Background
2. Methodology
2.1 Study location and sample
2.1 Study tool: the questionnaire
2.3 Statistical analysis
Results
No. | Variable | Statistics* |
---|---|---|
1. | Gender | |
1. Male | 207 (51.8%) | |
2. Female | 193 (48.2%) | |
2. | Age (years) | 20.2 ± 1.3 |
3. | College | |
1. Medical | 203 (50.8%) | |
2. Non-Medical | 197 (49.2%) | |
4. | Academic level | |
1. First year | 77 (19.3%) | |
2. Second year | 133 (33.2%) | |
3. Third year | 90 (22.5%) | |
4. Fourth year | 100 (25%) | |
5. | Place of living | |
1. Student housing | 162 (40.4%) | |
2. With parents | 238 (59.5%) | |
6. | Permanent residence | |
1. City | 194 (48.5%) | |
2. Village | 206 (51.5%) | |
7. | Body Mass Index (BMI) | |
1. Within normal range | 380 (95%) | |
2. Above or below normal range | 20 (5%) | |
8. | Do you work during day? | |
1. Never | 306 (76.5%) | |
2. Sometimes | 75 (18.8%) | |
3. Part-time | 11 (2.8%) | |
4. Full time | 8 (2%) | |
9. | Do you work at night? | |
1. Never | 353 (88.2%) | |
2. Sometimes | 40 (10%) | |
3. Part-time | 3 (0.8%) | |
4. Full time | 4 (1%) |
Sleep habits
No. | Variable | Statistics* |
---|---|---|
1. | When do you usually go to bed? | |
1. < 10 pm | 124 (31%) | |
2. 10 - 12 pm | 109 (27.3%) | |
3. > 12 pm | 167 (41.7%) | |
2. | How many hours of sleep do you usually have? | 6.4 ± 1.1 |
3. | When do you usually wake up? | |
1. < 6 am | 72 (18%) | |
2. 6 - 8 am | 189 (47.3%) | |
3. > 8 am | 139 (34.7%) | |
4. | Do you drink coffee late at night? | |
1. Never | 234 (58.5%) | |
2. < once per week | 53 (13.2%) | |
3. 1 - 2 per week | 43 (10.85) | |
4. 3 - 5 per week | 27 (6.8%) | |
5. nightly | 43 (10.8%) | |
5. | Have you ever taken sleeping pills | |
1. < once per week | 14 (3.5%) | |
2. Never | 386 (96.5%) |
Sleep problems
No. | Variable | Statistics* |
---|---|---|
1. | How long it takes you to actually fall asleep (sleep latency)? | |
1. < 10 minutes | 114 (28.6%) | |
2. 10 - 30 minutes | 141 (35.2%) | |
3. 30 - 60 minutes | 68 (17%) | |
4. > 60 minutes | 77 (19.25) | |
2. | How many times do you wake up during your sleep (nocturnal awakenings)? | |
1. None | 141 (35.2%) | |
2. 1- 2 | 201 (50.3%) | |
3. 3 - 4 | 46 (11.5%) | |
4. > 5 | 12 (3%) | |
3. | Do you snore | |
1. Never | 349 (87.2%) | |
2. < once per week | 27 (6.8%) | |
3. 1 - 2 per week | 8 (2%) | |
4. 3 - 5 per week | 3 (0.8%) | |
5. Nightly | 13 (3.2%) |
No | Variable | N (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Never
| Less than once a week | 1 - 2 nights a week | 3 - 4 nights a week | Almost nightly/daily | ||
1. | NN | 158 (39.5%) | 90 (22.5%) | 61 (15.2%) | 23 (5.2%) | 68 (17%) |
2. | NE | 290 (72.5%) | 67 (16.8%) | 23 (5.8%) | 7 (1.8%) | 13 (3.25) |
Parasomnia
Type of parasomnia | N (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Never | Less than once a week | 1 - 2 nights a week | 3 - 4 nights a week | Almost nightly/daily | |
ST | 309 (77.2%) | 40 (10%) | 24 (6%) | 5 (1.2%) | 22 (5.5%) |
