Findings
Background
Scleral buckle (SB)-related complications include induced myopia, diplopia, foreign body sensation, infection, extrusion, and intrusion [1‐5]. There are several reports on explantation of SB for various indications [1, 4, 6‐13]. Buckle infection is one of the common causes for buckle explantation. The reported incidence of buckle infection varies from 0.5% to 5.6% [5, 8, 14‐16]. Buckle infection may lead to severe complications like endophthalmitis and panophthalmitis [2]. The literature about buckle infection includes mostly case reports and small case series. We performed a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent SB removal for SB infection and studied their microbiological spectrum and antimicrobial susceptibility.
Methods
After obtaining Institutional Review Board approval, a retrospective chart review of all subjects with scleral buckle infection was performed. Collected data included demographic profile, microbiology culture, and antibiotic susceptibility of isolates determined by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method, management, duration since primary SB surgery was performed and incidence of RD after buckle removal with outcome after re-surgery for RD. SB explanted for diplopia, strabismus, and retinopathy of prematurity were excluded.
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Results
Between July 1992 and June 2012, a total of 15,022 SB surgeries were performed at our center. Scleral buckle explantation was carried out in 132 eyes of 132 patients out of whom 31 patients had undergone primary buckle surgery at our institute, making the incidence of buckle infection at our institute to be 0.2% (31 out of 15,022).
Demographic profile
Out of 132 patients, 101 were males and 31 were females. The mean age at diagnosis of buckle infection was 43.6 years, ranging from 4 to 80 years. Right eye was involved in 65 patients. The median follow-up in the study cohort was 12 months, ranging from 1 month to 16 years. Median duration of symptoms before presentation was 30 days, ranging from 1 day to 5 years. The most common symptoms were pain (84/132, 63.64%), redness (46/132, 34.85%), watering (45/132, 34.09%), and foreign body sensation (34/132, 25.76%). Thirty four (25.76%) patients complained of diminution of vision. Most common clinical presentation was diffuse or localized conjunctival congestion associated with chemosis in 109 (82.57%) eyes followed by buckle/suture exposure in 108 (81.82%) eyes and lid edema and purulent discharge in 44 (33.33%) eyes. One hundred out of 132 (75.7%) eyes had solid buckle exposure, five (3.79%) eyes had only suture exposure, and three (2.27%) eyes had exposed silicone sponge.
All patients underwent buckle explantation. Median time interval between primary SB surgery and explantation was 13 months (1 week to 16 years). Three eyes presented as panophthalmitis and underwent evisceration along with buckle explantation. Two eyes presented as buckle infection with endophthalmitis, one eye underwent vitreous biopsy and intraocular antibiotics and the other underwent pars plana vitrectomy with intraocular antibiotic injection after buckle explantation. Endophthalmitis resolved in both the eyes. Only two eyes developed recurrent retinal detachment after buckle explantation after 7 and 48 months, respectively. Both underwent vitreo-retinal surgery with successful anatomical outcome.
Microbiological spectrum
Microbiological analysis results were available for 126 patients, and 102 (80.95%) had culture positivity during the entire study period. Our group previously published microbiological spectrum and susceptibility data from 1992 to 2002 [17]. From 2003 to 2012, 66 patients underwent buckle explantation for infection. Microbiological data was available for 60 patients and 47 (78.3%) samples were culture positive. Fifty-one isolates were identified from these 47 culture positive buckles. Four cases had polymicrobial infection. Gram positive cocci (GPC), gram negative bacilli (GNB), gram positive bacilli (GPB), fungi, and acid-fast bacilli were identified in 14 (27%), 13 (25%), 7 (14%), 9 (18%), and 8 (16%) isolates, respectively. During the total study duration from 1992 to 2012, the most common organism isolated was Staphlycoccus epidermidis (27/124, 21.77%) followed by Mycobacterium sp. (20/124, 16.13%) and Corynebacterium sp. (13/124, 10.48%). The most common gram negative bacilli identified was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9/124, 7.26%). This data is detailed in Table 1.
