Background
Methods
Selection of cases
Selection of controls
Data collection
Case validation
Data analysis
Statistical analysis
Results
Male | Female | Total | |
---|---|---|---|
AIDS defining cancers (ADCs)
| |||
Cervix | 0 | 20 | 20 |
Kaposi sarcoma | 32 | 2 | 34 |
NHL - Burkitt's | 8 | 1 | 9 |
NHL - DLBL | 20 | 4 | 24 |
NHL - Other | 34 | 12 | 46 |
NHL - primary of brain | 7 | 1 | 8 |
Subtotal
|
101
|
40
|
141
|
Non-AIDS defining cancers (NADCs)
| |||
NADC-IUR
| |||
Acute lymphocytic leukaemia | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Acute promyelocytic leukaemia | 1 | 0 | 1 |
BCC | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Breast | 0 | 10 | 10 |
Cancer of unknown primary | 2 | 1 | 3 |
Colon | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Endometrial | 0 | 2 | 2 |
Facial sinus tumour - NOS | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Kidney | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Lung | 11 | 1 | 12 |
Multiple myeloma | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Oesophagus | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Pancreas | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Plasmacytoma | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Rectum | 2 | 1 | 3 |
Sarcoma - NOS | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Thyroid | 3 | 0 | 3 |
Subtotal
|
32
|
16
|
48
|
NADC-IR
| |||
Anus | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Bladder | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Hepatocellular carcinoma | 4 | 1 | 5 |
Hodgkin's lymphoma - NOS | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Hodgkin's lymphoma - depletion type | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Hodgkin's lymphoma - mixed cellularity | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Larynx | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Leiomyosarcoma - EBV associated | 0 | 2 | 2 |
Leiomyosarcoma - smooth muscle tumour | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Nasopharynx | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Oral cavity | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Penile | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Stomach | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Tongue | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Tonsil | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Subtotal
|
20
|
6
|
26
|
Grand total | 153 | 62 | 215 |
