Background
Methods
Materials
Sampling procedure
Measures
Ethical approval
Statistical analysis
Results
Prevalence
Disorder | Males (n = 734) | Females (n = 853) | Total (n = 1587) |
---|---|---|---|
Any anxiety disorder | 172 (23.4%) | 251 (29.4%) | 423 (26.6%) |
(20.4% - 26.7%) | (26.4% - 32.6%) | (24.5% - 28.9%) | |
Panic disorder | 15 (2.0%) | 33 (3.9%) | 48 (3.0%) |
(1.1% - 3.3%) | (2.7% - 5.4%) | (2.2% - 4.0%) | |
(b) Agoraphobia | 25 (3.4%) | 35 (4.1%) | 60 (3.8%) |
(2.2% - 5.0%) | (2.9% - 5.7%) | (2.9% - 4.8%) | |
Separation anxiety disorder | 40 (5.4%) | 52 (6.1%) | 92 (5.8%) |
(3.9% - 7.3%) | (4.6% - 7.9%) | (4.7% - 7.1%) | |
Social phobia (social anxiety disorder) | 36 (4.9%) | 47 (5.5%) | 83 (5.2%) |
(3.5% - 6.7%) | (4.1% - 7.3%) | (4.2% - 6.4%) | |
Specific phobia | 97 (13.2%) | 153 (17.9%) | 250 (15.8%) |
(10.8% - 15.9%) | (15.4% - 20.7%) | (14.0% - 17.6%) | |
Obsessive compulsive disorder | 3 (0.41%) | 6 (0.70%) | 9 (0.57%) |
(0.08% - 1.19%) | (0.26% - 1.52%) | (0.26% - 1.07%) | |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | 46 (6.3%) | 59 (6.9%) | 105 (6.6%) |
(4.6% - 8.3%) | (5.3% - 8.8%) | (5.4% - 8.0%) | |
Generalized anxiety disorder | 4 (0.54%) | 18 (2.1%) | 22 (1.4%) |
(0.15% - 1.40%) | (1.3% - 3.3%) | (0.87% - 2.09%) | |
Adjustment disorder | 3 (0.41%) | 5 (0.59%) | 8 (0.50%) |
(0.08% - 1.2%) | (0.19% - 1.4%) | (0.22% - 0.99%) |
Disorder | <=5 (n = 286) | 6-9 (n = 416) | 10-13 (n = 550) | 14-19 (n = 335) | Total (n = 1587) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Any anxiety disorder | 72 (25.2%) | 103 (24.8%) | 148 (26.9%) | 100 (29.9%) | 423 (26.7%) |
(20.3%- 30.6%) | (20.7%-29.2%) | (23.2%-30.8%) | (25.0%35.1%) | (24.5%-28.9%) | |
Panic disorder | 5 (1.7%) | 13 (3.1%) | 14 (2.5%) | 16 (4.8%) | 48 (3.0%) |
(0.6% - 4.0%) | (1.7% - 5.3%) | (1.4% - 4.2%) | (2.8% - 7.6%) | (2.2% - 4.0%) | |
(b) Agoraphobia | 9 (3.1%) | 20 (4.8%) | 15 (2.7%) | 16 (4.8%) | 60 (3.8%) |
(1.4% - 5.9%) | (3.0% - 7.3%) | (1.5% - 4.5%) | (2.8% - 7.6%) | (2.9% - 4.8%) | |
Separation anxiety disorder | 22 (7.7%) | 30 (7.2%) | 30 (5.5%) | 10 (3.0%) | 92 (5.8%) |
(4.9% - 11.4%) | (4.9% - 10.1%) | (3.7% - 7.7%) | (1.4% - 5.4%) | (4.7% - 7.1%) | |
Social phobia (social anxiety disorder) | 13 (4.5%) | 24 (5.8%) | 29 (5.3%) | 17 (5.1%) | 83 (5.2%) |
(2.4% - 7.6%) | (3.7% - 8.5%) | (3.6% - 7.5%) | (3.0% - 8.0%) | (4.2% - 6.4%) | |
Specific phobia | 58 (20.3%) | 67 (16.1%) | 81 (14.7%) | 44 (13.1%) | 250 (15.8%) |
(15.8%- 25.4%) | (12.7%-20.0%) | (11.9%-18.0%) | (9.7%-17.2%) | (14.0%-17.6%) | |
Obsessive compulsive disorder | 0 | 4 (0.96%) | 4 (0.73%) | 1 (0.30%) | 9 (0.57%) |
