Introduction
Methods
Methods used for the detection of HPV DNA, typing for specific genotypes and to determine seroprevalence
Results
Author | Area, subjects | Study design | HPV test | HPV prevalence for any, HR*, LR** and specific genotypes among all tested womenaor only HPV positive womenb | HPV prevalence and type specific genotypes among among all tested womenaor only HPV positive womenb by HIV status | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population-Based studies
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Serwadda et al., 1999 [52] | Rakai district, Random sample of 960 women aged 15-59 years using self collected vaginal swabs | Cross-sectional | Hybrid Capture 2 | Any HR-HPVa, 16.7% |
HIV status
a
HIV+, 44.3% HIV-, 10.2% | HIV prevalencea, 17.8% |
Safaeian et al., 2007 [53] | Rakai district, 606 women, median age 30 years (25-38 years) | Baseline of a population-based cohort study | Hybrid Capture 2/PGMY 09/11 assay | Any HR-HPVa, 19%
Type-specific genotypes
a
HPV 16, 4.5% HPV 52, 4.4% HPV 66, 3.0% HPV 58, 3.0% |
HIV status
a
HIV positive
Self-collected, 40% Physician collected, 37%
HIV negative
Self-collected, 15% Physician collected, 16% | HIV prevalencea, 15.7% |
Asiimwe et al., 2008 [21] | Bushenyi district, 314 women with median age of 27 years (range,18-49) using self collected vaginal swabs | Cross-sectional | Hybrid Capture 2 assay | Any HR-HPVa, 17.2% | HIV prevalencea, 5.6% (self-reported) | |
Safaeian et al., 2008b [20] | Rakai district, 926 sexually exprienced women aged 15-49 years, mean age 26 years, who provided at least 3 consecutive self-collected swabs | Population-based cross-sectional study | Hybrid Capture 2/Prototype Roche reverse line blot assay | Any HR-HPVa, 19.2%
Type-specific genotypes
a
HPV 52, 2.2% HPV 16, 2.1% HPV 51, 1.7% HPV 66, 1.5% HPV 68, 1.3% |
HIV status
a
HIV+, 46.6% HIV-, 14.8% | HIV prevalencea, 13.7% |
Clinic-Based Studies
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Adult women
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Blossom et al., 2007 [17] | STI clinic in Kampala, 106 women mean age 26.3 years (range,18-51) | Cross-sectional | Roche PCR/reverse strip assay | Any HPVa, 46.2%
Type-specific genotypes
b
HPV 16/18, 18.4% HPV 52, 14.2% HPV 16, 7.5% HPV 58, 7.5% |
Any HPV type
a
HIV+, 59.5% HIV-, 39.1%
HR-HPV types
b
HIV+, 100.0% HIV-, 88.9% | HIV prevalencea, 34.9% |
Young women below 25 years
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Banura et al., 2008a [16] | Clinic for teenagers in Kampala, 1275 sexually active young women median age 20 years (range 12-24) | Baseline of a cohort study | SPF10/LIPA PCR assay | Any HPVa, 74.6% HR-HPV typesa, 51.4%
Type-specific genotypes
a
HPV 52, 13.2% HPV 51, 12.3% HPV 18, 10.7% HPV 16, 10.6% LR-HPV typesa, 39.8%
LR-HPV genotypes
a
HPV 6, 15.5% HPV 11, 13.3% |
HIV positive women
Any HPVa, 87.8% HR-HPV types, 67.1%
Type-specific genotypes
a
HPV 16, 18.3% HPV 18, 9.8% HPV 6, 15.9% HPV 11, 17.1%
HIV negative women
Any HPVa, 73.2% HR-HPV typesa, 49.7%
Type-specific genotypes
a
HPV 16, 10.7% HPV 18, 12.1% HPV 6, 15.3% HPV 11, 12.7% | HIV prevalencea, 8.6% |
Banura et al., 2008b [18] | Antenatal clinic in Kampala 987 young primiparous pregnant women, median age 19 years (range 14-24) | Baseline of a cohort study | SPF10/LIPA PCR assay | Any HPVa, 60.0% High-risk typesb, 43.0%
