Background
Despite recent progress in treatment, lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer deaths in both women and men throughout the world [
1]. Not all patients with lung cancer benefit from routine surgery and chemotherapy. This is especially true for those with primary non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the most common malignancy in the thoracic field, where such therapies have been tried with limited efficacy [
2]. To improve patient survival rate, researchers have increasingly focused on understanding specific characteristics of NSCLCs as a means to elucidate the mechanism of tumor development and develop possible targeted therapeutic approaches.
Octamer 4 (Oct-4), a member of the POU-domain transcription factor family, is normally expressed in both adult and embryonic stem cells [
3,
4]. Recent reports have demonstrated that Oct-4 is not only involved in controlling the maintenance of stem cell pluripotency, but is also specifically responsible for the unlimited proliferative potential of stem cells, suggesting that Oct-4 functions as a master switch during differentiation of human somatic cell [
5‐
7]. Interestingly, Oct-4 is also re-expressed in germ cell tumors [
8], breast cancer [
9], bladder cancer [
10], prostate cancer and hepatomas [
11,
12], but very little is known about its potential function in malignant disease [
13]. Moreover, overexpression of Oct-4 increases the malignant potential of tumors, and downregulation of Oct-4 in tumor cells inhibits tumor growth, suggesting that Oct-4 might play a key role in maintaining the survival of cancer cells [
13,
14]. Although its asymmetric expression may indicate that Oct-4 is a suitable target for therapeutic intervention in adenocarcinoma and bronchioloalveolar carcinoma [
15], the role of Oct-4 expression in primary NSCLC has remained ill defined.
To address this potential role, we assessed Oct-4 expression in cancer specimens from 113 patients with primary NSCLC by immunohistochemical staining. We further investigated the association of Oct-4 expression in NSCLC tumor cells with some important clinical pathological indices. In addition, we examined the involvement of Oct-4 in tumor cell proliferation and tumor-induced angiogenesis in NSCLC by relating Oct-4 expression with microvessel density (MVD), and expression of Ki-67 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), proliferative and the vascular markers, respectively. On the basis of previous reports that a subset of NSCLC tumors do not induce angiogenesis but instead co-opt the normal vasculature for further growth [
16,
17], we also evaluated associations of Oct-4 expression with tumor cell proliferation and prognosis in subsets of patients with weak VEGF-mediated angiogenesis (disregarding the nonangiogenic subsets of NSCLC in the analysis, which would tend to obscure the role of Oct-4 expression in primary NSCLC).
Our results provide the first demonstration that expression of the stem cell marker Oct-4 maintains tumor cells in a poorly differentiated state through a mechanism that depends on promoting cell proliferation. Moreover, even in the context of vulnerable MVD status and VEGF expression, Oct-4 plays an important role in tumor cell proliferation and contributes to poor prognosis in human NSCLC.
Methods
Patients and tissue specimens
Cancer tissue and corresponding adjacent normal tissue (within 1-2 cm of the tumor edge) from 113 primary NSCLC cases were randomly selected from our tissue database. Patients had been treated in the Department of Thoracic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from Jan 2003 to July 2004. None of the patients had received neoadjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Clinical information was obtained by reviewing the perioperative medical records, or by telephone or written correspondence. Cases were staged according to the tumor-node-metastases (TNM) classification of the International Union Against Cancer, revised in 2002 [
18]. The study was approved by the Medical Ethical Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University. Paraffin-embedded specimens of each case were sectioned and fixed on siliconized slides. Histological typing was determined according to World Health Organization classifications [
19]. Tumor size and metastatic lymph node number and locations were obtained from pathology reports.
Cell lines
The primary NSCLC cell lines, A549, H460 and H1299, obtained from the Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Science (Shanghai, China), were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium (Gibco/Invitrogen, Camarillo, CA, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Hyclone, Logan, UT, USA).
Immunohistochemical staining and evaluation
The primary antibodies used in this study were as follow: anti-Oct-4 (sc-5279, dilution 1:100; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), anti-Ki-67 (ab92742, dilution 1:200; Abcam, Cambridge, UK), and anti-VEGF (sc-7269, dilution 1:100; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Immunohistochemical staining was carried out using the streptavidin-peroxidase method. Cells with nuclear staining for Oct-4 and Ki-67, and cytoplasmic staining for VEGF, were scored as positive for the respective marker. The intensity of Oct-4, Ki-67, and VEGF staining was scored on a 0-to-3 scale: 0, negative; 1, light; 2, moderate; and 3, intense. The percentage of the tumor area stained for each marker at each intensity was calculated by dividing the number of tumor cells positive for the marker at each intensity by the total number of tumor cells. Areas that were negative were given a value of 0. A total of 10-12 discrete foci in each section were examined microscopically (400× magnification) to generate an average staining intensity and percentage of the surface area covered. The final histoscore was calculated using the formula: [(1 × percentage of weakly positive tumor cells) + (2 × percentage of moderately positive tumor cells) + (3 × percentage of intense positive tumor cells)]. The median values of Oct-4, Ki-67, and VEGF histoscores were used to classify samples as positive (above the median) or negative (below the median) for each marker.
