Background
Methods
Study population
Measures
Statistical analysis
Ethical approval
Results
Demographic and behavioural characteristics
Bivariate | Multivariate | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics
|
Total
|
%
|
Sex ≥ 3 days
|
%
|
OR
|
95% CI
|
p
|
OR
|
95% CI
|
p
| |
Total
| 823 | 100 | 117 | 14.2 | |||||||
Age group (years)
| |||||||||||
18-21 | 71 | 8.6 | 12 | 16.9 | 1.18 | 0.58-2.39 | 0.78 | ||||
22-29 | 473 | 57.5 | 64 | 13.5 | 0.91 | 0.59-1.39 | 0.74 | ||||
≥ 30 | 279 | 33.9 | 41 | 14.7 | 1 | ||||||
Employment
| |||||||||||
Yes | 625 | 75.9 | 90 | 14.4 | 1.06 | 0.67-1.69 | 0.88 | ||||
No | 198 | 24.1 | 27 | 13.6 | 1 | ||||||
Education
| |||||||||||
Less than high school | 56 | 6.8 | 6 | 10.7 | 1 | ||||||
High school or equivalent | 352 | 42.8 | 58 | 16.5 | 1.64 | 0.67-4.01 | 0.37 | ||||
University and above | 415 | 50.4 | 53 | 12.8 | 1.22 | 0.49-2.98 | 0.82 | ||||
Current living situation
| |||||||||||
Live with parents/relatives | 334 | 40.6 | 37 | 11.1 | 1 | ||||||
Live with partner | 104 | 12.6 | 19 | 18.3 | 1.79 | 0.98-3.28 | 0.08 | ||||
Live alone/friend/other | 385 | 46.8 | 61 | 15.8 | 1.51 | 0.98-2.34 | 0.08 | ||||
Use of alcohol
(past 4 m)
| |||||||||||
Yes | 660 | 80.2 | 107 | 16.2 | 2.96 | 1.51-5.80 | 0.001 | 2.49 | 1.24-4.98 | 0.01 | |
No | 163 | 19.6 | 10 | 6.1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Binge drinking
(past 4 m)*(n = 660) | |||||||||||
Yes | 76 | 11.5 | 17 | 22.4 | 1.58 | 0.88-2.84 | 0.17 | ||||
No | 584 | 88.5 | 90 | 15.4 | 1 | ||||||
Use of any drugs
(past 4 m)
| |||||||||||
Yes | 73 | 8.9 | 19 | 26.0 | 2.34 | 1.33-4.12 | 0.002 | -†
| |||
No | 750 | 91.1 | 98 | 13.1 | 1 | ||||||
Inhaled nitrites
(poppers) (past 4 m)
| |||||||||||
Yes | 34 | 4.1 | 9 | 26.5 | 2.27 | 1.03-4.99 | 0.04 | -†
| |||
No | 789 | 95.9 | 108 | 13.7 | 1 | ||||||
Used club drugs
‡
(past 4 m)
| |||||||||||
Yes | 58 | 7.0 | 16 | 27.6 | 2.50 | 1.36-4.62 | 0.002 | -†
| |||
No | 765 | 93.0 | 101 | 13.2 | 1 | ||||||
Used erectile dysfunction drugs (ever)
| |||||||||||
Yes | 43 | 5.2 | 18 | 41.9 | 4.95 | 2.61-9.41 | <0.001 | 2.68 | 1.29-5.55 | 0.008 | |
No | 780 | 94.8 | 99 | 12.7 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Sexual self identification (baseline)
| |||||||||||
Homosexual | 652 | 79.2 | 93 | 14.3 | 1.02 | 0.63-1.65 | 0.94 | ||||
Heterosexual/bisexual/Transgender | 171 | 20.8 | 24 | 14.0 | 1 | ||||||
Age at first anal sex (n = 812)
| |||||||||||
≤ 15 | 115 | 14.2 | 21 | 18.3 | 1.40 | 0.83-2.35 | 0.26 | ||||
> 15 | 697 | 85.8 | 96 | 13.8 | 1 | ||||||
Had steady male partner (past 4 m)
| |||||||||||
Yes | 563 | 68.4 | 89 | 15.8 | 1.56 | 0.99-2.45 | 0.07 | ||||
No | 260 | 31.6 | 28 | 10.8 | 1 | ||||||
Had casual male partner (past 4 m)
| |||||||||||
Yes | 568 | 69.0 | 95 | 16.7 | 2.13 | 1.30-3.47 | 0.002 | ||||
No | 255 | 31.0 | 22 | 8.6 | 1 | ||||||