ADC | NADC-IUR | NADC-IR | Controls | Total | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total
|
141
|
48
|
26
|
402
|
617
| ||||
Male | 101 | 71.6 | 32 | 66.7 | 20 | 76.9 | 279 | 69.4 | 432 |
Female | 40 | 28.4 | 16 | 33.3 | 6 | 22.2 | 123 | 30.6 | 185 |
Mean age (SD) | 39.0 | (10.6) | 45.7 | (11.5) | 44.4 | (13.7) | 38.8 | (11.0) | 39.6 (11.2) |
Homosexual | 27 | 19.1 | 3 | 6.3 | 4 | 15.4 | 43 | 10.7 | 77 |
Heterosexual | 92 | 65.2 | 42 | 87.5 | 18 | 69.2 | 308 | 76.6 | 460 |
IDU | 4 | 2.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 19 | 4.7 | 23 |
Other | 18 | 12.8 | 3 | 6.3 | 4 | 15.4 | 32 | 8.0 | 57 |
Smoking | |||||||||
Never | 76 | 53.9 | 25 | 52.1 | 7 | 26.9 | 197 | 49.0 | 305 |
Ever | 29 | 20.6 | 11 | 22.9 | 10 | 38.5 | 67 | 16.7 | 117 |
Current | 13 | 9.2 | 5 | 10.4 | 4 | 15.4 | 47 | 11.7 | 69 |
Missing | 23 | 16.3 | 7 | 14.6 | 5 | 19.2 | 91 | 22.6 | 126 |
Alcohol | |||||||||
Never | 77 | 54.6 | 29 | 60.4 | 8 | 30.8 | 218 | 54.2 | 332 |
Ever | 25 | 17.7 | 8 | 16.7 | 6 | 23.1 | 59 | 14.7 | 98 |
Current | 16 | 11.3 | 2 | 4.2 | 4 | 15.4 | 34 | 8.5 | 56 |
Missing | 23 | 16.3 | 9 | 18.8 | 8 | 30.8 | 91 | 22.6 | 131 |
Caucasian | 2 | 1.4 | 2 | 4.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 0.7 | 7 |
Chinese | 48 | 34.0 | 10 | 20.8 | 8 | 30.8 | 119 | 29.6 | 185 |
Indian | 44 | 31.2 | 15 | 31.3 | 4 | 15.4 | 132 | 32.8 | 195 |
Malay | 4 | 2.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 9 | 2.2 | 13 |
Filipino | 6 | 4.3 | 1 | 2.1 | 1 | 3.8 | 12 | 3.0 | 20 |
Thai | 18 | 12.8 | 17 | 35.4 | 10 | 38.5 | 82 | 20.4 | 127 |
Indonesian | 6 | 4.3 | 1 | 2.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 14 | 3.5 | 21 |
Vietnamese | 1 | 0.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 |
Other | 12 | 8.5 | 2 | 4.2 | 3 | 11.5 | 31 | 7.7 | 48 |
HBVS negative | 73 | 51.8 | 24 | 50.0 | 16 | 61.5 | 232 | 57.7 | 345 |
HBVS positive | 6 | 4.3 | 4 | 8.3 | 4 | 15.4 | 18 | 4.5 | 32 |
Missing | 62 | 44.0 | 20 | 41.7 | 6 | 23.1 | 152 | 37.8 | 240 |
HCV negative | 59 | 41.8 | 18 | 37.5 | 14 | 53.8 | 182 | 45.3 | 273 |
HCV positive | 5 | 3.5 | 2 | 4.2 | 3 | 11.5 | 18 | 4.5 | 28 |
Missing | 77 | 54.6 | 28 | 58.3 | 9 | 34.6 | 202 | 50.2 | 316 |
No prior AIDS | 46 | 32.6 | 23 | 47.9 | 13 | 50.0 | 175 | 43.5 | 257 |
Prior AIDS | 69 | 48.9 | 15 | 31.3 | 11 | 42.3 | 186 | 46.3 | 281 |
Missing | 26 | 18.4 | 10 | 20.8 | 2 | 7.7 | 41 | 10.2 | 79 |
CDC A | 35 | 24.8 | 15 | 31.3 | 4 | 15.3 | 109 | 27.1 | 163 |