(0–1.3%) | (0.26% - 2.4%) | (0.20% - 1.9%) | (0.01%-1.7%) | (0.26%-1.07%) | |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | 0 | 19 (4.6%) | 43 (7.8%) | 43 (12.8%) | 105 (6.6%) |
(0 – 1.3%) | (2.8% - 7.0%) | (5.7% - 10.4%) | (9.4%-16.9%) | (5.4% - 8.0%) | |
Generalized Anxiety disorder | 0 | 8 (1.9%) | 9 (1.6%) | 5 (1.5%) | 22 (1.4%) |
(0 – 1.3%) | (0.8% - 3.8%) | (0.8% - 3.1%) | (0.5% - 3.4%) | (0.87%-2.09%) | |
Adjustment disorder | 0 | 3 (0.7%) | 3 (0.5%) | 2 (0.6%) | 8 (0.50%) |
(0 – 1.3%) | (0.1% - 2.1%) | (0.1% - 1.6%) | (0.1% - 2.1%) | (0.22%-0.99%) |
Association of socio-demographic variables with anxiety disorders
Factor | Level | Total (n) | Anxiety disorders n(%) |
---|---|---|---|
District | Gulu | 403 | 22 (5.5%) |
Kaberamaido | 399 | 128 (32.1%) | |
Lira | 372 | 147 (39.5%) | |
Tororo | 413 | 126 (30.5%) | |
Age in years (grouped) | ≤ 5 | 286 | 72 (25.2%) |
6 – 9 | 416 | 103 (24.8%) | |
10 – 13 | 550 | 148 (26.9%) | |
14 – 19 | 335 | 100 (29.8%) | |
Gender | Male | 734 | 172 (23.4%) |
Female | 853 | 251 (29.4%) | |
Education | No formal education | 409 | 115 (28.1%) |
Primary (1 – 7 years) | 1120 | 286 (25.5%) | |
Secondary (8+ years) | 58 | 22 (37.9%) | |
Living arrangements | With both parents | 945 | 222 (23.5%) |
Mother Only | 336 | 84 (25.0%) | |
Father Only | 56 | 23 (41.1%) | |
With grandparents | 132 | 56 (42.4%) | |
Other | 118 | 38 (32.2%) | |
Nature of housing | Permanent | 133 | 46 (34.6%) |
Semi-permanent | 297 | 72 (24.2%) | |
Hut | 1105 | 282 (25.5%) | |
Other | 52 | 23 (44.2%) | |
Family income (UGX) | < 15,000 | 777 | 216 (27.8%) |
15,000 – 99,000 | 358 | 109 (30.4%) | |
100,000 + | 285 | 67 (23.5%) | |
Employment status of guardian | Professional | 338 | 77 (22.8%) |
Casual | 382 | 49 (12.8%) | |
Housewife | 216 | 63 (29.2%) | |
Unemployed | 410 | 153 (37.3%) | |
Other | 241 | 81 (33.6%) | |
Number of siblings | 0 – 2 | 243 | 65 (26.8%) |
3 - 4 | 421 | 111 (26.4%) | |
5 - 6 | 493 | 114 (23.1%) | |
7+ | 430 | 133 (30.9%) | |
Parent’s education | None | 400 | 124 (31.0%) |
Elementary (Primary) | 841 | 233 (27.7%) | |
Secondary | 217 | 40 (18.4%) | |
Higher | 129 | 26 (20.2%) |
Association of psychiatric and psychosocial variables with anxiety disorderss
Factor | Level | Total (n) | Anxiety syndromes n(%) |
---|---|---|---|
Depression | No | 1451 | 346 (23.8%) |
Yes | 136 | 77 (56.6%) | |
Psychotic disorder syndromes | No | 1563 | 410 (26.2%) |
Yes | 24 | 13 (54.2%) | |
Suicidality | No | 1502 | 368 (24.5%) |
Yes | 85 | 55 (64.7%) | |
Alcohol and substance abuse | No | 1565 | 416 (26.6%) |
Yes | 22 | 7 (31.8%) | |
Motor disorder syndromes | No | 1574 | 414 (26.3%) |
Yes | 13 | 9 (69.2%) | |
Behavioral developmental disorder syndromes | No | 1508 | 400 (26.5%) |
