Background
Methods
Study setting
Selection of study communities
Community entry and selection of key informants
Indicators/District | Metropolitan | Rural | Semi-urban | Typically farming | Typically fishing |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Poverty incidence | 27% | 26% | 63% | 29% | 47% |
Major economic activity | Trading | Farming (cash crop) | Farming(food crop) | Farming (cash crop) | Fishing |
Number of households | 186 | 179 | 161 | 109 | 105 |
Number of key informants | 22 | 18 | 16 | 18 | 18 |
Characteristics of key informants (%)
| |||||
Males | 17 (77.2) | 11 (61.1) | 9 (56.3) | 7 (38.9) | 8 (44.4) |
Females | 5 (22.7) | 7 (38.9) | 7 (43.7) | 11 (61.1) | 10(55.6) |
Minimum age | 27 | 32 | 28 | 20 | 25 |
Maximum age | 70 | 72 | 62 | 65 | 70 |
Average age | 49 | 51 | 46 | 43 | 42 |
Education
| |||||
None | 4 (18.2) | 2 (11.1) | 3 (18.7) | 3 (16.6) | 8 (44.4) |
Primary | 2 (9.1) | 1 (5.6) | 5 (27.8) | 3(16.7) | |
Middle/JHS | 10 (45.5) | 12 (66.6) | 13 (81.3) | 8 (44.4) | 7 (38.9) |
Secondary | 3 (13.6) | 3 (16.6) | 1 (5.56) | ||
Tertiary | 3 (13.6) | 1 (5.56) | |||
Main occupation
| |||||
Fisherman | 7 (38.9) | ||||
Fishmonger | 4 (22.2) | ||||
Farmer | 4 (18.2) | 15 (83.3) | 7 (43.8) | 8 (44.4) | 1 (5.6) |
Trader | 4 (18.1) | 1 (5.56) | 7 (43.8) | 8 (44.4) | 1 (5.6) |
Artisan | 6 (27.3) | 2 (11.1) | 1 (12.5) | 1 (5.6) | 3 (16.7) |
Laborer | 2 (9.1) | 2 (11.1) | |||
Professional | 4 (18.2) | 1 (5.6) | |||
unemployed | 2 (9.1) | 1 (6.25) | |||
Marital status
| |||||
Single | 1(4.55) | 1 (5.6) | 2 (11.1) | ||
Married | 17 (77.27) | 16(88.89) | 8(50) | 12 (66.6) | 9 (50.0) |
Divorced/separated | 3 (13.64) | 6 (37.5) | 2 (11.1) | 3 (16.7) | |
Widow(er) | 1 (4.55) | 2(11.11) | 2 (12.5) | 3 (16.6) | 4 (22.2) |
Religion
| |||||
Christian | 7 (31.8) | 18 (100.0) | 14 (87.5) | 15(83.33) | 17 (94.4) |
Muslim | 14 (63.6) | 2 (12.5) | 3 (16.67) | ||
None | 1 (4.55) | 1 (5.6) | |||
Belongs to an association | 5(22.73) | 5(27.78) | 4(25) | 4(22.22) | 11(61%) |
Research personnel and community consent
Steps in participatory wealth ranking
Household | Very Poor (1) | Poor (2) | Middle class (3) | Rich (4) | Very Rich (5) | Score | Decision |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Household 1 | 0 | 8 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 60 | Middle Class |
Household 2 | 0 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 0 | 60 | Middle Class |
Household 3 | 1 | 13 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 40 | Poor |
Household 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 40 | Poor |
Household 5 | 10 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | Very Poor |
Household 6 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 15 | 1 | 80 | Rich |
Household 7 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 10 | 100 | Very Rich |
Results
Employment
Categories/Communities | Metropolitan | Rural | Semi urban | Typically farming | Typically fishing | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Employment | ||||||
Employment
| a. Very poor | a. Unemployed; by day farm laborer | a. Beggars | a. Beggars | a. By-day farm laborer | a. Fish and water porters |
b. Poor | b. By day laborers; child labor to supplement family income | b. A laborer; thief; lazy person | b. A farm laborer | b. Mobile tailors, by day construction workers | b.Kitchen assistants | |
c. Middle class | c. Artisans; informal self-employee; formal sector employees | c. Farmer able to harvest up to 5 bags of cocoa annually; mobile goods retailer | c. A farmer able to hire laborers; an artisan; a taxi driver | c. Retailers, artisans, drivers, traders, teachers | c. Mini retail services, artisans, salaried workers | |
d. Rich | d. Retail and wholesale business | d. Farmer able to harvest up to 10 bags of cocoa annually | d. A farmer able to hire laborers; owner of a drug/agro-chemical store | d. Wholesalers, drug store/agro chemical shop owners | d. Contractor involved in wholesale business | |
e. Very rich | e. Commercial trader with agglomeration of stores; medical doctor; building and road contractors; money lender | e. A farmer-able to harvest cocoa up to 40 bags a year; salaried workers | e. Owns and operate a private school | e. Commercial vehicle owner, money lender | e. Owns a boat with employees | |
Assets Ownership
| ||||||
Assets Ownership
| a. Very poor | a. No assets | a. No assets | a. No assets | a. No assets | a. No assets |
b. Poor | b. Radio | b. Less an acre of land | b. Less than an acre of land for farming | b.1 piece of cloth; 1 ½ acre of land; radio, goats | b. Radio | |