CDC B | 13 | 9.2 | 4 | 8.3 | 12 | 46.2 | 89 | 22.1 | 118 |
CDC C | 89 | 63.1 | 22 | 45.8 | 9 | 34.6 | 190 | 47.3 | 310 |
Missing | 4 | 2.8 | 7 | 14.6 | 1 | 3.8 | 14 | 3.5 | 26 |
CD4 cells/mm3
| |||||||||
<= 100 | 44 | 31.2 | 6 | 12.5 | 6 | 23.1 | 64 | 15.9 | 120 |
101-200 | 25 | 17.7 | 8 | 16.7 | 5 | 19.2 | 40 | 10.0 | 78 |
201-350 | 13 | 9.2 | 6 | 12.5 | 6 | 23.1 | 73 | 18.2 | 98 |
>= 351 | 16 | 11.3 | 10 | 20.8 | 5 | 19.2 | 102 | 25.4 | 133 |
Missing | 43 | 30.5 | 18 | 37.5 | 4 | 15.4 | 123 | 30.6 | 188 |
Mean CD4 (SD) | 176 | (194.8) | 307 | (243.6) | 257 | (211.4) | 309 | (241.9) | 275 (236.5) |
ART | |||||||||
Never | 26 | 18.4 | 16 | 33.3 | 5 | 19.2 | 73 | 18.2 | 120 |
Ever | 12 | 8.5 | 6 | 12.5 | 5 | 19.2 | 19 | 4.7 | 42 |
Current | 90 | 63.8 | 24 | 50.0 | 14 | 53.8 | 294 | 73.1 | 422 |
Missing | 13 | 9.2 | 2 | 4.2 | 2 | 7.7 | 16 | 4.0 | 33 |
Predictors of ADCs
Controls | Cases | OR | 95% | CI | p-value | p-overall | OR | 95% | CI | p-value | p-overall | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 264 | 134 | ||||||||||
Age per 5 years | 39.2 (10.9) | 38.5 (9.9) | 0.969 | 0.871 | 1.079 | 0.57 | ||||||
Male | 179 | 96 | ||||||||||
Female | 85 | 38 | 0.77 | 0.44 | 1.32 | 0.340 | ||||||
Homosexual
| 26 | 25 | ||||||||||
Heterosexual
| 202 | 89 |
0.35
|
0.18
|
0.72
|
0.004
|
0.005
|
0.35
|
0.16
|
0.73
|
0.005
|
0.007
|
IDU
| 17 | 4 |
0.18
|
0.05
|
0.67
|
0.010
|
0.17
|
0.04
|
0.69
|
0.013
| ||
Other
| 19 | 16 |
1.05
|
0.44
|
2.51
|
0.911
|
1.14
|
0.44
|
2.96
|
0.784
| ||
Chinese | 82 | 41 | ||||||||||
Indian | 94 | 44 | 0.24 | 0.03 | 2.08 | 0.196 | 0.328 | |||||
Other | 88 | 49 | 1.25 | 0.55 | 2.83 | 0.590 | ||||||
No prior AIDS | 106 | 45 | ||||||||||
Prior AIDS | 124 | 63 | 1.31 | 0.81 | 2.13 | 0.273 | 0.247 | |||||
Missing | 34 | 26 | 4.25 | 1.52 | 11.89 | 0.006 | ||||||
CDC A | 62 | 25 | ||||||||||
CDC B | 54 | 11 | 0.59 | 0.24 | 1.48 | 0.263 | 0.002 | 0.57 | 0.21 | 1.52 | 0.258 | 0.058 |
CDC C | 137 | 94 | 2.18 | 1.06 | 4.51 | 0.035 | 1.73 | 0.76 | 3.94 | 0.191 | ||
Missing | 11 | 4 | 1.26 | 0.31 | 5.10 | 0.746 | 0.75 | 0.16 | 3.57 | 0.713 | ||
CD4 cells/mm
3
| ||||||||||||
<= 100
| 47 | 42 | ||||||||||
101-200
| 26 | 24 |
0.84
|
0.41
|
1.72
|
0.637
|
<0.001
|
0.73
|
0.34
|
1.55
|
0.412
|
<0.001
|
201-350
| 51 | 13 |
0.20
|
0.09
|
0.45
|
<0.001
|
0.16
|
0.06
|
0.38
|
<0.001
| ||
>= 351
| 60 | 14 |
0.20
|
0.09
|
0.43
|
<0.001
|
0.21
|
0.09
|
0.46
|
<0.001
| ||
Missing
| 80 | 41 |
0.60
|
0.30
|
1.17
|
0.133
|
0.54
|
0.27
|
