Background
Methods
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Search Strategy
Review process
Methodological quality assessment
Prospective (P) or retrospective case-control (R) study | (1) Clear aim/hypothesis | (2) Outcome measures clearly described | (3) Participant characteristics clearly described | (5) Confounding variables (age, gender, BMI/height/weight and participant activity levels) described | (6) Main findings clearly described | (7) Measures of random variability provided | (10) Actual probability values reported | (11) Participants asked to participate representative of entire population | (12) Participants prepared to participate representative of entire population | (15) Blinding of outcome assessor | (16) Analyses performed were planned | (18) Appropriate statistics | (20) Valid and reliable outcome measures | (21) Appropriate case-control matching (same population) | (22) Participants recruited over the same period of time | (25) Adjustment made for confounding factors | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Azevedo et al. [27] | R | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | U | U | U | 1 | 1 | U | U | U | 1 | 11 |
Baur et al. [11] | R | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | U | U | U | 1 | 1 | U | U | U | U | 4 |
Donoghue et al. [34] | R | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | U | 1 | 1 | U | U | U | 0 | 7 |
Donoghue et al. [33] | R | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | U | 1 | 1 | U | U | U | 0 | 8 |
Kaufman et al. [19] | P | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | U | 1 | 1 | 1 | U | 1 | 1 | 0 | 13 |
McCrory et al. [25] | R | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | U | U | U | 1 | 1 | U | U | U | 1 | 8 |
Ryan et al. [35] | R | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | U | U | U | 1 | 1 | U | 1 | U | 1 | 10 |
Williams et al. [24] | R | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | U | U | 0 | 1 | 1 | U | U | U | 1 | 11 |
Van Ginckel et al. [2] | P | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | U | 1 | 1 | 1 | U | 1 | 1 | 1 | 15 |
% agreement | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 77.8 | 88.9 | 88.9 | 88.9 | 88.9 | 88.9 | 77.8 | 88.9 | 88.9 | 100.0 | 77.8 | 100.0 | 88.9 | ||
Reliability | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.63 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.77 | 0.82 | 0.74 | 0.57 | Uc | Uc | 1.00 | 0.63 | 1.00 | 0.80 | 0.98 (0.905-0.995) |
Statistical analysis
Results
Quality assessment of included studies
Additional data
Methodological data to assist interpretation of results
Study | Symptomatic (yes/no) | Sample size (limbs) | Gender (n) (Male/Female) | Mean age ± SD (range) (years) | Mass (kg), height (cm), BMI | Experience: years of sporting activity | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AT | C | AT | C | AT | C | AT | C | AT | C | ||
Azevedo et al. [27] | Yes | 21 | 21 | 16/5 | 16/5 | 41.8 ± 9.7 (NR) | 38.9 ± 10.1 (NR) | 77.6, 177.8, NR | 70.2, 174.3, NR | > 3 years* | |
Baur et al. [11] | Yes | 16 | 28 | NR | NR | 36 ± 9 (NR)* | 73, 179, NR* | NR 'experienced'* | |||
Donoghue et al. [33] | No | 12 | 12 | 11/1 | 11/1 | 38.7 ± 8.1 (NR) | 44.3 ± 8.4 (NR) | 73.3, 175, NR | 79.3, 178, NR | NR | NR |
Donoghue et al. [34] | No | 11 | 11 | 10/1 | 10/1 | 39.6 ± 7.7 (NR) | 45.2 ± 8.1 (NR) | 71.9, 174, NR | 77.9, 177, NR | NR | NR |