Usual anal sex position with male (those who had anal sex) (n = 812)
| |||||||||||
Insertive | 306 | 37.7 | 46 | 15.0 | 1.08 | 0.73-1.62 | 0.69 | ||||
Receptive/both | 506 | 62.3 | 71 | 14.0 | 1 | ||||||
Condom use with steady/casual male partners (past 4 m) (n = 771)
| |||||||||||
Always | 435 | 56.4 | 58 | 13.3 | 1 | ||||||
Not always | 336 | 43.6 | 57 | 17.0 | 1.33 | 0.89-1.97 | 0.19 | ||||
Last sex was planned (n = 818)
| |||||||||||
Yes | 534 | 65.3 | 79 | 14.8 | 1.12 | 0.74-1.71 | 0.58 | ||||
No | 284 | 34.7 | 38 | 13.4 | 1 | ||||||
Group sex (ever)
| |||||||||||
Yes | 137 | 16.6 | 42 | 30.7 | 3.60 | 2.33-5.57 | <0.001 | 2.07 | 1.27-3.36 | 0.003 | |
No | 686 | 83.4 | 75 | 10.9 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Sex with foreigner
(past 4 m)
| |||||||||||
Yes | 115 | 14.0 | 34 | 29.6 | 3.16 | 1.99-5.01 | <0.001 | 1.84 | 1.11-3.06 | 0.02 | |
No | 708 | 86.0 | 83 | 11.7 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Coerced into sex (ever)
| |||||||||||
Yes | 144 | 17.5 | 20 | 13.9 | 1 | ||||||
No | 679 | 82.5 | 97 | 14.3 | 1.03 | 0.61-1.74 | 0.90 | ||||
Paid male partner for sex (past 4 m)
| |||||||||||
Yes | 96 | 11.7 | 25 | 26.0 | 2.43 | 1.47-4.03 | <0.001 | 1.91 | 1.10-3.30 | 0.02 | |
No | 727 | 88.3 | 92 | 12.7 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Condom use with male partner you paid
(past 4 m) (n = 96)
| |||||||||||
Always | 68 | 70.8 | 18 | 26.5 | 1.08 | 0.39-2.97 | 0.88 | ||||
Not always | 28 | 29.2 | 7 | 25.0 | 1 | ||||||
Got paid for sex by male partner (past 4 m)
| |||||||||||
Yes | 97 | 11.8 | 33 | 34.0 | 3.94 | 2.44-6.35 | <0.001 | 2.68 | 1.59-4.52 | <0.001 | |
No | 726 | 88.2 | 84 | 11.6 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Condom use with male partner who paid you (past 4 m) (n = 97)
| |||||||||||
Always | 77 | 79.4 | 28 | 36.4 | 1.71 | 0.56-5.21 | 0.49 | ||||
Not always | 20 | 20.6 | 5 | 25.0 | 1 | ||||||
Suicidal ideation
§
(ever)
| |||||||||||
Yes | 213 | 25.9 | 38 | 17.8 | 1.46 | 0.96-2.23 | 0.08 | ||||
No | 610 | 74.1 | 79 | 13.0 | 1 | ||||||
HIV testing (ever)
| |||||||||||
Yes | 426 | 51.8 | 73 | 17.1 | 1.66 | 1.11-2.48 | 0.01 | 1.54 | 1.001-2.36 | 0.049 | |
No | 397 | 48.2 | 44 | 11.1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Worried about getting HIV infection
| |||||||||||
Never to regularly | 587 | 71.3 | 77 | 13.1 | 1 | ||||||
Often to always | 236 | 28.7 | 40 | 16.9 | 1.35 | 0.89-2.05 | 0.19 | ||||
Worried about getting STI
| |||||||||||
Never to regularly | 609 | 74.0 | 86 | 14.1 | 1 | ||||||
Often to always | 214 | 26.0 | 31 | 14.5 | 1.03 | 0.66-1.61 | 0.99 | ||||
Increased sexual risk behaviour after hearing about effective treatment for HIV infection
| |||||||||||
Not at all to moderate | 645 | 78.4 | 97 | 15.0 | 1.40 | 0.84-2.34 | 0.24 | ||||
Much to a great deal | 178 | 21.6 | 20 | 11.2 | 1 |