1.09
|
0.085
| ||
Smoking | ||||||||||||
Never | 125 | 70 | ||||||||||
Ever | 83 | 41 | 0.86 | 0.50 | 1.48 | 0.583 | 0.357 | |||||
Missing | 56 | 23 | 0.60 | 0.30 | 1.21 | 0.155 | ||||||
Alcohol | ||||||||||||
Never | 141 | 71 | ||||||||||
Ever | 67 | 40 | 1.22 | 0.70 | 2.13 | 0.475 | 0.271 | |||||
Missing | 56 | 23 | 0.64 | 0.31 | 1.31 | 0.218 | ||||||
HBVS positive | 149 | 70 | ||||||||||
HBVS negative | 9 | 5 | 1.21 | 0.36 | 4.00 | 0.758 | 0.558 | |||||
Missing | 106 | 59 | 1.34 | 0.78 | 2.28 | 0.288 | ||||||
HCV positive | 117 | 55 | ||||||||||
HCV negative | 12 | 5 | 0.93 | 0.31 | 2.75 | 0.890 | ||||||
Missing | 135 | 74 | 1.39 | 0.79 | 2.45 | 0.255 | ||||||
ART | ||||||||||||
Never | 48 | 26 | ||||||||||
Ever/not current | 14 | 12 | 1.58 | 0.66 | 3.78 | 0.304 | 0.126 | |||||
Current | 186 | 83 | 0.80 | 0.47 | 1.37 | 0.420 | ||||||
Missing | 16 | 13 | 1.86 | 0.67 | 5.18 | 0.235 |
Predictors of NADCs
Controls | Cases | OR | 95% | CI | p-value | p-overall | OR | 95% | CI | p-value | p-overall | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 138 | 73 | ||||||||||
Age per 5 years
|
38.0 (11.0)
|
45.0 (12.2)
|
1.41
|
1.19
|
1.66
|
<0.001
|
1.39
|
1.15
|
1.68
|
0.001
| ||
Male | 100 | 51 | ||||||||||
Female | 38 | 22 | 1.07 | 0.52 | 2.21 | 0.853 | ||||||
Homosexual | 17 | 7 | 1.00 | |||||||||
Heterosexual | 106 | 59 | 1.51 | 0.46 | 4.92 | 0.494 | 0.926 | |||||
IDU | 2 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | . | 0.992 | ||||||
Other | 13 | 7 | 1.45 | 0.31 | 6.76 | 0.635 | ||||||
Chinese | 37 | 17 | ||||||||||
Indian* | 38 | 19 | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||||||
Other | 63 | 37 | 1.71 | 0.41 | 7.05 | 0.458 | ||||||
No prior AIDS | 69 | 35 | ||||||||||
Prior AIDS | 62 | 26 | 0.98 | 0.52 | 1.83 | 0.946 | 0.787 | |||||
Missing | 7 | 12 | 9.15 | 1.88 | 44.61 | 0.006 | ||||||
CDC A | 44 | 17 | ||||||||||
CDC B | 34 | 14 | 1.13 | 0.45 | 2.85 | 0.799 | 0.179 | |||||
CDC C | 56 | 33 | 1.70 | 0.74 | 3.91 | 0.214 | ||||||
Missing | 4 | 9 | 7.04 | 1.69 | 29.25 | 0.007 | ||||||
CD4 cells/mm3
| ||||||||||||
<= 100 | 17 | 12 | 1.00 | |||||||||
101-200 | 14 | 13 | 1.12 | 0.38 | 3.34 | 0.839 | 0.056 | 1.08 | 0.27 | 4.38 | 0.915 | 0.419 |
201-350 | 22 | 12 | 0.55 | 0.17 | 1.78 | 0.316 | 0.91 | 0.24 | 3.41 | 0.888 | ||
>= 351 | 42 | 15 | 0.37 | 0.13 | 1.09 | 0.072 | 0.57 | 0.17 | 1.94 | 0.368 | ||
Missing | 43 | 21 | 0.64 | 0.25 | 1.67 | 0.366 | 0.78 | 0.25 | 2.45 | 0.667 | ||
Smoking | ||||||||||||
