Introduction
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Ambulance work is inherently stressful and health complaints among ambulance personnel are mainly related to ambulance specific stressors.
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Health complaints and low job satisfaction among ambulance personnel are mainly related to general job-related stressors.
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Differences in psychological distress among ambulance personnel are mainly related to individual characteristics (personality, age and gender).
Materials and methods
Procedure
Sample
Sample 1 | Sample 2 | T-test | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(T1 only)
|
(T1 and T2)
|
sample 1 vs. sample 2
| |||
(n = 784-821)
|
(n = 310-324)
| ||||
Dependent variables measured at T1 and T2
|
Mean
|
SD
|
Mean
|
SD
| |
Job satisfaction at T1(1-9) | 3.1 | 0.5 | 3.2 | 1.0 | |
Job satisfaction at T2 | 3.2 | -0.9 | |||
Emotional exhaustion at T1 (1-5) | 2.0 | 0.6 | 2.0 | -0.6 | |
Emotional exhaustion at T2 | 2.0 | 0.7 | |||
Psychological distress at T1(0-4) | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 | |
Psychological distress T2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | |||
Musculoskeletal pain T1 (0-21) | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 2.9 | |
Musculoskeletal pain T2 | 3.5 | 3.0 | |||
Independent variables measured at T1 | |||||
Women (%) | 25.6 | 16.9 | ** | ||
Age (18-60) | 36.3 | 9.4 | 38.2 | 8.9 | ** |
Neuroticism (0-9) | 2.8 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 2.2 | |
Control (0-9) | 3.6 | 2.2 | 3.9 | 2.0 | |
Exstroversion (0-9) | 5.6 | 2.3 | 5.5 | 2.3 | |
Self-efficacy (1-5) | 3.0 | 0,5 | 3.1 | 0,5 | * |
Lack of co-worker support (F) (0-9) | 3.1 | 2.8 | 3.5 | 3.0 | * |
Lack of leader support (F) (0-9) | 1.9 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.4 | * |
Time pressure frequency (F) (0-9) | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.2 | |
Challenging job tasks (F) (0-9) | 2.6 | 1.9 | 2.7 | 1.9 | |
Lack of co-worker support (S) (1-9) | 5.3 | 1.7 | 5.5 | 1.6 | |
Lack of leader support (S) (1-9) | 5.1 | 1.7 | 5.1 | 1.7 | |
Time pressure (S) (1-9) | 4.3 | 1.5 | 4.3 | 1.4 | |
Challenging job tasks (S) (1-9) | 4.4 | 1.3 | 4.3 | 1.3 | |
Non-emergency tasks (F) (0-9) | 2.8 | 2.0 | 2.9 | 2.1 | |
Physical demands (F) (0-9) | 5.6 | 3.3 | 5.9 | 3.2 | |
Serious Operational tasks (F) (0-9) | 2.8 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 2.0 | |
Non-emergency tasks (S) (1-9) | 4.5 | 1.4 | 4.3 | 1.5 | * |
Physical demands (S) (1-9) | 5.4 | 1.8 | 5.3 | 1.9 | |
Serious Operational tasks (S) (1-9) | 5.8 | 1.4 | 5.7 | 1.5 |
Dependent variables
Severity and Frequency of general stressors
Ambulance specific stressors
Individual characteristics
Statistics
Results
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Low job satisfaction at T1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2 | Low job satisfaction at T2 |
.60
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | Emotional exhaustion at T1 |
.50
|
.36
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 | Emotional exhaustion at T2 |
.32
|
.50
|
.63
| |||||||||||||||||||||||
5 | Psychological distress at T1 |
.30
|
.18
|
.58
|
.39
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
6 | Psychological distress T2 |
.15
|
.30
|
.51
|
.67
|
.64
| |||||||||||||||||||||
7 | Musculoskeletal pain T1 |
.13
| .08 |
.41
|
.29
|
.41
|
.40
| ||||||||||||||||||||
8 | Musculoskeletal pain T2 | .11 |
.14
|
.28
|
.35
|
.34
|
.42
|
.61
| |||||||||||||||||||
9 | Gender (women = 0. men = 1) |
.12
| .05 | .07 | .02 | -.05 | -.04 |
-.12
|
-.12
| ||||||||||||||||||
10 | Age | -.03 | -.07 | -.08 | -.04 | -.01 | -.02 | .11 |
.13
|
.15
| |||||||||||||||||
11 | Neuroticism |
.18
| .09 |
.39
|
.34
|
.56
|
.44
|
.25
|
.24
| -.08 | -.01 | ||||||||||||||||
12 | Control | -.01 | .01 | .09 | .09 |
.18
|
.15
| .00 | .05 | -.11 | .07 |
.19
| |||||||||||||||
