Introduction
Methods
Patients
Demographic and baseline data
Outcome measures
Primary outcome
Secondary outcomes
Statistical analysis
Results
Demographic information
Dizziness Present (N = 177) | Dizziness Absent (N = 226) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender: % Female | 75% | 58% |
0.001
|
Percentage Smokers: Yes | 27% | 18% |
0.04
|
Pain medication: Yes | 28% | 30% | 0.74 |
Trauma onset: Yes | 15% | 19% | 0.32 |
Duration of complaint: Acute =< 4 Wks | 35% | 38.% | 0.71 |
Subacute = 4 – 12 Wks | 19.% | 19% | |
Chronic = > 12 Wks | 46% | 44% | |
General Health: | Good = 54% | Good = 61% | 0.35 |
Average = 41% | Average = 35% | ||
Poor = 5% | Poor = 4% | ||
Previous Episodes: | |||
None | 43% | 45% | 0.65 |
1-3 | 15% | 16% | |
4 or More | 41% | 39% | |
Mean (+/−SD) (N = 177)
|
Mean (+/−SD) (N = 226)
| ||
Age | 41.3 (14.1) | 42.9 (14.1) | 0.28 |
Baseline Neck Pain NRS score (current) | 6.3 (2.4) | 5.7 (2.3) |
0.011
|
Baseline Arm Pain NRS Score | 2.9 (3.1) | 1.8 (2.2) |
0.0001
|
BQN 1 Pain (average past week) | 6.0 (2.4) | 5.6 (2.3) | 0.052 |
BQN 2 Disability (ADL) | 4.9 (3.0) | 3.9 (2.7) |
0.001
|
BQN 3 Disability (social activities) | 4.2 (3.1) | 3.2 (3.0) |
0.002
|
BQN 4 Anxiety | 6.3 (2.5) | 5.2 (2.8) |
0.0001
|
BQN 5 Depression | 4.8 (3.1) | 2.9 (3.0) |
0.0001
|
BQN 6 Work, Fear Avoidance | 5.4 (2.9) | 4.2 (3.0) |
0.0001
|
BQN 7 Locus of Control | 5.4 (2.8) | 4.7 (2.9) |
0.03
|
BQN Total | 36.4 (15.6) | 29.9 (14.7) |
0.0001
|
Baseline pain and disability differences
Primary outcome - clinically relevant ‘Improvement’
Dizziness Present (N = 177) | Dizziness Absent (N = 228) | |
---|---|---|
1 Month % ‘Improved’ for neck pain
| 72% | 73% |
1 Month % ‘Improved’ for Dizziness
| 50% | |
3 Months % ‘Improved’ for neck pain
| 81% | 81% |
3 Months % ‘Improved’ for Dizziness
| 81% | |
6 Months % ‘Improved’ for neck pain
| 80% | 78% |
6 Months % ‘Improved’ for Dizziness
| 80% |
Dizziness Present (N = 141) | Dizziness Absent (N = 199) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean Change ( Δ) Score (95% CI)Mean Scale Score (+/−SD) | Mean Change (Δ) Score (95% CI)Mean Scale Score (+/−SD) | ||
1 Month PGIC (neck pain) score | 1.9 (1.2) | 2.0 (1.2) | 0.85 |
1 Month PGIC (dizziness) score | 2.1 (1.3) | 2.3 (1.4) | 0.39 |
1 Month Neck Pain NRS Δ score (current) |
3.1 (2.6-3.9)
|
2.8 (2.4-3.2)
|
0.33
|
1 Month mean score | 3.1 (2.2) | 2.9 (2.4) | 0.34 |