Never | 72 | 31 | 1.00 | |||||||||
Ever | 31 | 29 | 2.32 | 1.13 | 4.76 | 0.022 | 0.024 | 1.68 | 0.72 | 3.93 | 0.231 | 0.296 |
Missing | 35 | 13 | 0.75 | 0.29 | 1.92 | 0.548 | 0.69 | 0.20 | 2.36 | 0.559 | ||
Alcohol | ||||||||||||
Never | 77 | 36 | 1.00 | |||||||||
Ever | 26 | 19 | 1.61 | 0.77 | 3.37 | 0.210 | 0.405 | |||||
Missing | 35 | 18 | 0.95 | 0.41 | 2.19 | 0.900 | ||||||
HBVS negative | 83 | 40 | 1.00 | |||||||||
HBVS positive | 9 | 8 | 1.91 | 0.66 | 5.54 | 0.234 | 0.451 | |||||
Missing | 46 | 25 | 1.29 | 0.61 | 2.70 | 0.503 | ||||||
HCV negative | 65 | 32 | 1.00 | |||||||||
HCV positive | 6 | 5 | 1.68 | 0.43 | 6.62 | 0.459 | 0.654 | |||||
Missing | 67 | 36 | 1.32 | 0.62 | 2.83 | 0.473 | ||||||
ART
| ||||||||||||
Never
| 25 | 21 |
1.00
| |||||||||
Ever/not current
| 5 | 11 |
1.92
|
0.51
|
7.20
|
0.330
|
<0.001
|
1.42
|
0.35
|
5.77
|
0.625
|
0.001
|
Current
| 108 | 37 |
0.28
|
0.12
|
0.65
|
0.003
|
0.29
|
0.12
|
0.70
|
0.006
| ||
Missing
| 0 | 4 |
- -
|
- -
|
- -
|
- -
|
- -
|
- -
|
- -
|
- -
|
- -
|
Controls | Cases | OR | 95% | CI | p-value | p-overall | OR | 95% | CI | p-value | p-overall | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 91 | 47 | ||||||||||
Age per 5 years
|
37.9 (10.6)
|
45.3 (11.4)
|
1.40
|
1.15
|
1.70
|
0.001
|
1.36
|
1.10
|
1.69
|
0.005
| ||
Male | ||||||||||||
Female | 1.58 | 0.62 | 4.02 | 0.337 | ||||||||
Homosexual | 6 | 3 | ||||||||||
Heterosexual | 77 | 41 | 1.00 | 0.18 | 5.46 | 1.000 | 0.987 | |||||
IDU | 1 | 0 | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||||||
Other | 7 | 3 | 0.75 | 0.08 | 7.24 | 0.806 | ||||||
Chinese | 21 | 9 | ||||||||||
Indian | 30 | 15 | 2.00 | 0.40 | 9.91 | 0.396 | ||||||
Other | 40 | 23 | ||||||||||
No prior AIDS | 42 | 22 | ||||||||||
Prior AIDS | 44 | 15 | 0.75 | 0.35 | 1.64 | 0.474 | 0.390 | |||||
Missing | 5 | 10 | 13.35 | 1.58 | 112.58 | 0.017 | ||||||
CDC A | 21 | 14 | ||||||||||
CDC B | 27 | 4 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.62 | 0.011 | 0.775 | |||||
CDC C | 40 | 22 | 0.37 | 0.09 | 1.52 | 0.170 | ||||||
Missing | 3 | 7 | 2.66 | 0.44 | 16.06 | 0.286 | ||||||
CD4 cells/mm3
| ||||||||||||
<= 100 | 15 | 6 | 2.17 | 0.54 | 8.66 | 0.272 | 0.837 | |||||
101-200 | 9 | 8 | 1.07 | 0.26 | 4.49 | 0.925 | ||||||
201-350 | 12 | 6 | 0.97 | 0.26 | 3.64 | 0.968 | ||||||
>= 351 | 23 | 10 | 1.36 | 0.42 | 4.37 | 0.603 | ||||||
Missing | 32 | 17 | ||||||||||
Smoking | ||||||||||||
Never | 50 | 25 | 1.36 | 0.55 | 3.37 | 0.504 | 0.573 | |||||