Yes | 79 | 23 (29.1%) | |
Eating disorders | No | 1576 | 412 (26.1%) |
Yes | 11 | 11 (100%) | |
Number of DSM disorders | 0 | 1320 | 305 (23.1%) |
1 | 201 | 77 (38.3%) | |
2 or more | 66 | 41 (62.1%) | |
Family history of mental illness | None | 1175 | 316 (26.9%) |
First Degree relative | 156 | 46 (29.5%) | |
Other relative | 256 | 61 (23.8%) | |
Experience of trauma | No | 1023 | 270 (26.4%) |
Yes | 564 | 153 (27.1%) | |
Parents alive | Yes | 1069 | 260 (24.3%) |
No | 518 | 163 (31.5%) | |
History of mental illness (attendance at facility) | No | 1517 | 395 (26.0%) |
Yes | 70 | 28 (40.0%) | |
Emotional and behavioral problems | Non-case (SDQ < 16) | 918 | 175 (19.1%) |
Case (SDQ ≥ 16) | 669 | 248 (37.1%) | |
Emotional symptoms scale | Normal | 1045 | 198 (19.0%) |
Borderline | 173 | 61 (35.3%) | |
Abnormal | 272 | 126 (46.3%) | |
Missing | 97 | 38 (39.2%) |
Multiple logistic regression model
Factor | Level | Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) | Likelihood ratio Test P-value |
---|---|---|---|
District | Gulu | 1 (Reference Level) | <0.001 |
Kaberamaido | 13.7 (7.9 ; 23.6) | ||
Lira | 12.6 (7.4 ; 21.5) | ||
Tororo | 11.7 (6.7 ; 20.4) | ||
Gender | Male | 1 (Reference Level) | 0.016 |
Female | 1.38 (1.06 ; 1.79) | ||
Employment status of guardian | Professional | 1 (Reference Level) | <0.001 |
Casual | 0.41 (0.25 ; 0.68) | ||
Housewife | 1.39 (0.83 ; 2.33) | ||
Unemployed | 2.16 (1.38 ; 3.36) | ||
Other | 1.43 (0.90 ; 2.28) | ||
Living arrangements | Both Parents | 1 (Reference Level) | 0.05 |
Mother Only | 0.99 (0.70 ; 1.41) | ||
Father Only | 2.22 (1.18 ; 4.19) | ||
With Grandparents | 1.55 (0.96 ; 2.50) | ||
Other | 1.34 (0.83 ; 2.18) | ||
Nature of housing | Permanent | 1 (Reference Level) | <0.001 |
Semi-permanent | 0.37 (0.22 ; 0.63) | ||
Hut | 0.39 (0.23 ; 0.65) | ||
Other | 0.76 (0.35 ; 1.68) | ||
Parents education level | None | 1 (Reference Level) | 0.049 |
Elementary | 0.96 (0.70 ; 1.33) | ||
Secondary | 0.60 (0.37 ; 0.98) | ||
Other | 0.54 (0.29 ; 1.00) | ||
Number of siblings | 0 - 2 | 1 (Reference Level) | 0.098 |
3 – 4 | 1.11 (0.73 ; 1.71) | ||
5 – 6 | 0.84 (0.55 ; 1.29) | ||
7+ | 1.28 (0.83 ; 1.97) | ||
Education | No formal education | 1 (Reference Level) | 0.090 |
0.79 (0.58 ; 1.08) | |||
1.40 (0.70 ; 2.79) | |||
Experience of trauma | No | 1 (Reference Level) | <0.001 |
Yes | 1.93 (1.42 ; 2.62) | ||
Emotional symptom Scale | Normal | 1 (Reference Level) | <0.001 |
Borderline | 2.00 (1.34 ; 2.99) | ||
Abnormal | 2.58 (1.82 ; 3.65) | ||
Missing | 2.19 (1.34 ; 3.59) | ||
Number of DSM disorders | None | 1 (Reference Level) | 0.001 |
One | 1.19 (0.82 ; 1.74) | ||
Two or More | 3.06 (1.67 ; 5.62) |