1 Month Arm Pain NRS Δ score |
1.4 (0.9-1.9)
|
0.8 (0.5-1.1)
|
0.04*
|
1 Month mean score | 1.6 (2.3) | 1.0 (1.8) | 0.003* |
BQN 1 Pain Δ (average past week) |
2.7 (2.8-3.2)
|
2.7 (2.3-3.0)
|
0.96
|
BQN 1 mean score | 3.3 (2.17) | 2.8 (2.2) | 0.09 |
BQN 2 Disability Δ (ADL) |
2.6 (2.1-3.1)
|
2.1 (1.7-2.6)
|
0.21
|
BQN 2 mean score | 2.1 (2.5) | 1.6 (2.4) | 0.08 |
BQN 3 Disability Δ (social activities) |
2.5 (1.9-3.1)
|
2.0 (1.6-2.5)
|
0.20
|
BQ 3 mean score | 1.6 (2.5) | 1.1 (2.3) | 0.03* |
BQN 4 Anxiety Δ |
3.0 (2.5-3.6)
|
2.7 (2.3-3.2)
|
0.37
|
BQN 4 mean score | 3.0 (2.9) | 2.5 (2.7) | 0.06 |
BQN 5 Depression Δ |
2.8 (2.3-3.4)
|
1.6 (1.2-2.0)
|
0.001*
|
BQN 5 mean score | 1.9 (2.7) | 1.2 (2.2) | 0.02* |
BQN 6 Work, Fear Avoidance Δ |
2.4 (1.9-3.0)
|
1.4 (0.7-2.1)
|
0.03*
|
BQN mean score | 2.7 (2.8) | 2.8 (4.1) | 0.94 |
BQN 7 Locus of Control Δ |
2.0 (1.4-2.6)
|
1.2 (0.7-1.8)
|
0.06
|
BQN 7 mean score | 3.4 (2.8) | 3.4 (3.4) | 0.97 |
BQN Total Δ |
17.6 (14.7-20.6)
|
14.2 (11.8-16.5)
|
0.08
|
BQN Total mean score | 17.8 (14.5) | 15.1 (13.8) | 0.09 |
Dizziness Present (N = 129) | Dizziness Absent (N = 184) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean Change ( Δ) Score (95% CI)Mean Scale Score (+/−SD) | Mean Change ( Δ) Score (95% CI)Mean Scale Score (+/−SD) | ||
3 Months PGIC (neck pain) score | 1.8 (1.2) | 1.7 (1.1) | 0.64 |
3 Months PGIC (dizziness) score | 1.8 (1.3) | 2.0 (1.6) | 0.51 |
3 Months Neck Pain NRS Δ score (current) |
3.5 (3.0-4.0)
|
3.5 (3.1-3.9)
|
0.88
|
3 Months mean score | 2.5 (2.4) | 2.3 (2.2) | 0.30 |
3 Months Arm Pain NRS Δ score |
1.7 (1.2-2.3)
|
1.1 (0.8-1.5)
|
0.06
|
3 Months mean score | 1.0 (1.7) | 0.8 (1.8) | 0.27 |
BQN 1 Pain Δ (average past week) |
3.1 (2.6-3.7)
|
3.2 (2.8-3.6)
|
0.75
|
BQN1 mean score | 2.6 (2.3) | 2.4 (2.3) | 0.30 |
BQN 2 Disability Δ (ADL) |
3.4 (2.8-4.0)
|
2.8 (2.3-3-2)
|
0.07
|
BQN 2 mean score | 1.3 (2.0) | 1.1 (1.9) | 0.31 |
BQN 3 Disability Δ (social activities) |
3.1 (2.5-3.7)
|
2.8 (2.4-3-2)
|
0.41
|
BQN 3 mean score | 0.8 (1.9) | 0.4 (1.4) | 0.03* |
BQN 4 Anxiety Δ |
3.9 (3.3-4.5)
|
3.5 (3.0-4.0)
|
0.31
|
BQN 4 mean score | 2.3 (2.6) | 1.7 (2.4) | 0.07 |
BQN 5 Depression Δ |
3.3 (2.7-3.9)
|
2.2 (1.8-2.6)
|
0.003*
|
BQN 5 mean score | 1.4 (2.3) | 0.8 (1.7) | 0.02* |
BQN 6 Work, Fear Avoidance Δ |
3.1 (2.5-3.7)
|
2.2 (1.7-2.6)
|
0.03*
|