SW | 377 (94.2%) | 14 (3.5%) | 2 (0.5%) | 3 (0.8%) | 4 (1.0%) |
B | 340 (85%) | 26 (6.5%) | 18 (4.5%) | 7 (1.8%) | 9 (2.2%) |
NM | 214 (53.5%) | 111 (27.8%) | 51 (12.8%) | 10 (2.5%) | 14 (3.5%) |
RLS | 246 (61.5%) | 105 (26.2%) | 34 (8.5%) | 7 (1.8%) | 8 (2%) |
Daytime sleepiness and tiredness
Variable | N (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Never | Less than once a week | 1 - 2 nights a week | 3 - 4 nights a week | Almost nightly/daily | |
TM | 78 (19.5%) | 102 (25.5%) | 86 (21.5%) | 44 (11%) | 90 (22.4%) |
DS | 63 (15.8%) | 52 (13%) | 95 (23.8%) | 81 (20.2%) | 109 (27.2%) |
DSL | 49 (12.2%) | 63 (15.8%) | 91 (22.8%) | 63 (15.8%) | 134 (33.5%) |
DSF | 164 (41.0%) | 90 (22.5%) | 67 (16.8%) | 30 (7.5%) | 49 (12.2%) |
DN | 102 (25.5%) | 66 (16.5%) | 92 (23.0%) | 67 (16.8%) | 73 (18.2%) |
Sleep quality
Variable | Excellent | Good | Satisfactory | Poor |
---|---|---|---|---|
sleep Quality | 87 (21.8%) | 201 (50.25) | 73 (18.2%) | 39 (9.8%) |
Sleep quality on the night before an exam | 40 (10%) | 103 (25.8%) | 91 (22.8%) | 166 (41.4%) |
Academic achievement | 44 (11%) | 210 (52.5%) | 102 (25.5%) | 44 (11%) |
Leisure time | 33 (8.2%) | 168 (42%) | 127 (31.8%) | 72 (18%) |
Living conditions | 84 (21%) | 219 (54.8%) | 71 (17.8%) | 26 (6.5%) |
Variable | Sleep Quality | Academic achievement | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Correlation Coefficient | p | Correlation Coefficient | p | ||
1. | Academic level | 0.02 | 0.7 | 0.01 | 0.8 |
2. | Time of going to bed | 0.2 |
< 0.01
| 0.08 | 0.1 |
3. | Usual time to wake up | 0.06 | 0.2 | 0.01 | 0.8 |
4. | Duration of sleep | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.8 |
5. | Drinking coffee late at night | 0.01 | 0.052 | 0.02 | 0.07 |
6. | Use of sleeping pills | 0.04 | 0.5 | 0.01 | 0.08 |
7. | Time to fall asleep (latency) | 0.23 |
< 0.01
| 0.06 | 0.3 |
8. | Frequency of nocturnal awakenings | 0.15 |
< 0.01
| 0.03 | 0.6 |
9. | Snoring | 0.05 | 0.3 | 0.01 | 0.8 |
10. | Waking up due to nocturnal noise | 0.1 |
0.02
| 0.01 | 0.08 |
11. | Waking up because of nocturnal eating | 0.04 | 0.4 | 0.01 | 0.8 |
12. | Sleep talking | 0.01 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.05 |
13. | Sleepwalking | 0.01 | 0.9 | 0.01 | 0.09 |
14. | Bruxism | 0.01 | 0.9 | 0.03 | 0.5 |
15. | Nightmares | 0.1 |
0.046
| 0.1 |
0.024
|
16. | Restless leg syndrome | 0.01 | 0.8 | 0.06 | 0.2 |
17. | Feeling tired in the morning | 0.25 |
< 0.01
| 0.01 | 0.8 |
18. | Daytime sleepiness | 0.1 |
0.016
| 0.03 | 0.5 |
19. | Daytime sleepiness during lectures | 0.2 |
< 0.01
| 0.07 | 0.2 |
20. | Daytime sleepiness during free time | 0.01 | 0.8 | 0.02 | 0.7 |
21. | Daytime naps | 0.01 | 0.8 | 0.01 | 0.9 |
22. | Sleep quality | - | - | 0.02 | 0.7 |
23. | Academic achievement | 0.02 | 0.7 | - | - |
24. | Leisure time | 0.2 |
< 0.01
| 0.4 |
< 0.01
|
25. | Living conditions | 0.1 |
0.04
| 0.24 |
< 0.01
|