Type-specific genotypes
b
HPV 52, 12.1% HPV 51, 8.7% HPV 16, 8.4% HPV 18, 5.8%
LR-HPV genotypes
LR-HPV typesb, 23%
Type-specific genotypes
b
HPV 6, 5.5% HPV 11, 3.2% |
HIV positive women
Any HPVa, 72.2%
Type-specific genotypes
b
HPV 16, 18.1% HPV 18, 6.9% HPV 6, 8.3% HPV 11, 1.4%
HIV negative women
Any HPVa, 58.9%
Type-specific genotypes
b
HPV 16, 7.7% HPV 18, 5.7% HPV 6, 5.3% HPV 11, 3.4% | HIV prevalencea, 7.3% |
Screened adult women
| ||||||
Buonaguro et al., 2000 [54] | Nsambya hospital, Scrapes of 16 women with normal ecto-cervical epithelium and different degrees of cervical epithelial lesions | Cross-sectional | Southern Blot analysis | HPV 16a, 12.5% | ||
Taube et al., 2010 [19] | Post-natal clinic at Mulago hospital, Kampala Cervical exfoliated cells from 196 women, 4-12 weeks post-partum and aged between 18-30 years (mean age for HIV -23 ± 3; HIV + 25.4 ± 3.2) | Cross-sectional | Roche Linear array assay | Any HR-HPVa, 49.0% HPV 16/18a, 24%
HR-HPV types
a
HPV 16, 8.2% HPV 18, 3.5% HPV 45, 5.1% HPV 58, 5.1%
LR-HPV types
a
HPV 6, 2.6% HPV 11, 1.0% |
HIV positive
Any HR-HPVa, 77.8%
Type-specific genotypes
a
HPV 16, 13.9% HPV 18, 5.6% HPV 45, 8.3% HPV 58, 5.6% Other HR-HPV, 47.2% LR-HPV types HPV 6, 5.6% HPV 11, 2.8%
HIV negative
Any HR-HPVa, 42.5%
Type-specific genotypes
b
HPV 16, 6.9% HPV 18, 3.1% HPV 45, 4.4% HPV 58, 5.0% Other HR-HPV, 30.6% | HIV prevalencea, 18.0% |
Author | Area, subjects | Study design | HPV test | HPV incidence rate for any, HR*, LR** and type-specific genotypes among all tested womena per 100 PYs | HPV incidence for any and type-specific genotypes all tested womena per 100 PYs by HIV status | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Safaeian et al., 2008a [24] | Rakai district, rural women, median age 29 years (range, 15-59 years) | Prospective cohort | HC 2/PGMY/09/11 assay | Any HR-HPVa, 8.7
Type-specific genotypes
a
HPV 16, 1.5 HPV 18, 0.9 HPV 45, 1.1 HPV 51, 1.8 HPV 52, 1.1 |
HIV Positive
Any HR-HPVa, 17.3
Type-specific genotypes
a
HPV 16, 3.2 HPV 18, 2.1 HPV 45, 2.7 HPV 51, 5.1 HPV 52, 1.3
HIV Negative
Any HR-HPVa , 7.0
Type-specific genotypes
a
HPV 16, 1.2 HPV 18, 0.7 HPV 45, 0.8 HPV 51, 1.2 HPV 52, 1.0 | HIV prevalencea, 14.0% |
Banura et al., 2010 [25] | Teenage clinic in Kampala, 380 young women, median age at baseline 19 years (range, 12-24) | Prospective cohort | SPF10/LIPA PCR assay | Any HPVa, 30.5 HR-HPV types, 20.9 LR-HPV types, 10.6 HPV 16-related types, 10.8 HPV 18-related types, 5.6
Type-specific genotypes
HR-HPV genotypes
a
HPV 16, 3.3 HPV 18, 2.0 HPV 45, 1.3 HPV 51, 4.2 HPV 52, 3.4
LR-HPV genotypes
a
HPV 6, 3.4 HPV 11, 1.9 |
HIV Positive
Any HR-HPVa, 40.0
Type-specific genotypes
a
HPV 16, 6.7 HPV 18, 3.0
HIV Negative
Any HR-HPVa, 29.7
Type-specific genotypes
a
HPV 16, 3.0 HPV 18, 2.1 |
Cumulative prevalence over 27.5 months
a
HR-HPV types, 68.2% LR-HPV types, 55.0% HPV 16-related types, 48.6% HPV 18-related types, 28.2% |
Author | Area, subjects | Study design | HPV test | HPV prevalence for any and specific genotypes among all tested womena | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Schmauz et al., 1989 [55] | Mulago hospital, cervical tissues from 34 cases and 23 controls | Case Control | Southern Blot analysis | Casesa HPV 16/18, 50% HPV 16, 15% HPV 18, 35% Controlsa HPV 18, 4.4% |