Kaufman et al. [19] | No | 17 | 299 | 17/0 | 299/0 | 22.5 ± 2.5 (NR)* | 78.0, 177.0, NR* | 2-7 times/week fitness preparation, 73% reported having run or jogged on a regular basis for a period of 3 or more months before reporting to training* | |||
McCrory et al. [25] | Yes | 31 | 58 | NR | NR | 38.4 ± 1.8 (NR) | 34.5 ± 1.2 (NR) | 71.4, 174.5, NR | 70.0, 174.5, NR | 11.9 ± 1.4 | 9.6 ± 0.8 |
Ryan et al. [35] | Yes | 27 | 21 | NR | NR | 40 ± 7 (NR) | 40 ± 9 (NR) | 78, 181, NR | 71, 177, NR | NR | NR |
Van Ginckel et al. [2] | No | 10 | 53 | 2/8 | 8/45 | 38.0 ± 11.35 (NR) | 40.0 ± 9.00 (NR) | 69.8, 167.1, 24.95 | 70.0, 168.3, 24.69 | 0 | 0 |
Williams et al. [24] | No | 8 | 8 | 6/2 | 5/3 | 36.0 ± 8.2 (NR) | 31.8 ± 9.3 (NR) | 67.3, 176, NR | 65.6, 170, NR | 19.1 ± 7.7 | 11.0 ± 9.1 |
Study | Biomechanical variable(s) | Gait characteristics | Footwear condition(s) |
---|---|---|---|
Azevedo et al. [27] | Muscle activity (integrated EMG: normalised EMG amplitude as a percentage of root mean square amplitude): tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, lateral gastrocnemius, rectus femoris, biceps femoris and gluteus medius; Kinematics (3D using Vicon® System 370 Version 2.5): sagittal plane hip, knee and ankle joints; Kinetics: anterior-posterior and vertical ground reaction force; Temporospatial parameters (speed, stride length, stride time, stride frequency). | Running Uv, Og | C (neutral running shoe) |
Baur et al. [11] | Muscle activity (normalised EMG amplitude to mean amplitude of the entire gait cycle and timing of activity): tibialis anterior, peroneals, lateral head of gastrocnemius, medial head of gastrocnemius, soleus; Kinetics: antero-posterior and vertical ground reaction force; Plantar pressures (Novel Pedar® Mobile system): deviation of the centre of pressure. | Running Cv (12 km/hour), Tm | C (gymnastic shoe that simulates barefoot conditions) and C (standardised marketed reference running shoe |
Donoghue et al. [33] | Kinematics (3D: functional data analysis using 3D Qualysis system with Peak Motus™ analysis system): frontal plane rearfoot and lower leg, sagittal plane ankle and knee joints. | Running Cv (~2.8 m/s), Tm | U (own running shoes) |
Donoghue et al. [34] | Kinematics (3D Qualysis system with Peak Motus™ analysis system): frontal plane rearfoot and lower leg, sagittal plane ankle and knee joints. | Running Cv (~2.5-2.8 ± 0.2-0.4 m/s), Tm | Unable to determine (as type of footwear not specified) and B |
Kaufman et al. [19] | Plantar pressures (Tekscan® in-shoe system): dynamic arch index. | Running Uv, Og | C (military footwear) and B |
McCrory et al. [25] | Kinematics (2D Motion Analysis high-speed video camera): frontal plane rearfoot. Kinetics: antero-posterior, medio-lateral and vertical ground reaction forces. | Running Uv ('training pace'), T (kinematics), Og (kinetics) | U (own footwear) |
Ryan et al. [35] | Kinematics (3D ViconPeak® system with Bodybuilder 3.6® software): frontal and sagittal plane rearfoot and transverse plane tibia. | Running Uv, Og | B |
Van Ginckel et al. [2] | Plantar pressures (RsScan Footscan® pressure plate): multiple variables (temporal data, peak force, force-time integrals, contact time, medio-lateral force ratios and position and deviation of the centre of force). | Running Uv, Og | B |
Williams et al. [24] | Kinematics and moments (3D Qualisys motion system with Visual 3-D software): transverse plane tibia relative to foot (tibial motion) and tibia relative to femur (knee motion). | Running Cv, Og (3.35 m/s ± 5%). | B |