13 | Ekstroversion | .08 | .11 | -.05 | -.03 |
-.14
| -.07 | -.06 | .00 | -.11 | -.10 |
-.30
| -.07 | ||||||||||||||
14 | Lack of co-worker support (F) |
.29
|
.24
|
.36
|
.27
|
.25
|
.21
| .09 |
.14
| -.02 |
-.29
|
.16
| .05 |
.15
| |||||||||||||
15 | Lack of leader support (F) |
.49
|
.36
|
.43
|
.24
|
.27
|
.17
|
.12
|
.13
| -.01 |
-.25
|
.12
| .01 |
.13
|
.55
| ||||||||||||
16 | Time pressure frequency (F) |
.22
|
.15
|
.35
|
.27
|
.21
|
.14
| .04 | .10 | .08 |
-.16
|
.15
| .06 | .06 |
.60
|
.42
| |||||||||||
17 | Challenging job tasks (F) |
.21
| .10 |
.33
|
.19
|
.14
| .07 | .04 | .07 | .10 |
-.22
| .10 | -.10 | .08 |
.59
|
.51
|
.64
| ||||||||||
18 | Lack of co-worker support (S) |
.30
|
.20
|
.28
|
.26
|
.25
|
.23
|
.12
| .11 | .02 |
-.17
|
.21
| .00 | .00 |
.48
|
.26
|
.24
|
.20
| |||||||||
19 | Lack of leader support (S) |
.47
|
.34
|
.38
|
.24
|
.30
|
.15
|
.16
| .10 | .01 |
-.16
|
.17
| -.04 | .00 |
.30
|
.58
|
.22
|
.21
|
.50
| ||||||||
20 | Time pressure severity (S) |
.22
|
.18
|
.29
|
.27
|
.17
| .11 |
.18
| .09 |
.12
| .09 |
.17
| -.07 | -.05 | .08 | -.01 |
.21
| .03 |
.51
|
.36
| |||||||
21 | Challenging job tasks (S) |
.37
|
.30
|
.27
|
.26
|
.19
|
.15
|
.13
| .09 | .09 | .02 |
.26
| .03 |
-.15
| .01 |
.12
| .05 | .01 |
.41
|
.51
|
.56
| ||||||
22 | Non-emergency tasks index (F) |
.17
| .09 |
.32
|
.25
|
.15
|
.13
| -.04 | .04 | .02 |
-.24
|
.13
| .02 | .07 |
.60
|
.44
|
.63
|
.61
|
.25
|
.19
| .05 | .01 | |||||
23 | Physical demands (F) |
.17
|
.12
|
.26
|
.21
| .09 | .09 | .08 |
.12
| .03 |
-.12
| .03 | -.04 | .06 |
.46
|
.35
|
.53
|
.50
|
.19
|
.19
| .10 | .06 |
.55
| ||||
24 | Serious Operational tasks (F) | .12 | .08 |
.22
|
.16
| .07 | .07 | .01 | .06 | .04 |
-.20
| .06 | -.05 | .08 |
.48
|
.40
|
.57
|
.58
|
.13
|
.12
| -.02 | -.02 |
.71
|
.65
| |||
25 | Non-emergency tasks index (S) |
.20
|
.16
|
.25
|
.22
|
.20
|
.12
|
.12
|
.13
| .03 | -.05 |
.23
| -.04 | -.08 | .05 | .00 | .08 | -.02 |
.45
|
.36
|
.66
|
.59
| .06 | .05 | -.02 | ||
26 | Physical demands (S) |
.24
|
.20
|
.34
|
.27
|
.23
|
.21
|
.27
|
.27
| -.07 | .11 |
.18
| .01 | -.04 | .08 | .07 | .11 | .06 |
.24
|
.16
|
.39
|
.33
| .06 |
.23
| .06 |
.46
| |
27 | Serious Operational tasks (S) |
.13
|
.07
|
.20
| .09 |
.12
| .06 | .11 | .07 | -.09 | .04 |
.21
| .00 | -.11 | -.05 | -.04 | .03 | -.06 |
.32
|
.26
|
.43
|
.44
| .02 | .01 | -.03 |
.67
|
.45
|
Job satisfaction at T2 | Emotional exhaustion at T2 | Psychological distress at T2 | Musculoskeletal pain at T2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
model#1
|
model#2
|
model#3
|
model#4
|
model#5
|
model#6
|
model#7
|
model#8
| |
beta (R2)
|
beta (R2)
|
beta (R2)
|
beta (R2)
|
beta (R2)
|
beta (R2)
|
beta (R2)
|
beta (R2)
| |
Adjusting for T1 levels
| 0.59***(0.35) | 0.59***(0.28) | 0.59***(0.25) | 0.57***(0.29) | ||||
Individual charachteristics
| ||||||||
Men | -0.14*(0.02) | |||||||
Age | 0.17**(0.03) | |||||||
Neuroticism | 0.31*** (0.09) | 0.15** (0.02) | 0.41***(0.17) | 0.12*(0.01) | 0.19***(0.03) | 0.11*(0.01) | ||
Control | ||||||||
Ekstroversion | 0.12*(0.01) | |||||||
General stressors
| ||||||||
Lack of co-worker support (F) | 0.16*(0.02) | |||||||
Lack of leader support (F) | 0.32***(0.10) | 0.13* (0.01) | ||||||
Time pressure frequency (F) | 0.12* (0.01) | |||||||
Challenging job tasks (F) | ||||||||
Lack of co-worker support (S) | 0.15**(0.02) | |||||||
Lack of leader support (S) | ||||||||
Time pressure severity (S) | 0.19*** (0.03) | 0.14** (0.02) | ||||||
Challenging job tasks (S) | 0.27**(0.07) | |||||||
Ambulance specific stressors
| ||||||||
Non-emergency tasks index (F) | ||||||||
Physical demands (F) | ||||||||
Serious Operational tasks (F) | ||||||||
Non-emergency tasks index (S) | ||||||||
Physical demands (S) | 0.17** (0.02) | 0.22***(0.05) | 0.12*(0.01) | |||||
Serious Operational tasks (S) | -0.13* (0.01) | -0.12* (0.01) | ||||||
Adjusted R2 for the final models | 0.195 | 0.351 | 0.245 | 0.464 | 0.212 | 0.348 | 0.163 | 0.397 |