Introduction
Event-related brain potentials and components
Methods
Study | Subjects | Paradigm | Results |
---|---|---|---|
[51] | 46 prisoners of war 36 healthy controls | Checkerboard reversal (visual) | Significantly greater P50 amplitude and latency |
[52] | 10 inpatient combat PTSD 5 inpatient alcohol-dependents 5 combat-exposed and 5 combat-non-exposed healthy subjects | Paired click | Diminished P50 habituation in PTSD |
[25] | 13 female with sexual assault PTSD 16 healthy controls | Auditory oddball | No difference in P50 peak amplitude and latency |
[53] | 15 combat veterans 12 healthy control | Paired click | P50 amplitude in response to the conditioning stimulus did not differ. P50 T/C ratio was increased in PTSD subjects. |
[54] | 10 male veteran PTSD + 9 female rape victims matched control groups | Paired click | Decreased P50 gating |
[32] | 29 PTSD nurse veterans 38 non-PTSD | Paired click | Reduced P50 suppression associated with increased severity of general psychopathology, but not with PTSD. |
[27] | 12 urban violence PTSD/24 healthy subjects/12 schizophrenics | Paired click | Higher P50 ratios in subjects with PTSD |
[55] | 27 civilian with mixed types of trauma and 24 control subjects | Paired click | Impaired P50 suppression in PTSD subjects |
[26] | Seven combat veterans with PTSD and 11 matched controls | Paired click | Impaired M50 gating in the right hemisphere in PTSD subjects. Thinner right STG (Superior Temporal Gyrus) cortical thickness was associated with worse right sensory gating in the PTSD group. The right S1 P50 source strength and gating ratio were correlated with PTSD symptomatology. |
Study | Subjects | Paradigm | Results |
---|---|---|---|
[31] | 12 combat PTSD veterans 6 normal controls | Four tones intensity paradigm | No difference in N1 amplitude |
[17] | 20 Israeli combat veterans with PTSD 20 without PTSD | Visual oddball, trauma related non-related neutral stimuli | Combat-related pictures elicited enhanced N1 amplitude in PTSD group. Prolonged N1 latencies and reaction times to target stimuli in PTSD patients. |
[56] | 16 medicated, 9 un-medicated PTSD 10 healthy veterans | Auditory three-tone oddball | Longer N100 latencies in un-medicated PTSD patients compared to the medicated PTSD and healthy controls. |
[51] | 11 prisoners of war | Checkerboard reversal | Larger N75 amplitudes |
[39] | 11 PTSD survivors of a ship fire 9 psychiatric controls from the same ship | Auditory word and non-word oddball | Increased N1 latency to standard tones; Larger amplitude to emotionally meaningful words. |
[25] | 13 females with sexual assault PTSD 16 healthy controls | Auditory oddball | No difference in N100 amplitude and latency |
[28] | 17 civil PTSD 17 healthy controls | Auditory oddball | No difference in N100 amplitude or latency |
[30] | 36 civil PTSD 20 healthy 10 depressed 8 alcoholics | 2000-Hz tone presented in increasing intensities | Increased N100 amplitudes |
[38] | 15 civil PTSD 15 controls | Visual presentation of angry alternating with neutral faces | Larger N110 to the angry compared to the neutral faces in the control group. Smaller and later N100 in PTSD subjects. |
[35] | 10 civil PTSD 10 controls | Auditory oddball | Larger N100 amplitude |
[42] | 19 PTSD 99 Alcohol dependence 16 personality disorder 25 anxiety or mood disorder | Visual presentation of happy, sad, and neutral faces | Larger N1 amplitudes to sad stimuli in frontotemporal leads in PTSD patients. |
[57] | 16 civil PTSD 16 schizophrenia 16 control subjects | Auditory Oddball | No difference in N1 amplitude and latency |
[36] | 14 PTSD [mixed etiologies] 12 controls | Auditory Oddball | No difference in N100 amplitude |
Study | Study Groups | Paradigm | Findings |
---|---|---|---|
[31] | 12 combat PTSD veterans 6 normal controls | Four tones intensity paradigm | Reduced P2 amplitude intensity slope in PTSD subjects |
[25] | 13 female with sexual assault PTSD 16 healthy controls | Auditory oddball | Reduced amplitude and latency in response to deviant stimuli |