Prevalence of HIV
a
Cases, 5.9% Controls, 21.7%
Odds of cervical cancer
HPV 18 (OR* = 12.0) HPV16/18 (OR* = 22.0) |
Odida et al., 2008 [56] | Mulago, Pathology Department 186 paraffin embedded histologically confirmed archival cervical cancer cases Collected 1968-69, 1970-79, and 1980-89. | Case series | SPF10/LIPA | Any HPVa, 61.3%
Type-specific genotypes
a
HPV 16/18, 73.5% HPV 16, 44.7% HPV 18, 28.8% HPV 45, 9.6% | Types 146 Squamous cell carcinoma 35 adenocarcinoma 3 Adenosquamous 2 undifferentiated types |
Odida et al., 2010 [57] | Mulago Hospital, Kampala, 171 pairs of paraffin embedded and freshly frozen tissue samples collected between September 2004 and December 2006 | Case series | SPF10/LIPA | Any HPVa, Frozen tissue, 90.1%
Type-specific genotypes
a
HPV 16, 47.4% HPV 18, 19.5% HPV 45, 9.7% HPV 51, 1.9% HPV 52, 1.3% Any HPVa, Paraffin embedded tissue, 88.9%
Type-specific genotypes
a
HPV 16, 47.4% HPV 18, 23.7% HPV 45, 7.9% HPV 51, 1.3% HPV 52, 1.3% | Multiple HPV genotypesa Frozen tissue, 7.1% Paraffin embedded, 4.6% Single HPV genotypesa Frozen tissue, 92.9% (95% CI†: 87.6-96.4) Paraffin embedded, 94.7% (95% CI†: 89.9-97.7) |
Author | Area, subjects | Study design | HPV test | HPV prevalence for HR*, and LR** genotypes at enrollment and 24 month follow up in intervention§ and control§§ | HPV prevalence for any, HR* and LR** genotypes at baseline and 24-month follow-up | Risk Ratio (RR) and 95% CI† for any, HR*, LR** and multiple HPV infections at baseline and 24-month follow-up |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tobian et al., 2009 [58] | Rakai district, 307 men in intervention and 233 men in control group aged 15-49 years who had detectable beta-globulin or HPV. Preputal cavity sampled | Randomized controlled trial | Roche HPV linear array. HR-HPV genotypes 16, 18,31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, and 68 tested | At enrollment
HR-HPV genotypes
a
Intervention group, 38.1% Control group, 37.1% At 24 months
HR-HPV genotypes
a
Intervention group, 18.0% Control group, 27.9% | Intervention Any HPV genotypeb Baseline, 61.9% At 24 months, 35.6%
HR-HPV genotypes
b
Baseline, 38.1% At 24 months, 18.0%
LR-HPV genotypes
b
Baseline, 47.6% At 24 months, 26.2% Control group Any HPV typesb Baseline, 62.6% At 24 months, 51.2%
HR-HPV genotypes
b
Baseline, 37.1% At 24 months, 27.9%
LR-HPV genotypes
b
Baseline, 48.0% At 24 months, 39.4% | Any HPV genotypesb Baseline, 0.99 (0.81-1.21) At 24 months, 0.70 (0.53-0.91)
HR-HPV genotypes
b
Baseline, 1.03 (0.79-1.33) At 24 months, 0.65 (0.45-0.94)
LR-HPV genotypes
b
Baseline, 0.99 (0.79-1.25) At 24 months, 0.66 (0.49-0.91) |
Serwadda et al., 2010 [59] | Rakai district, uncircumcised HIV positive men aged 15-49 years; 103 men in intervention group and 107 men in control group | Randomized controlled trial | Roche HPV linear array | At enrollment
HR-HPV genotypes
a
Intervention group, 72.2% Control group, 76.6%
LR-HPV genotypes
a
Intervention group, 85.6% Control group, 83.0% At 24 months
HR-HPV genotypes
a
Intervention; 55.3% Control group; 71.7%
LR-HPV genotypes
a