Evaluation of MVD
Immunohistochemical staining for CD34 (MS-363, dilution 1:50; Lab Vision, Fremont, CA; Clone QBEnd/10) was analyzed. After identifying the three most vascularized areas within a tumor ("hot spots") at low magnification (×40), vessels in three representative fields in each of these areas were counted at high magnification (×400; 0.152 mm2; 0.44 mm diameter). The high-magnification fields were then marked for subsequent image cell counting analysis. Single immunoreactive endothelial cells or endothelial cell clusters separated from other microvessels were counted as individual microvessels. Endothelial staining in large vessels with tunica media and nonspecific staining of non-endothelial structures were excluded from microvessel counts. The mean visual microvessel density for CD34 was calculated as the average of six counts (three hot spots and three microscopic fields). Microvessel counts greater than the median counts were taken as MVD-positive, and microvessel counts lower than the median were taken as MVD-negative.
Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
Total RNA was extracted from cultured cells using the TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Grand Island NY, USA), according to the manufacturer's instructions. Extracted RNA was treated with DNase (Fermentas, Vilnius, Lithuania) to remove DNA contamination. For cDNA synthesis, 1 μg of total RNA was reverse transcribed using a RevertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Fermentas). PCR was performed with ExTaq (TaKaRa, Japan). The primer sequences and sizes of amplified products were as follows: Oct-4, 5'-GAC AGG GGG AGG GGA GGA GCT AGG-3' and 5'-CTT CCC TCC AAC CAG TTG CCC CAA AC-3' (142 bp); β-actin (internal control), 5'-GTG GGG CGC CCC AGG CAC CA-3' and 5'-CTC CTT AAT GTC ACG CAC GAT TTC-3' (540 bp).
Statistical analysis
All calculations were done using SPSS V.14.0 software (Chicago, IL, USA). Spearman's coefficient of correlation, Chi-squared tests, and Mann-Whitney tests were used as appropriate. A multivariate model was used to evaluate statistical associations among variables. A Cox regression model was used to relate potential prognostic factors with survival.
Discussion
Although Oct-4 has been detected in various carcinomas, including breast cancer [
9], bladder cancer [
10], prostate cancer [
11] and lung adenocarcinoma [
20], the precise role of this stem cell marker in maintaining the survival of cancer cells is unclear. Sustained expression of Oct-4 in epithelial tissues has been shown to lead to dysplastic changes through inhibition of cellular differentiation, similar to its action in some progenitor cells, suggesting that Oct-4 may play an important role in the genesis of tumors [
21]. However, the mechanisms by which Oct-4 acts during tumor progression have remained poorly understood. Accordingly, we examined the behavior of Oct-4 in primary NSCLC tissues, focusing on the associations of Oct-4 expression with clinicopathological features and markers of tumor-induced angiogenesis. Important in this context is the observation that, after disregarding nonangiogenic subsets of NSCLC (which tend to obscure the association of Oct-4 with tumor angiogenesis), a subset of NSCLC tumors does not induce angiogenesis, but instead co-opts the normal vasculature for further growth.
On the basis of the previous finding that Oct-4 may be a major contributor to the maintenance of self-renewal in embryonic stem cells, we investigated the association of Oct-4 expression with self-renewal of NSCLC cells. The immunohistochemical analyses presented here showed clear Oct-4 staining in most sections, and RT-PCR showed Oct-4 mRNA in all NSCLC cell lines. Our data extend the previous report of Oct-4 overexpression in lung adenocarcinoma [
20], providing the first demonstration that Oct-4 is also present in lung squamous cell carcinoma specimens, exhibiting an apparent difference in the degree of expression among sections analyzed. One possible explanation for these findings is that the genesis of lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma may be different. The former arises from mucous glands or the cells of bronchoalveolar duct junction and the latter grows most commonly in or around major bronchi. Further studies designed to address the relationship between Oct-4 expression in endothelial precursors and the sites of origin of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are required to confirm this. Our data also showed that the degree of immunohistochemical staining was positively correlated with poor differentiation of tumor cells and Ki-67 expression; this latter marker provides an opportunity to analyze the proliferative cell fraction in preserved tumor specimens. High levels of Oct-4 have been shown to increase the malignant potential of tumors, whereas inactivation of Oct-4 induces a regression of the malignant component [
22]; moreover, knockdown of Oct-4 expression in lung cancer cells has been shown to facilitate differentiation of CD133-positive cells into CD133-negative cells [
23]. These findings, taken together with our data, indicate that overexpression of Oct-4 in NSCLC tissues may maintain the poorly differentiated state by contributing to tumor cell proliferation. On the other hand, down-regulation of Oct-4 expression has been shown to induce apoptosis of tumor-initiating-cell-like cells through an Oct-4/Tcl1/Akt1 pathway, implying that Oct-4 might maintain the survival of tumor-initiating cells, at least in part, by inhibiting apoptosis [
13]. Whether an Oct-4-dependent pathway modulates apoptosis in clinical NSCLC samples or NSCLC cell lines has not yet been tested.