[28] | 17 civil PTSD 17 healthy controls | Auditory oddball | Smaller P200 to target and common tones. Earlier response to common but not target tones. |
[30] | 36 civil PTSD 20 healthy 10 depressed 8 alcoholics. | 2000-Hz tone presented in intensity blocks of 65, 72.5, 80, 87.5, and 95 dB (SPL) | In normal subjects, depressed, and alcoholics, there was linear relationship between the tone intensity and P200 amplitude, which was not the case in combat related PTSD subjects. |
[32] | 29 PTSD nurse veterans 38 non-PTSD | Four-tone stimulus-intensity modulation paradigm | Increased P2 amplitude/intensity slope |
[35] | 10 civil PTSD 10 controls | Auditory oddball | No difference in P2 amplitude or latency |
[29] | 7 PTSD motor vehicle accident (MVA) 7 non-PTSD with MVA | Visual presentation of trauma related/unrelated/neutral pictures | Smaller P200 amplitude Larger response to trauma-related images in non-PTSD and healthy controls |
[36] | 14 PTSD [mixed etiologies] 12 controls | Auditory oddball | No difference in P200 amplitude |
[33] | 12 combat exposed veterans with PTSD and 33 without PTSD and their twins | Four-tone stimulus-intensity modulation paradigm | Increased P2 amplitude intensity slope in PTSD veterans. P2 amplitude intensity slopes were related to higher combat exposure, CAPS Total, and re-experience symptoms severity scores in the combat-exposed veterans but not to the remaining PTSD symptom cluster scores or the SCL-90-R (Symptom Checklist 90 Revised) general psychopathology, anxiety, or depression subscale scores. Higher combat-exposure scores, but not CAPS Total or subscale scores, were also related to increased P2 amplitude. |
[34] | 12 PTSD and 12 control survivors of earthquake | Subliminal visual presentation of earthquake-related/unrelated words | Increased P2 amplitude in the PTSD group in response to the trauma-related stimuli |
Study | Study Groups | Paradigm | Findings |
---|---|---|---|
[17] | 20 Israeli combat veterans with PTSD 20 without PTSD | Modified target detection visual oddball paradigm, trauma related non-related neutral stimuli | Accentuated P300 amplitudes to target stimuli in both controls and PTSD patients Enhanced P300 amplitude in response to non-target combat related pictures in PTSD group Prolonged P300 latencies and reaction times to target stimuli were prolonged in PTSD subjects Increased latency in response to trauma-related stimuli in PTSD subjects |
[50] | 20 Israeli veterans with PTSD 20 without PTSD | Modified target detection visual oddball paradigm, trauma related, unrelated, neutral pictures | Smaller response to non-target images in the control, but equal responses to both target and non-target stimuli in the PTSD group No group difference for the target stimuli, but larger response to the non-target in the PTSD group. P300 could correctly classify 90% of PTSD and 90% of non-PTSD subjects. Increased latency of P300 response to combat-related images in relation with the severity of intrusive symptoms. This relation was negative between the P300 latency and severity of avoidance. |
[58] | 20 PTSD combat veterans 20 non-PTSD combat veterans | Target detection oddball, traumatic/neutral stimuli | Larger P300 amplitude in the PTSD group No difference inP300 amplitude between the target and non-target in the PTSD group; higher amplitude in response to the target stimuli in the control group. Earlier and 5 times greater P300 response to combat related pictures in PTSD patients. Repeated combat related pictures resulted in a rapid P300 amplitude reduction and latency prolongation. This effect was not observed for the target stimuli. |
[59] | 19 civil PTSD 17 subjects with numerous life events 18 without life events | Auditory oddball | Longer reaction times and lower amplitude P300 response |
[60] | 8 PTSD 8 non-PTSD combat veterans | Visual presentation of a sequence of trauma related and unrelated words | Newly identified P300tr component was suppressed to all stimuli in PTSD subjects |
