 |
Extremity fat (kg) | 20.1 ± 6.3 | 9.5 ± 1.7 | < 0.0001 |
Percent trunk fat (%) | 44.6 ± 6.6 | 36.2 ± 6.0 | 0.001 |
Percent extremity fat (%) | 52.4 ± 6.1 | 58.2 ± 5.2 | 0.009 |
Trunk to extremity fat ratio | 0.88 ± 0.25 | 0.64 ± 0.11 | 0.004 |
Subcutaneous adipose tissue (cm2) | 449.4 ± 174.9 | 151.3 ± 54.1 | < 0.0001 |
Visceral adipose tissue (cm2) | 46.8 ± 18.7 | 20.8 ± 8.2 | 0.0003 |
1H-Intramyocellular lipid (soleus) (AU) | 13.6 ± 4.7 | 9.5 ± 5.0 | 0.04 |
Group as a Whole
Correlation of Anthropometric and DXA Measures with VAT and SAT
Anthropometric Measures
IMCL (AU) | VAT (cm2) | SAT (cm2) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r
|
p
|
r
|
p
|
r
|
p
| |
Subscapular skinfold thickness (mm) | 0.42 | 0.04 | 0.76 | < 0.0001 | 0.80 | < 0.0001 |
Triceps skinfold thickness (mm) | 0.34 | 0.09 | 0.72 | < 0.0001 | 0.82 | < 0.0001 |
Waist circumference-umbilicus (cm) | 0.38 | 0.06 | 0.88 | < 0.0001 | 0.94 | < 0.0001 |
Waist circumference-iliac crest (cm) | 0.41 | 0.04 | 0.89 | < 0.0001 | 0.96 | < 0.0001 |
Waist to hip ratio
|
0.66
|
0.0004
| 0.71 | < 0.0001 | 0.73 | < 0.0001 |
Waist to height ratio | 0.41 | 0.04 | 0.86 | < 0.0001 | 0.93 | < 0.0001 |
Total fat (kg) | 0.46 | 0.02 | 0.86 | < 0.0001 | 0.94 | < 0.0001 |
Percent body fat (%) | 0.50 | 0.008 | 0.87 | < 0.0001 | 0.92 | < 0.0001 |
Trunk fat (kg) | 0.44 | 0.02 | 0.88 | < 0.0001 | 0.94 | < 0.0001 |
Extremity fat (kg) | 0.47 | 0.01 | 0.78 | < 0.0001 | 0.90 | < 0.0001 |
Percent extremity fat (%) | -0.33 | 0.09 | -0.78 | < 0.0001 | -0.70 | < 0.0001 |
Percent trunk fat (%)
| ns | ns |
0.83
|
< 0.0001
|
0.77
|
< 0.0001
|
Trunk to extremity fat ratio
| ns | ns |
0.81
|
< 0.0001
|
0.75
|
< 0.0001
|
DXA Measures
Correlation of Anthropometric and DXA Measures with IMCL
Anthropometric Measures
DXA Measures
Obese Subjects and Controls
Correlation of Anthropometric and DXA Measures with VAT and SAT
Anthropometric Measures
Obese girls | Normal-weight girls | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IMCL
(AU)
|
VAT
(cm
2
)
|
SAT
(cm
2
)
|
IMCL
(AU)
|
VAT
(cm
2
)
|
SAT
(cm
2
)
| |||||||
r
|
p
|
r
|
p
|
r
|
p
|
r
|
p
|
r
|
p
|
r
|
p
| |
Subscapular skinfold thickness (mm) | ns | ns | 0.77 | 0.003 | 0.95 | < 0.0001 | ns | ns | ns | ns | 0.47 | 0.09 |
Triceps skinfold (mm) | ns | ns | 0.56 | 0.06 | 0.63 | 0.03 | ns | ns | ns | ns | 0.53 | 0.05 |
Waist circumference-umbilicus (cm) | ns | ns | 0.79 | 0.002 | 0.82 | 0.001 | ns | ns | 0.74 | 0.002 | 0.85 | < 0.0001 |
Waist circumference-iliac crest (cm) | ns | ns | 0.78 | 0.003 | 0.89 | 0.0001 | ns | ns | 0.81 | 0.0005 | 0.86 | < 0.0001 |
Waist to hip ratio
|
0.78
|
0.008
|
0.62
|
0.04
|
ns
|
ns
| ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Waist to height ratio | ns | ns |
0.82
|
0.001
|
0.73
|
0.007
| ns | ns | 0.73 | 0.003 | 0.86 | < 0.0001 |
Total fat (kg) | ns | ns | 0.56 | 0.05 | 0.96 | < 0.0001 | ns | ns | 0.70 | 0.003 | 0.65 | 0.009 |
Percent body fat (%) | 0.57 | 0.05 | 0.55 | 0.05 | 0.77 | 0.002 | ns | ns | 0.70 | 0.003 | 0.66 | 0.007 |
Trunk fat (kg) | 0.56 | 0.06 | 0.59 | 0.03 | 0.91 | < 0.0001 | ns | ns | 0.77 | 0.0007 | 0.74 | 0.002 |
Extremity fat (kg) | ns | ns | 0.54 | 0.05 | 0.93 | < 0.0001 | ns | ns | ns | ns | 0.48 | 0.07 |
Percent trunk fat (%) | 0.69 | 0.01 |
0.70
|
0.007
|
0.52
|
0.07
| ns | ns |
0.79
|
0.0004
|
0.71
|
0.003
|
Percent extremity fat (%) | -0.59 | 0.04 | -0.70 | 0.008 | -0.53 | 0.06 | ns | ns | -0.80 | 0.0004 | -0.63 | 0.01 |
Trunk to extremity fat ratio
| 0.59 | 0.04 |
0.72
|
0.006
|
0.53
|
0.06
| ns | ns |
0.79
|
0.0004
|
0.72
|
0.003
|
DXA Measures
Correlation of Anthropometric and DXA Measures with IMCL
Anthropometric Measures
DXA Measures
Quartile Analysis and Degree of Agreement
Regression Modeling (Table 4)
Anthropometric Predictors | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Visceral
Fat
(cm
2
)
|
Subcutaneous
Fat
(cm
2
)
|
Intramyocellular
Lipid
(AU)
| |||||||
P
|
r
2
|
Total r
2
|
p
|
r
2
|
Total r
2
|
p
|
r
2
|
Total r
2
| |
BMI-SDS | 0.002 | 0.71 |
0.77
| < 0.0001 | 0.90 | 0.90 | - | - | |
WHR | 0.02 | 0.06 | - | - | 0.002 | 0.35 | 0.35 | ||
Bone age | - | - | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.0009 | 0.44 |
0.62
| ||
BMI-SDS | 0.002 | 0.71 |
0.77
| < 0.0001 | 0.90 |
0.93
| - | - | |
WHR | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.004 | 0.18 | |||
DXA Predictors
| |||||||||
Visceral
Fat
(cm
2
)
|
Subcutaneous
Fat
(cm
2
)
|
Intramyocellular
Lipid
(AU)
| |||||||
p
|
r
2
|
Total r
2
|
p
|
r
2
|
Total r
2
|
p
|
r
2
|
Total r
2
| |
Total fat (kg) | 0.003 | 0.60 | 0.72 | < 0.0001 | 0.96 |
0.97
| 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.14 |
PTF | 0.003 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.006 | - | - | |||
Total fat (kg) | 0.0007 | 0.60 | 0.73 | < 0.0001 | 0.96 |
0.97
| 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.14 |
TEFR | 0.003 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.007 | - | - | |||
Bone age | 0.02 | 0.06 |
0.78
| - | - | 0.0009 | 0.29 |
0.46
| |
Total fat (kg) | 0.0006 | 0.60 | < 0.0001 | 0.96 |
0.97
| 0.01 | 0.17 | ||
PTF | 0.002 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.006 | - | - | |||
Bone age | 0.03 | 0.05 | - | - | 0.0009 | 0.29 |
0.46
| ||
Total fat (kg) | 0.0002 | 0.60 |
0.78
| < 0.0001 | 0.96 |
0.97
| 0.01 | 0.17 | |
TEFR | 0.003 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.007 | - | - |