c. Middle class | c. Radio, DVD players, living room furniture, TV | c. Has a mobile Phone | c. 2 acres of land for farming, fridge, stores, TV | c. 3 acres of land for cocoa farming, brick house, TV, radio, fridge | c.½ plot of land; fridge; has a 3 bedroom house; set of furniture | |
d. Rich | d. Has 1 car; Has about 6 taxis working for him | d. A retail shop; 5–6 acres of cocoa farms | d. Radio, mobile phone, TV, audio system for hiring, land (10 acres) | d. Corn mill; commercial vehicles; 4 acres cocoa farm, 4 acres of palm plantation, 3 acres of orange farm | d. Personal boat for fishing | |
e. Very rich | e. Saw mill/flour mill | e. Above 10 acres of cocoa farms | e. Compound houses for hiring, a private school; mobile phone; over 10 acres of land | e. 12 acres of cocoa land, 6 acres for palm plantation; drug store, chain saw for commercial purposes | e. Employed other fishermen working with other boats owned |
Education of children
Food availability
Physical appearance
Assets ownership and housing
Health seeking behavior
Social exclusion and marginalization
Categories/Communities | Metropolitan | Rural | Semi urban | Typically farming | Typically fishing | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Health Seeking Behavior
| ||||||
Health Seeking Behavior
| a. Very poor | a. Cannot afford transport cost to health center | a. Use herbs to treat sickness | a. Cannot meet medical expenses-use herbs | a. Uses leaves and plants from the forest to cure sickness | a. Cures himself with herbs from nearby bushes |
b. Poor | b. Self-medication | b. Use herbs to treat sickness | b. Cannot meet medical expenses and transport cost to hospital | b. Buys pain killers from drug stores; seek help from traditional healers | b. Buys medicine from chemical sellers | |
c. Middle class | c. Able to meet out- patient medical expenses | c. Able to meet out-patient medical expenses | c. Able to meet out-patient medical expenses | c. Attends hospitals and private clinics | c. Able to attend hospital or nearby health centers | |
d. Rich | d. Able to afford health care cost | d. Able to afford health care cost | d. Able to afford medical cost for entire family | d. Goes for regular medical checkups, attends private hospitals | d. Sometimes have personal doctors to attend to their health needs | |
e. Very rich | e. Visits the hospital when sick and able to pay medical bills | e. Visit the hospital and able to meet medical bills | e. Able to afford health care cost for family | e. Have special doctors to attend to their needs | e. Usually goes for regular medical check-ups | |
Social Exclusion and Marginalization
| ||||||
Social exclusion and Marginalization
| a. Very poor | a. People pay less attention to their needs and opinions | a. Humiliated in the open especially if they are unable to repay their debtors | a. They are laughed at and teased by children; their views are taken for granted | a. Excluded from family/social gatherings and meetings | a. They are considered outcast and not given any recognition within the community |
b. Poor | b. They are publicly insulted and laughed at by adults and children | b. Children are given severe punishment than their non-poor counterparts at school | b. Teachers do not give children from poor households enough attention compared to non poor children | b. Invited to social gatherings but views are not considered important | b. Usually laughed at because of their appearance | |
c. Middle class | c. Their opinions are generally accepted and respected | c. They are not disregarded nor laughed at in public | c. Their views are usually accepted as the general rule within the community | c. Always part of meetings and sometimes serve as the voice gap between the rich and poor | c. Their views are respected as they are able to speak in favor of the poor sometimes | |
d. Rich | d. Their views are always accepted and they command a lot of respect | d. They are respected and sometimes treated as chiefs | d. They receive many accolades especially during the Muslim festivals | d. Usually consulted before decisions are taken in the family/community | d. They coordinate social gatherings and have authority to veto decisions | |
e. Very rich | e. They are highly respected, their opinions on decisions are regarded as final | e. Wherever they go, they are accorded the necessary attention and audience | e. They receive similar treatment and respect as their rich counterparts | e. They command respect and given high positions at church and other social gatherings | e. Highly respected members of the community |