[43] | 34 PTSD [25 male veterans/9 female victims of rape] 18 non-PTSD [10/8 from the same groups] | Auditory three-tone oddball | Smaller P300 response to the target tone. For women group, it was also smaller in response to the distracter tones. |
[41] | 9 PTSD [assault, rape, MVA, combat] 10 healthy controls | Modified stroop paradigm, visual presentation of neutral, positive and negative words | Smaller P300 amplitude to neutral, positive, and negative words in PTSD patients. Smaller response to neutral words as compared to positive and negative words. |
[56] | 16 medicated PTSD 9 un-medicated PTSD 10 healthy veterans | Auditory three-tone oddball | Significant decrease in P300 at Pz electrode in un-medicated PTSD group compared to the medicated PTSD and healthy subjects. Subjects with co-morbid panic disorder had the largest P300 amplitudes. |
[39] | 11 survivors of a ship fire with PTSD or near PTSD 9 controls with other psychiatric illnesses from the same ship | Auditory word and non-word oddball | Reduced P300 amplitude to non-words and negative words |
[61] | 25 combat veterans with PTSD/14 without PTSD | Auditory three-tone oddball | Reduced P300 amplitude to the target stimuli. Significant P300 amplitude enhancements at frontal sites to distracting stimuli during the novelty but not during the three-tone oddball tasks. |
[62] | 10 Vietnam war veterans with PTSD 10 without PTSD | Two oddball tasks of visual trauma-relevant and trauma-irrelevant threat (combat, social-threat, household, and neutral words) | Attenuated P300 response to neutral target stimuli Increased P300 amplitude in response to trauma-relevant combat stimuli but not to trauma-irrelevant social-threat stimuli at frontal electrode sites. |
[28] | 17 civil PTSD 17 healthy controls | Auditory oddball | Smaller P300 in PTSD, later at Pz |
[32] | 29 PTSD nurse veterans 38 non-PTSD | Three-tone oddball | Larger target P300 amplitudes in PTSD subjects |
[38] | 15 civil PTSD 15 controls | 20 angry and 20 neutral faces | Slower P270 in the PTSD at occipital electrodes |
[63] | 25 combat PTSD 15 combat-exposed healthy controls | Three conditioned novelty visual and auditory oddball | No significant differences in P300 amplitude or latency regardless of stimulus type (target, novel) or modality (auditory, visual). |
[35] | 10 civil PTSD 10 controls | Auditory oddball | Same P3a amplitude in both groups, but there was a significant post-treatment attenuation of P3a in the PTSD group. |
[64] | 8 PTSD victims of Tokyo sarin attack 13 healthy controls | Auditory oddball | No difference in P300 latency. Significantly smaller P300 amplitudes in subjects with PTSD. |
[65] | 33 civil PTSD 33 matched controls | Auditory standard two-tone oddball | Delayed reduced P300 target amplitude, coupled with slower and less accurate target detection |
[12] | 10 male police/veteran PTSD 10 healthy controls | Auditory oddball | Smaller P550; More false negatives and positives; The higher the anxiety and depression level, the lower the amplitude; Reverse relationship between the P550 amplitude and intrusions. |
[42] | 19 PTSD 99 Alcohol dependence 16 personality disorder 25 anxiety or mood disorder | Visual presentation of happy, sad, and neutral faces | Longer P300 latency to happy stimuli in midline, central, and right frontal leads; Reduced P300 amplitude in response to neutral faces. |
[40] | 16 civil PTSD 15 trauma-exposed without PTSD 16 healthy controls | Modified auditory S1-S2 paradigm | Increased P300 and late positive complex amplitudes to trauma-specific questions; Only the PTSD group showed a differentiation between trauma-specific and neutral questions with respect to P300. |
[66] | 14 PTSD survivors of an air show disaster 15 trauma-exposed subjects without PTSD 15 healthy controls | Visual differential conditioning paradigm with traumatic/neutral pictures | Trauma-exposed subjects with and without PTSD showed successful differential conditioning to the trauma-relevant cue indicative of second-order conditioning |
