Introduction
Methods
Location & time | Author | N Cases | N Controls/Cohort | Risk cactors examined |
---|---|---|---|---|
Le vu et al. (1998), Menu-Branthomme et al. (2004) | OS 32, STS 25 | 4,400, 4,400 | Radiotherapy | |
Finland 1953–2000 [7] | Virtanen et al. (2006) | STS & MBT 147 | 295,712 | Radiotherapy |
France 1954–1983 [8] | Rubino et al. (2005) | STS & MBT 14 | 6,597 | Radiotherapy |
Japan 1958–2001 [9] | Samartzis et al. (2011) | MBT 19 | 120,321 | Ionizing radiation- atomic bomb |
USA 1973–1995 [10] | Hwang et al. (2003) | STS 135 | 194,798 | Radiotherapy |
Amsterdam 1984–1996 [11] | Renwick et al. (1998) | KS 99 | 3,443 | HHV8 infection |
Nested Case–control UK 1940–1983 [12] | Hawkins et al. (1996) | MBT 59 | 220 | Radiotherapy |
International-multiple locations ?-1991 [13] | Kogevinas et al. (1995) | STS 11 | 55 | Phenoxy herbicides, chlorophenols, dioxins |
Case–control England & Wales 1968–1976 [14] | Balarajan et al. (1984) | STS 1,961 | 1,961 | Agriculture and forestry occupations |
Sweden 1975–1982 [15] | Wingren et al. (1990) | STS 96 | 650 | Job type, chemical agents, and other occupational factors |
Hoar et al. (1986), Zahm et al. (1989) | STS 228, STS 133 | 1610, 948 | Agricultural herbicide use, tobacco use, medical history, occupation | |
Umea, Sweden 1978–1983 [18] | Hardell et al. (1988) | STS 54 | 311 | Phenoxyacetic acids, chlorophenols |
Uppsala, Sweden 1978–1986 [19] | Eriksson et al. (1990) | STS 237 | 237 | Occupation, occupational exposures, dioxins |
Wisconsin, USA 1979–1989 [20] | Moss et al. (1995) | OS 167 | 989 | Fluoridated drinking water |
Wisconsin, USA 1980–1997 [21] | Guse et al. (2002) | OS 319 | 3,198 | Radium in drinking water |
Washington, USA 1981–1984 [22] | Woods et al. (1987) | STS 128 | 694 | Phenoxy herbicides, chlorophenols, and other occupational exposures |
Victoria, Australia 1982–1988 [23] | Smith et al. (1992) | STS 30 | 60 | Phenoxy herbicides and chlorophenols |
New York & Washington DC, USA 1982-? [24] | Engels et al. (2003) | KS 29 | 57 | Immunologic and virologic factors |
Northern Italy 1983–1998 [25] | Fioretti et al. (2000) | STS 104 | 505 | Menstrual and reproductive factors |
Hoppin et al. (1998), Hoppin et al. (1999) | STS 295, STS 200 & MBT 51 | 1908, 1908 | Chlorophenols and other occupational exposures | |
USA-multiple locations 1984-? [28] | Moore et al. (1996) | KS 21 | 42 | Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection |
Franceschi et al. (1992), Serraino et al. (1992), Serraino et al. (1991) | STS 93, STS 93, STS 88 | 721, 721, 610 | Occupational factors, tobacco, alcohol, drugs, pesticides, and history of infection | |
Manua, Italy 1989–1998 [32] | Comba et al. (2003) | STS 37 | 171 | Residence near industrial waste incinerators |
Uganda 1994–1998 [33] | Ziegler et al. (2003) | KS 117 | 1,282 | HHV8 infection |
Europe-multiple locations 1995–1997 [34] | Merletti et al. (2006) | MBT 96 | 2,632 | Job type and occupational exposures |
Sicily, Naples, and Rome 1998–2001 [35] | Goedert et al. (2002) | KS 141 | 192 | Birth order, sexual history, medical history, and cigarette consumption |
Ecologic France 1980–1995 [36] | Viel et al. (2000) | STS 110 | N/A | Residence near industrial waste incinerators |
Case-series USA-multiple locations 1960–1992 [37] | Cope et al. (2000) | ES 306 | N/A | Hernias |
Bologna, Italy 1981–2001 [38] | Longhi et al. (2005) | OS 962 | N/A | Height, stature, and growth rate |
Location & time | Author | N Cases | N Controls/Cohort | Risk factors examined |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pooled USA, UK, Sweden, Spain, Italy, Germanya 1945–2001 [39] | Mirabello et al. (2011) | OS 1501 | 1,501,000^ | Height at diagnosis, birth weight |
Austrailia and Californiab 1978–1996 [40] | Valery et al. (2005) | ES 138 | 574 | Hernias |
Spector et al. (2009), Von Behren et al. (2010), Ognjanovic et al. (2009), Johnson et al (2009) | MBT 573 & STS 1067, MBT 550 & STS 1054, RS 583, MBT 511 & STS 1000 | 57966, 57966, 57966, 57966 | Birth weight, birth order, parental age, gestational age, and other birth characateristics | |