Table 1
Isolated organism and their antibiotic susceptibility in eyes with buckle infection
No. /% of isolates (1992 to 2002)
[17] | No. /% of isolates (2003 to 2012) | Percentage of organisms susceptible to different antibiotics (2003 to 2012) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total isolates | 73 | 51 | A | C | CE | CH | CI | G | V |
Total bacteria | 62/84.9% | 43/84% | |||||||
Gram positive cocci | 30/41.1% | 14/27% | 100 (n = 3) | 93 (n = 14) | nd | 82 (n = 11) | 85 (n = 13) | 77 (n = 13) | 100 (n = 13) |
Staphylococcus epidermidis
| 20/27.4% | 7/14% | 100 (n = 1) | 86 (n = 7) | nd | 67 (n = 6) | 67 (n = 6) | 83 (n = 6) | 100 (n = 5) |
Staphylococcus aureus
| 6/8.2% | 2/4% | 100 (n = 1) | 100 (n = 2) | nd | 100 (n = 2) | 100 (n = 2) | 100 (n = 2) | 100 (n = 2) |
Streptococcus pneumoniae
| 4/5.5% | 1/2% | nd | 100 (n = 1) | nd | 100 (n = 1) | 100 (n = 1) | nd | 100 (n = 1) |
Brevibacterium species | - | 1/2% | 100 (n = 1) | 100 (n = 1) | nd | 100 (n = 1) | 100 (n = 1) | 100 (n = 1) | 100 (n = 1) |
Only gram positive cocci (no species identified) | - | 3/6% | nd | 100 (n = 3) | nd | 100 (n = 1) | 100 (n = 3) | 33 (n = 3) | 100 (n = 3) |
Gram negative bacteria | 7/9.6% | 13/25% | 100 (n = 9) | 0 (n = 6) | 60 (n = 5) | 46 (n = 13) | 100 (n = 13) | 69 (n = 13) | 40 (n = 5) |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
| - | 5/10% | 100 (n = 3) | 0 (n = 2) | 67 (n = 3) | 0 (n = 5) | 100 (n = 5) | 60 (n = 5) | 0 (n = 1) |
Neisseria species | - | 2/4% | 100 (n = 1) | 0 (n = 1) | 100 (n = 1) | 100 (n = 2) | 100 (n = 2) | 50 (n = 2) | 100 (n = 1) |
Pseudomonas species | 2/2.7% | 2/4% | 100 (n = 1) | 0 (n = 1) | nd | 50 (n = 2) | 100 (n = 2) | 100 (n = 2) | nd |
Aeromonas hydrophila
| - | 1/2% | nd | 0 (n = 1) | nd | 100 (n = 1) | 100 (n = 1) | 100 (n = 1) | 0 (n = 1) |
Acinetobacter baumannii
| 2/2.7% | 1/2% | nd | 0 (n = 1) | nd | 0 (n = 1) | 100 (n = 1) | 0 (n = 1) | 0 (n = 1) |
Ralstonia pickettii
| - | 1/2% | 100 (n = 1) | nd | 0 (n = 1) | 0 (n = 1) | 100 (n = 1) | 100 (n = 1) | nd |
Unidentified gram negative bacilli | - | 1/2% | nd | nd | nd | 100 (n = 1) | 100 (n = 1) | 0 (n = 1) | 100 (n = 1) |
Gram positive bacilli | 10/13.7% | 7/14% | 100 (n = 2) | 86 (n = 7) | nd | 57 (n = 7) | 57 (n = 7) | 86 (n = 7) | 100 (n = 6) |
Corynebacterium species | 6/8.2% | 7/14% | 100 (n = 2) | 86 (n = 7) | nd | 57 (n = 7) | 57 (n = 7) | 86 (n = 7) | 100 (n = 6) |
Acid-fast organism | 15/20.5% | 9/18% | 89 (n = 9) | 22.22 (n = 9) | 0 (n = 4) | 33.3 (n = 9) | 87 (n = 8) | 89 (n = 9) | 33.3 (n = 9) |
Mycobacterium chelonae
| 6/8.2% | 6/12% | 83 (n = 6) | 33 (n = 6) | 0 (n = 3) | 33.3 (n = 6) | 80 (n = 5) | 83 (n = 6) | 33 (n = 6) |
Mycobacterium fortuitum
| 6/8.2% | 2/4% | 100 (n = 2) | 0 (n = 2) | 0 (n = 1) | 0 (n = 2) | 100 (n = 2) | 100 (n = 2) | 50 (n = 2) |
Nocardia asteroides
| 3/ 4.1% | 1/2% | 100 (n = 1) | 0 (n = 1) | nd | 100 (n = 1) | 100 (n = 1) | 100 (n = 1) | 0 (n = 1) |
Fungi | 11/15.1% | 8/16% | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Aspergillus flavus
| 4/5.5% | 4/8% | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Aspergillus terreus
| 3/ 4.1% | 1/2% | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Dematiceous fungus | - | 1/2% | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Acremonium species | - | 1/2% | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Curvularia lunata
| - | 1/2% | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Antimicrobial susceptibility
Details about the organisms and their susceptibilities from 2003 to 2012 are presented in Table 2. Both gram positive cocci and bacilli were most susceptible to vancomycin (100%). The susceptibility to ciprofloxacin was 85% and 57% for gram positive cocci and gram positive bacilli, respectively. Gram negative bacilli were most susceptible to ciprofloxacin and amikacin (100%) followed by gatifloxacin (69%) and ceftazidime (60%). Acid-fast bacilli were most susceptible to amikacin and gatifloxacin (89%) followed by ciprofloxacin (87%).