Descriptive analysis of sex frequency and sex planning
Bivariate and multivariate analysis of sex frequency and sex planning
Bivariate | Multivariate | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics
|
Total
|
%
|
Unplan-ned sex
|
%
|
OR
|
95% CI
|
p
|
OR
|
95% CI
|
p
| |
Total
| 818 | 100 | 284 | 34.7 | |||||||
Age group (years)
| |||||||||||
18-21 | 70 | 8.6 | 32 | 45.7 | 2.41 | 1.40-4.14 | 0.002 | 1.71 | 0.89-3.28 | 0.11 | |
22-29 | 470 | 57.5 | 180 | 38.3 | 1.78 | 1.28-2.46 | 0.001 | 1.67 | 1.12-2.48 | 0.01 | |
≥30 | 278 | 34.0 | 72 | 25.9 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Employment
| |||||||||||
Yes | 621 | 75.9 | 203 | 32.7 | 1 | ||||||
No | 197 | 24.1 | 81 | 41.1 | 1.44 | 1.03-1.99 | 0.04 | -†
| |||
Education
| |||||||||||
Less than high school | 56 | 6.8 | 31 | 55.4 | 3.13 | 1.77-5.52 | <0.001 | 2.97 | 1.51-5.83 | 0.002 | |
High school or equivalent | 350 | 42.8 | 136 | 38.9 | 1.60 | 1.18-2.17 | 0.002 | 1.36 | 0.93-1.98 | 0.11 | |
University and above | 412 | 50.4 | 117 | 28.4 | 1 | ||||||
Current living situation
| |||||||||||
Live with parents/relatives | 334 | 40.8 | 107 | 32.0 | 1 | ||||||
Live with partner | 103 | 12.6 | 39 | 37.9 | 1.29 | 0.82-2.05 | 0.33 | ||||
Live alone/friend/other | 381 | 46.6 | 138 | 36.2 | 1.20 | 0.88-1.64 | 0.27 | ||||
Use of alcohol
(past 4 m)
| |||||||||||
Yes | 657 | 80.3 | 239 | 36.4 | 1.47 | 1.01-2.15 | 0.06 | ||||
No | 161 | 19.7 | 45 | 28.0 | 1 | ||||||
Binge drinking
(past 4 m)*(n = 657) | |||||||||||
Yes | 76 | 11.6 | 36 | 47.4 | 1.68 | 1.03-2.71 | 0.046 | 1.67 | 0.99-2.81 | 0.054 | |
No | 581 | 88.4 | 203 | 34.9 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Use of any drugs
(past 4 m)
| |||||||||||
Yes | 73 | 8.9 | 28 | 38.4 | 1.19 | 0.72-1.95 | 0.58 | ||||
No | 745 | 91.1 | 256 | 34.4 | 1 | ||||||
Inhaled nitrates (poppers) (past 4 m)
| |||||||||||
Yes | 34 | 4.2 | 8 | 23.5 | 1 | ||||||
No | 784 | 95.8 | 276 | 35.2 | 1.77 | 0.79-3.95 | 0.22 | ||||
Used club drugs
‡
(past 4 m)
| |||||||||||
Yes | 58 | 7.1 | 24 | 41.4 | 1.36 | 0.79-2.34 | 0.34 | ||||
No | 760 | 92.9 | 260 | 34.2 | 1 | ||||||
Used erectile dysfunction drugs (ever)
| |||||||||||
Yes | 43 | 5.3 | 12 | 27.9 | 1 | ||||||
No | 775 | 94.7 | 272 | 35.1 | 1.40 | 0.71-2.76 | 0.42 | ||||
Sexual self-identification (baseline)
| |||||||||||
Homosexual | 648 | 79.2 | 213 | 32.9 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Heterosexual/bisexual/transgender | 170 | 20.8 | 71 | 41.8 | 1.46 | 1.04-2.07 | 0.04 | 1.58 | 1.04-2.38 | 0.03 | |
Age at first anal sex (n = 807)
| |||||||||||
≤ 15 | 114 | 14.1 | 51 | 44.7 | 1.63 | 1.09-2.43 | 0.02 | -†
| |||
> 15 | 693 | 85.9 | 230 | 33.2 | 1 | ||||||
Had steady male partner (past 4 m)
| |||||||||||
Yes | 561 | 68.6 | 196 | 34.9 | 1.03 | 0.76-1.41 | 0.91 | ||||
No | 257 | 31.4 | 88 | 34.2 | 1 | ||||||
Had casual male partner (past 4 m)
| |||||||||||