Intervention group, 49.4% Control group, 77.4% | At 24 months RR for HR-HPV geno types 0.77 (0.62-0.97) RR for multiple genotypes 0.53 (0.33-0.83) | |
Gray et al., 2010 [60] | Rakai district, uncircumcised HIV negative men aged 15-49 years; 441 randomized to immediate circumcision (intervention) and 399 delayed circumcision (control) | Randomized controlled trial | Roche HPV linear array |
At enrollment
HR-HPV genotypes
a
Intervention arm, 39.1% Control arm, 38.6% |
Author | Area, subjects | Study design | HPV test | HPV incident casesc and ratesd for type-specific genotypes per 100 PYs | Proportions of type-specific incident infections at 24-month follow-up | Risk Ratio (RR) and 95% CI† for HR* and multiple infections | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Serwadda et al., 2010 [59] | Rakai district, uncircumcised HIV positive men aged 15-49 years; 103 men in intervention group and 107 men in control group | Randomized controlled trial | Roche HPV linear array | At 24 months HR-HPV incident casesc Intervention group, 42 cases Control group, 57 cases
Multiple infectionincident cases
c
Intervention group, 9.9 cases Control group, 24.7 cases | Incident proportions | At 24 months RR for HR-HPV types = 0.74 (0.54-1.01) RR for multiple infection = 0.04 (0.19-0.84). | ||||
Interventiond (%) | Controld (%) | |||||||||
HPV 16 HPV 18 HPV 45 HPV 51 HPV 52 | 5.8 4.3 4.1 5.4 10.1 | 14.9 11.1 10.3 13.9 8.2 | ||||||||
Gray, et al. 2010 [60] | Rakai district, uncircumcised HIV negative men aged 15-49 years; 441 men in intervention and 399 men in control group | Randomized controlled trial | Roche HPV linear array | At 24 months
HR-HPV incident cases
c
Intervention group, 19.7 cases Control group, 29.4 cases
Multiple infection incident cases
c
Intervention group, 6.7 cases Control group, 14.8 cases
Type specific incidence rates
d
| At 24 months RR for HR-HPV types = 0.67 (0.51-0.89) RR for multiple infections = 0.45 (0.28-0.73) | |||||
Intervention | Control | |||||||||
Incidence/100 PYs | ||||||||||
HPV 16 HPV 18 HPV 45 HPV 51 HPV 52 | 3.6 1.6 1.6 4.0 1.6 | 4.8 5.3 2.4 5.3 3.6 |
Author | Area, subjects | Study design | HPV test | HPV seroprevalence for any and type specific genotypes | HPV seroprevalence of any and type specific genotypes among HIV positive women | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Newton, et al., 2004) [27] | Mulago hospital, 191 cervical cancer cases and 336 controls; 15 years and older with a new diagnosis of cancer from the wards or outpatient clinics between 1994 and 1998. | Case Control | HPV L1 VLP/ELISA |
Cases
Type-specific genotypes
a
HPV 16, 27% HPV 18, 7% HPV 45, 9%
Controls
Any of 3 HPV typesa, 17%
Type-specific genotypes
a
HPV 16, 11% HPV 18, 5% HPV 45, 6% |
HIV Positive Controls
Any of 3 HPV typesa, 22% Type-specific genotypes
a
HPV 16, 16% HPV18, 7% HPV 45, 8% | Antibodies against HPV 16 were significantly associated with cervical cancer OR* = 2.0 (1.2-3.1) The risk increased with increasing anti-HPV 16 antibody titre (Ptrend = 0.01) |
Namujju, et al., 2010 [26] | Naguru and Nsambya Health Centers in Kampala, 2,053 women seeking antenatal services; mean age 23 years (range, 14-48) | Cross-sectional | Serology/VLP ELISA (6, 11, 16,18,31, 33, 45) | Any of the 7 selected HPV typesa, 57% | HIV prevalencea, 7.0% |