Meta-analysis USA & Canadac 1980–2002 [40] | Valery et al. (2005) | ES 357 | 745 | Hernias |
Cohort Connecticut, USA 1936–1979 [45] | Tucker et al. (1987) | MBT 64 | 9,170 | Radiotherapy (treatment of primary childhood cancers) |
Case–control Ontario, Canada 1964–1988 [46] | Finkelstein et al. (1996) | MBT 238 | 432 | Radium in drinking water |
North Carolina, United States 1967–1976 [47] | Grufferman et al. (1982) | RS 33 | 99 | Parental smoking habits, maternal age, maternal antibiotic use, and vaccination history |
Northern England 1968–2000 [48] | Pearce et al. (2007) | MBT 245 & STS 320 | 29,520 | Paternal occupational exposure to electro-magnetic fields |
USA-multiple locations 1972-? [47] | Winn et al. (1992) | ES 208 | 395 | Parental smoking habits, hernias, and parental occupational factors |
USA 1972–1997 [49] | Grufferman et al. (1993) | RS 322 | 322 | Parental cocaine and marijuana use |
Los Angeles, USA 1972–1981 [50] | Operskalski et al. (1987) | OS 64 | 124 | Birth length, gestational age and height at diagnosis |
New York State, USA 1978–1988 [51] | Gelberg et al. (1997) | OS 130 | 130 | Birth weight, birth height, and pubertal growth factors |
Hartley et al. (1988), Hartley et al. (1988) | MBT 30 & STS 43, MBT 30 & STS 43 | 146, 146 | Birth weight, pregnancy conditions, antibiotic use after birth | |
Ontario, Canada 1980–1988 [54] | Hum et al. (1998) | MBT 152 | 713 | Parental occupations |
USA & Canada 1983–1987 [55] | Buckley et al. (1998) | OS 152 & ES 153 | 305 | Birth weight, birth height, and pubertal growth factors |
United Kingdom 1991–1996 [56] | Smith et al. (2009) | MBT & STS 251 | 6,337 | Birth weight and gender |
Valery et al. (2003), Valery et al. (2002) | ES 106, ES 106 | 344, 344 | Parental occupation, hernias, and pubertal growth factors | |
USA-multIple locations 1992–1995 [59] | Bassin et al. (2006) | 139 | 280 | Fluoride levels in drinking water |
Schuz et al. (2007), Shuz et al. (1999) | MBT 97 & STS 137, MBT 97 & STS 137 | 2057, 2588 | Birth weight, family size, maternal age, gestational age, paternal smoking, birth weight for gestational age, and other birth characateristics | |
USA-multiple locations 1994–2000 [62] | Troisi et al. (2006) | OS 158 | 141 | Birth weight, birth length, birth order, height and weight at diagnosis, and other pubertal growth factors |
Case-series USA-multiple locations 1972–1978 [63] | Pendergrass et al. (1984) | ES 291 | N/A | Adolescence stature: height and weight |
United Kingdom 1978–1997 [64] | Cotterill et al. (2004) | MBT 720 | N/A | Adolescent height, stature, and growth factors |
Descriptive epidemiology
Race & geography
Genetics
Etiologic studies
Female Hormones and Reproductive Factors (Adult Sarcomas)
Prenatal characteristics (Pediatric sarcomas)
Birth characteristics (Pediatric sarcomas)
Growth and development in early adolescence (Pediatric sarcomas)
Infection (Adult sarcomas)
Job type, industry, and occupational exposures (Adult sarcomas)
Parental occupation (Pediatric sarcomas)
Radiation (Adult & pediatric sarcomas)
Drinking water (Adult & pediatric sarcomas)
Other environmental risk (Adult sarcomas)
Tobacco, alcohol, and drug use (Adult & pediatric sarcomas)
Discussion
Strong evidence of association | Cancer | Suggestive evidence of association | Cancer | No evidence of association | Cancer | Too little evidence to draw conclusions | Cancer |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HIV/HHV8 Infections (A) | KS | Hernias (P) | ES | Menstrual and reproductive factors (A) [56] | STS | STS, MBT | |
Radiotherapy (secondary sarcomas) (AP) | STS, MBT | OS | STS, MBT | RS | |||
STS, MBT | OS | STS, RS | |||||
STS | STS, ES, RS | ||||||
STS | STS | ||||||
History of infection: chicken pox & mumps (A) [34] | STS | ||||||
MBT | |||||||
OS | |||||||
Ionizing radiation -low dose (A) [32] | MBT | ||||||
STS, RS, KS, ES |