Yes | 565 | 69.1 | 191 | 33.8 | 0.88 | 0.65-1.20 | 0.46 | ||||
No | 253 | 30.9 | 93 | 36.8 | 1 | ||||||
Usual anal sex position with male (those who had anal sex) (n = 807)
| |||||||||||
Insertive | 306 | 37.9 | 87 | 28.4 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Receptive/both | 501 | 62.1 | 194 | 38.7 | 1.59 | 1.17-2.16 | 0.004 | 1.67 | 1.16-2.40 | 0.006 | |
Condom use with steady/casual male partners (past 4 m) (n = 768)
| |||||||||||
Always | 433 | 56.4 | 140 | 32.3 | 1 | ||||||
Not always | 335 | 43.6 | 127 | 37.9 | 1.28 | 0.95-1.72 | 0.12 | ||||
Frequency of sex
| |||||||||||
Every day/several times per week | 155 | 18.9 | 45 | 29.0 | 1 | ||||||
Once a week/several times per month | 271 | 33.1 | 84 | 31.0 | 1.10 | 0.71-1.69 | 0.75 | -†
| |||
Once a month or less | 392 | 47.9 | 155 | 39.5 | 1.60 | 1.07-2.39 | 0.03 | ||||
Group sex (ever)
| |||||||||||
Yes | 137 | 16.7 | 34 | 24.8 | 1 | 1 | |||||
No | 681 | 83.3 | 250 | 36.7 | 1.76 | 1.16-2.67 | 0.01 | 1.84 | 1.17-2.91 | 0.009 | |
Sex with foreigner
(past 4 m)
| |||||||||||
Yes | 115 | 14.1 | 35 | 30.4 | 1 | ||||||
No | 703 | 85.9 | 249 | 35.4 | 1.25 | 0.82-1.92 | 0.35 | ||||
Coerced into sex (ever)
| |||||||||||
Yes | 114 | 17.6 | 60 | 41.7 | 1.43 | 0.99-2.07 | 0.07 | ||||
No | 674 | 82.4 | 224 | 33.2 | 1 | ||||||
Paid male partner for sex (past 4 m)
| |||||||||||
Yes | 96 | 11.7 | 33 | 34.4 | 1 | ||||||
No | 722 | 88.3 | 251 | 34.8 | 1.02 | 0.65-1.59 | 1.00 | ||||
Condom use with male partner you paid
(past 4 m) (n = 96)
| |||||||||||
Always | 68 | 70.8 | 22 | 32.4 | 1 | ||||||
Not always | 28 | 29.2 | 11 | 39.3 | 1.35 | 0.54-3.37 | 0.68 | ||||
Got paid for sex by male partner (past 4 m)
| |||||||||||
Yes | 96 | 11.7 | 36 | 37.5 | 1.15 | 0.74-1.78 | 0.62 | ||||
No | 722 | 88.3 | 248 | 34.3 | 1 | ||||||
Condom use with male partner who paid you (past 4 m) (n = 96)
| |||||||||||
Always | 76 | 79.2 | 27 | 35.5 | 1 | ||||||
Not always | 20 | 20.8 | 9 | 45.5 | 1.48 | 0.55-4.03 | 0.60 | ||||
Suicidal ideation
§
(ever)
| |||||||||||
Yes | 212 | 25.9 | 84 | 39.6 | 1.33 | 0.96-1.84 | 0.10 | ||||
No | 606 | 74.1 | 200 | 33.0 | 1 | ||||||
HIV testing (ever)
| |||||||||||
Yes | 425 | 52.0 | 140 | 32.9 | 1 | ||||||
No | 393 | 48.0 | 144 | 36.9 | 1.18 | 0.88-1.57 | 0.30 | ||||
Worried about getting HIV infection
| |||||||||||
Never to regularly | 583 | 71.3 | 205 | 35.2 | 1.07 | 0.78-1.47 | 0.73 | ||||
Often to always | 235 | 28.7 | 79 | 33.6 | 1 | ||||||
Worried about getting STI
| |||||||||||
Never to regularly | 605 | 74.0 | 211 | 34.9 | 1.03 | 0.74-1.43 | 0.94 | ||||
Often to always | 213 | 26.0 | 73 | 34.3 | 1 | ||||||
Increase sexual risk behaviour after hearing about effective treatment for HIV infection
| |||||||||||
Not at all to moderate | 641 | 78.4 | 214 | 33.4 | 1 | ||||||
Much to a great deal | 177 | 21.6 | 70 | 39.5 | 1.30 | 0.93-1.84 | 0.15 |