Previous reports have indicated that tumor-induced angiogenesis is important in maintaining the poorly differentiated state and promoting metastasis in NSCLC [
23,
24]. In our study, we observed an association of Oct-4 expression in NSCLC specimens with some features of tumor-induced angiogenesis, but the investigation revealed no prominent linkage between Oct-4 expression and neovascularization (defined by CD34 and VEGF-A expression). However, Passalidou and Pezzella have previously described a subset of NSCLC without morphological evidence of neo-angiogenesis. In these tumors, alveoli are filled with neoplastic cells and the only vessels present appeared to belong to the trapped alveolar septa; moreover, tumors with normal vessels and no neo-angiogenesis seemed resistant to some anti-angiogenic therapies [
16,
17]. In this context, we observed an association of Oct-4 expression with tumor cell proliferation in patients with weak VEGF-mediated angiogenesis, including MVD-negative and VEGF-negative subsets, indicating that Oct-4 still plays an important role in cell proliferation in NSCLC tumors, even those with weak MVD or VEGF status. Whether Oct-4 expression contributes to resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy thus warrants additional research attention.
Although recent reports have also shown that Oct-4 is re-expressed in different human carcinomas, implicating Oct-4 as a potential diagnostic marker in malignancy [
25,
26], whether Oct-4 expression can be used as a diagnostic tool to monitor the clinical prognosis of NSCLC patients has not been previously substantiated. An analysis of our follow-up data designed to definitively assess the effect of Oct-4 immunohistochemical expression on the prognosis of NSCLC patients showed that the post-operative survival duration of patients with high Oct-4 expression was notably shorter than that of patients with low expression. These results indicate that overexpression of Oct-4 has a detrimental effect on prognosis, and further demonstrates that Oct-4 expression may be correlated with the malignant behavior of tumors during NSCLC progression. A combined genomic analysis of the Oct-4/SOX2/NANOG pathway has recently demonstrated high prognostic accuracy in studies of patients with multiple tumor types [
27]. Similarly, multivariate analyses of the data presented here demonstrated that Oct-4 expression is an independent factor whose expression might indicate poor prognosis of patients with NSCLC, generally, as well in NSCLC patient subsets, especially those with weak or no neovascularization. A detailed investigation of the association of Oct-4 expression with treatment response, particularly a characterization of the molecular phenotype of tumors following downregulation of Oct-4, would provide further support for this interpretation.
Conclusion
In summary, a multivariate analysis demonstrated that Oct-4 expression was an independent predictor of overall survival, suggesting that Oct-4 may be useful as a molecular marker to assess the prognosis of patients with primary NSCLC, especially those without prominent neovascularization. In patients without prominent tumor-induced angiogenesis, Oct-4-overexpressing cells in primary NSCLC tissue represent a reservoir of tumor cells with differentiation potential; moreover, Oct-4 may maintain tumor cells in a poorly differentiated state through a mechanism that depends on promoting cell proliferation. The molecular mechanisms by which Oct-4 sustains the self-renewal capacity of tumor cells, especially those with poor neovascularization status, are poorly understood and are the focus of our future studies. Developing strategies to inhibit Oct-4 during tumor progression may have positive prognostic implications in primary NSCLC patients.
Acknowledgements
Grant support: This work was supported by grants from the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, No. 2008CB517406), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30671023, 30971675, 30900729), and the Key Scientific and Technological Projects of Guangdong Province (No. 2007A032100003).
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
ZC and TW conceived the study, participated in the analysis of NSCLC specimens and cell lines, and drafted the manuscript. TW, LC, CS, BZ, and YL managed the histopathological analysis of tumor samples and performed the RT-PCR analysis of cell lines. HL participated in patient enrollment and participated in the preparation of the manuscript. ZC, TW, and AP coordinated the study and drafted the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.