[57] | 16 civil PTSD 16 schizophrenia 16 control subjects | Auditory oddball | Reduced amplitude of target and non-target P300 responses. Larger reduction in target P300 amplitude in left posterior parietal leads in PTSD group. |
[49] | 37 combat exposed veterans with PTSD and 47 without PTSD and their twins | Auditory oddball | No difference in P300 amplitude; When assessed the un-medicated nonsmoker group separately, P300 amplitude was smaller in the PTSD group |
[1] | 20 un-medicated and 14 medicated PTSD [mixed etiology] 136 controls | 1-back working memory task | Reduced P300 working memory amplitude and delayed target P300 in PTSD. Amplitude reduction and delay of target P300 in medicated PTSD subjects. Little difference between the non-medicated PTSD subgroup and the controls. |
[34] | 12 PTSD and 12 control survivors of earthquake | Subliminal visual presentation of earthquake-related/unrelated words | Increased P2 and P3 amplitude in the PTSD group in response to the trauma-related stimuli |
Study | Clinical scales | Clinical correlates |
---|---|---|
[17] | IES, PTSD questionnaire | Positive correlation between P300 latency at Pz and Cz and the judged severity of intrusiveness measured by IES (Impact of Event Scale). Same applies to the level of intrusiveness measured by PTSD questionnaire. Negative correlation between P300 latency at Cz and severity of avoidance. |
[52] | CAPS | P50 gating correlated negatively and significantly with PTSD subjects' CAPS re-experiencing intensity scores. |
[56] | STAI | Measures of state anxiety (STAI) were significantly related to P300 amplitude at Pz; higher levels of self-reported state anxiety were associated with smaller P300 amplitudes. |
[39] | CAPS | P300 amplitudes to emotionally meaningful words were significantly related to Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale subscales, in particular avoidance and arousal. |
[25] | Mississippi score, STAI | Significant correlation between the magnitude of the MMN at Fz and the Mississippi PTSD Symptom Scale for civilian trauma. |
[53] | CAPS, IES-R | No significant correlations were found between P50 gating and IES-R or CAPS total or subscale scores. |
[28] | CAPS | Significant correlation between the intensity of numbing symptoms (reduced interest, social withdrawal, and emotional numbing) and P300 amplitude at parietal sites. |
[30] | BDI, CAPS | PTSD subjects who showed N100 augmentation and P200 reduction were more depressed than PTSD patients with other patterns. Significant correlations between P200 slope and Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale total score, the Mississippi scale score, and the Hamilton depression score |
[32] | Comorbidity CAPS, PCL-M | P2 slope was positively correlated with PCL-M, CAPS Total, and each of the CAPS subscale scores, indicating that a higher P2 slope was associated with more severe PTSD symptomatology P50 gating was negatively correlated with SCL-90-R Global Severity Index (GSI) score, indicating that worse gating is associated with more severe general psychopathology. |
[63] | CAPS, IES-R, BDI, Mood State (POMS) | P300 amplitude to novel auditory stimuli increased as tension score in POMS increased. |
[64] | CAPS, IES-R | Significantly negative correlation between present score of the cluster C of the CAPS (numbness/avoidance) and P300 amplitude at Pz. |
[12] | STAI, BDI (Beck Depression Inventory), CAPS | Negative relationship between P550 amplitude and trait anxiety. Negative relationship between P550 amplitude and depression CAPS scores; negative relationship between P550 amplitude and intrusions. |
[36] | Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), | MMN was significantly correlated with the total PTSD score. |
[1] | CAPS | Neither P300 nor behavioral measures were related to CAPS symptom severity measures. |