BQN 6 mean score | 2.0 (2.7) | 2.0 (2.7) | 0.97 |
BQN 7 Locus of Control Δ |
2.8 (2.1-3.5)
|
2.1 (1.6-2.7)
|
0.14
|
BQN 7 mean score | 2.6 (2.9) | 2.7 (3.1) | 0.69 |
BQN Total Δ |
22.2 (18.8-25.5)
|
19.3 (16.9-21-6)
|
0.16
|
BQN Total mean | 12.8 (13.2) | 11.0 (11.3) | 0.17 |
Dizziness Present (N = 121) | Dizziness Absent (N = 176) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean Change ( Δ) Score (95% CI)Mean Scale Score (+/−SD) | Mean Change ( Δ) Score (95% CI)Mean Scale Score (+/−SD) | ||
6 Months PGIC (neck pain) score | 1.7 (1.1) | 1.7 (1.2) | 0.93 |
6 Months PGIC (dizziness) score | 1.8 (1.0) | 1.9 (1.2) | 0.42 |
6 Months Neck Pain NRS Δ score (current) |
3.6 (3.1-4.2)
|
3.6 (3.2-4.0)
|
0.83
|
6 Months mean score | 2.5 (2.4) | 2.1 (2.2) | 0.10 |
6 Months Arm Pain NRS Δ score |
1.9 (1.3-2.4)
|
1.3 (1.0-1.6)
|
0.07
|
6 Months mean score | 1.0 (2.1) | 0.6 (1.6) | 0.07 |
BQN 1 Pain Δ (average past week) |
3.3 (2.8-3.8)
|
3.3 (2.9-3.7)
|
0.90
|
BQN 1 mean score | 2.5 (2.4) | 2.2 (2.2) | 0.30 |
BQN 2 Disability Δ (ADL) |
3.6 (3.0-4.1)
|
2.7 (2.3-3.2)
|
0.02*
|
BQN 2 mean score | 1.2 (1.8) | 1.0 (2.0) | 0.56 |
BQN 3 Disability Δ (social activities) |
3.2 (2.7-3.8)
|
2.5 (2.0-3.0)
|
0.05
|
BQN 3 mean score | 0.8 (1.7) | 0.6 (1.8) | 0.40 |
BQN 4 Anxiety Δ |
4.2 (3.6-4.8)
|
3.3 (2.8-3.8)
|
0.04*
|
BQN 4 mean score | 2.0 (2.5) | 1.9 (2.4) | 0.68 |
BQN 5 Depression Δ |
3.5 (2.8-4.1)
|
2.0 (1.6-2.5)
|
0.0001*
|
BQN 5 mean score | 1.1 (2.1) | 0.9 (2.5) | 0.41 |
BQN 6 Work, Fear Avoidance Δ |
3.0 (2.4-3.7)
|
2.3 (1.8-2.8)
|
0.09
|
BQN 6 mean score | 2.1 (2.8) | 1.9 (2.5) | 0.58 |
BQN 7 Locus of Control Δ |
3.2 (2.5-3.9)
|
2.2 (1.7-2.7)
|
0.02*
|
BQN 7 mean score | 2.3 (2.7) | 2.6 (3.0) | 0.40 |
BQN Total Δ |
23.6 (20.4-26.9)
|
18.7 (16.3-21.1)
|
0.02*
|
BQN Total mean score | 11.9 (12.7) | 11.1 (12.1) | 0.59 |
Secondary outcome differences
Gender differences
Females (N = 133) | Males (N = 44) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
1 Month % ‘Improved’ for Dizziness
| 69% | 61% | 0.36 |
3 Months % ‘Improved’ for Dizziness
| 77% | 82% | 0.77 |
6 Months % ‘Improved’ for Dizziness
| 81% | 70% | 0.34 |
Mean (+/−SD)
|
Mean (+/− SD)
| ||
Baseline BQN5 Depression | 4.0 (3.3) | 3.3 (3.0) | 0.03 |
1 Month BQN 5 Depression | 1.7 (2.6) | 1.0 (1.9) | 0.007 |
3 Month BQN 5 Depression | 1.3 (2.2) | 0.6 (1.4) | 0.005 |
6 Month BQN 5 Depression | 1.2 (2.3) | 0.6 (1.5) | 0.022 |