Ever | 23 | 15 | 0.71 | 0.22 | 2.30 | 0.564 | ||||||
Missing | 18 | 7 | ||||||||||
Alcohol | ||||||||||||
Never | 56 | 29 | 0.95 | 0.35 | 2.62 | 0.922 | 0.991 | |||||
Ever | 18 | 9 | 0.94 | 0.31 | 2.88 | 0.916 | ||||||
Missing | 17 | 9 | ||||||||||
HBVS negative | 51 | 24 | ||||||||||
HBVS positive | 7 | 4 | 1.31 | 0.33 | 5.24 | 0.707 | 0.713 | |||||
Missing | 33 | 19 | 1.43 | 0.59 | 3.44 | 0.430 | ||||||
HCV negative | 41 | 18 | ||||||||||
HCV positive | 3 | 2 | 1.33 | 0.11 | 15.73 | 0.820 | 0.535 | |||||
Missing | 47 | 27 | 1.76 | 0.65 | 4.75 | 0.263 | ||||||
ART
| ||||||||||||
Never
|
16
|
16
| ||||||||||
Ever/not current
|
5
|
6
|
1.00
|
0.23
|
4.28
|
0.999
|
0.002
|
0.81
|
0.17
|
3.86
|
0.788
|
0.008
|
Current
|
70
|
23
|
0.23
|
0.09
|
0.62
|
0.004
|
0.26
|
0.09
|
0.74
|
0.012
| ||
Missing
|
0
|
2
|
- -
|
- -
|
- -
|
- -
|
- -
|
- -
|
- -
|
- -
|
Controls | Cases | OR | 95% | CI | p-value | p-overall | OR | 95% | CI | p-value | p-overall | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age per 5 years | 1.43 | 1.05 | 1.94 | 0.023 | ||||||||
HCV core antibody | ||||||||||||
Negative | 32 | 16 | ||||||||||
Positive | 2 | 4 | 1.64 | 0.30 | 8.94 | 0.566 | 0.206 | |||||
Missing | 13 | 6 | 0.82 | 0.23 | 2.89 | 0.756 | ||||||
HBV surface antigen | ||||||||||||
Negative | 24 | 14 | 3.26 | 0.55 | 19.25 | 0.192 | 0.454 | |||||
Positive | 3 | 3 | 1.03 | 0.25 | 4.21 | 0.972 | ||||||
Missing | 20 | 9 | ||||||||||
CDC A
|
23
|
3
| ||||||||||
CDC B
|
7
|
10
|
9.29
|
1.74
|
49.63
|
0.009
|
0.032
|
32.72
|
2.22
|
481.07
|
0.011
|
0.041
|
CDC C
|
16
|
11
|
5.96
|
1.11
|
32.13
|
0.038
|
12.14
|
0.84
|
175.11
|
0.067
| ||
Missing
|
1
|
2
|
13.50
|
0.81
|
223.93
|
0.069
|
22.30
|
0.54
|
913.42
|
0.101
| ||
CD4 cells/mm
3
| ||||||||||||
<= 100
|
2
|
6
| ||||||||||
101-200
|
5
|
5
|
0.26
|
0.02
|
2.85
|
0.271
|
0.021
|
0.79
|
0.04
|
14.43
|
0.876
|
0.041
|
201-350
|
10
|
6
|
0.05
|
0.00
|
0.94
|
0.045
|
0.03
|
0.00
|
2.15
|
0.108
| ||
>= 351
|
19
|
5
|
0.03
|
0.00
|
0.44
|
0.011
|
0.01
|
0.00
|
0.48
|
0.022
| ||
Missing
|
11
|
4
|
0.05
|
0.00
|
0.89
|
0.041
|
0.04
|
0.00
|
1.38
|
0.075
| ||
ART | ||||||||||||
Never | 9 | 5 | 0.65 | 0.13 | 3.16 | 0.595 | ||||||
Ever | 38 | 19 | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||||||
Missing | 0 | 2 | ||||||||||
Smoking | ||||||||||||
Never | 22 | 6 | ||||||||||
Ever | 8 | 14 | 6.06 | 1.52 | 24.21 | 0.011 | 0.020 | |||||
Missing | 17 | 6 | 0.95 | 0.20 | 4.66 | 0.953 |