Table 2
Comparison of antibiotic sensitivity with previous report from the same institute
Organism sensitive to antibiotic | 2003 to 2012 | 1992 to 2002
[17] |
|---|---|---|
GPC sensitive to cefazolin | 93% | 86.7% |
GPC sensitive to vancomycin | 100% | 93.1% |
GPC sensitive to ciprofloxacin | 85% | 73.3% |
GNB sensitive to amikacin | 100% | 14.3% |
GNB sensitive to ciprofloxacin | 100% | 85.7% |
GPB sensitive to cefazolin | 86% | 85.7% |
GPB sensitive to gentamicin | 86% | 100% |
GPB sensitive to vancomycin | 100% | 80% |
AF sensitive to amikacin | 89% | 80% |
AF sensitive to gentamicin | 89% | 56.2% |
AF sensitive to ciprofloxacin | 87% | 30.8% |
Discussion
In the current study, SB infection is reported in solid silicone explants in contrast to previous studies which were mainly based on silicone sponge explants [1, 18, 19]. The probable reason for this difference is the decline in usage of sponges in the last few decades. The scleral buckle infection rate was 0.2% compared to 0.5% to 5.6% in published literature [5, 8, 14‐16].
It is interesting to note that 18.2% (24/132) of eyes had buckle infection without any buckle/suture exposure. The probable source of infection in such eyes could be organism gaining entry during the surgery and causing a biofilm formation as reported in earlier studies [20]. Biofilm has been demonstrated on the surfaces and ends of solid silicon elements. Ability of biofilm to withstand antimicrobial treatment can lead to persistence of scleral buckle infections [21].
As per the previous reports, 70% to 82% re-detachment of retina occurred within 90 to 180 days following SB removal [9]. In the current study cohort, only two eyes developed retinal detachment after buckle removal, at 7 and 48 months following SB removal. Mean follow-up period was 39.84 months with a re-detachment rate of 1.51% which is less than previous studies [1, 4, 9, 12, 22]. In our study cohort, only 33.33% SB removal were performed within 6 months of buckle surgery whereas in majority cases (66.67%), SB removal was performed after 6 months of buckle surgery. These factors could influence the low incidence of retinal detachment rate observed in the current study.
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In contrast to a study by Wirostko et al. [23], which reported culture positivity of 35%, the current study reports 80.95% culture positivity among the buckles explanted for infection. Compared to the previous report [17], though GPC remained the most common bacteria to cause buckle infection, we observed an increase in GNB isolates (Table 1). The percentage of GNB isolated from 1992 to 2002 was 9.6% (95% confidence interval = 4.72% to 18.5%) and that from 2003 to 2012 was 25% (95% confidence interval = 15.5% to 38.8%) but the difference is statistically not significant as there is an overlap of the 95% confidence intervals. The percentage of acid-fast bacilli and fungi was comparable in both series. When antibiotic sensitivity of microbial isolates of present study was compared to our previous report [17], there was no change in the sensitivity pattern in the last 10 years (Table 2). Since the GPC, GNB, and acid-fast organisms isolated in the cohort (from 2003 to 2012) were most commonly sensitive to ciprofloxacin, it could still remain the first choice of antibiotic in the management of scleral buckle infection until the microbiological validation.
The current study has the significant limitation of any retrospective study. Data such as the size of the buckle, position of Watzke sleeve, and types of peritomies were not analyzed. Number of eyes which underwent cataract surgey after SB surgery and before SB infection were also not analyzed, which has been reported to be an independent risk factor for SB infection [1, 6, 12, 24]. We could not compare the incidence of buckle infection between silicone sponge and explant, as we did not have the information of total number of explant/sponge performed at our institute during the study period.
Conclusions
In conclusion, scleral buckle infection is a rare complication of SB surgery which can present with varied clinical picture. Absence of suppuration or exposure of buckle does not exclude infection. There is no significant change in the microbiological profile and sensitivity patterns in the last decade; therefore, ciprofloxacin can still remain the treatment of choice in initial management of buckle infection. The results represent the experience in a single center in India, and the culture isolates might not be representative of or extrapolated to other parts of the world. Retinal detachment following buckle removal is uncommon and associated with favorable surgical outcome.
Open Access
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https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0
), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
JC and AP facilitated the conception and design. JC, SN, AJ, SRM, and AP made the analysis and interpretation. JC, SN, AJ, AP, SJ, RRP, ANM, and HRW wrote the article. JC, AP, SJ, ANM, RRP, SRM, SS, TD, and HRW handled the critical revision of the article. JC, SN, AJ, AP, SJ, ANM, RRP, SRM, SS, TD, and HRW did the final approval of the article. SN and SRM led the data collection. JC and RRP took the provision of materials, patients, or resources. SN and ANM performed their statistical expertise. JC, SN, AJ, and AP carried the literature search. ANM, SJ, RRP, and TD gave administrative, technical, or logistic support. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.