Introduction
Literature search strategy
Ischemic preconditioning
Reperfusion injury
Volatile Anesthetics pretreatment
Model | Anesthetic | Interventions | Mechanism | Length of ischemia | Infarct size | Ref # |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Isolated, perfused rat hearts with IR injury | Sevoflurane | Compound C, MPG | AMPK, eNOS | 35 min | / | [24] |
Isolated human right atrial trabeculae with IR injury | Sevoflurane & desflurane | MPG | ROS | 30 min | / | [26] |
Isolated rat ventricular cardiomyocytes with oxidative stress | Desflurane & sevoflurane | MPG | ROS | / | / | [31] |
Global rabbit cardiac IR injury | Isoflurane | Wortmannin & LY204002 | Akt & Bcl-2 | 40 min | 41% control | [32] |
22% APT | ||||||
Isolated rat ventricular myocytes with hypoxia, hydrogen peroxide or neutrophil exposure | Isoflurane | H2O2 or neutrophils | Akt & Bcl-2 | / | / | [33] |
Inner mitochondrial membranes from isolated human left ventricles | Isoflurane | H2O2, ATP | ROS & KATP channel | / | / | [34] |
Isolated right ventricular rat trabeculae with IR injury | Sevoflurane | KB-R7943 or SEA0400 | PKC, Na+/Ca2+ channel | 40 min | / | [35] |
Isolated guinea pig hearts with IR injury | Sevoflurane | Superoxide dismutase, catalase & glutathione | ROS | 30 min | 49% control | [36] |
25% APT | ||||||
Isolated guinea pig ventricular myocytes | Isoflurane | N-acetyl cysteine, carnosine, superoxide dismutase, & catalase | ROS, sarcolemmal KATP channel | / | / | [37] |
Isolated rat ventricular myocytes with IR injury | Isoflurane | MPG | Ca2+, ROS | 30 min | / | [38] |
Isolated guinea pig hearts with IR injury | Sevoflurane | Chelerythine, PP101, PP149 | ROS, PKC | 30 min | / | [39] |
Isolated rat trabeculae with IR injury | Sevoflurane | Chelerythine, 5-HD, MPG | ROS, mPTP, PKC | 30 min | / | [40] |
Isolated rat trabeculae with IR injury | Sevoflurane | L-tyrosine, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, catalase, & L-NAME | ROS & NOS | 30 min | 50% control | [41]0 |
18% APT | ||||||
Regional rat cardiac IR injury | Desflurane | Calphostin C, PD98059 | PKC, ERK1/2 | 25 min | 57% control | [42] |
35% APT |
Model | Anesthetic | Interventions | Mechanism | Length of ischemia | Infarct size | Ref # |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Isolated rat ventricular myocytes | Sevoflurane & Isoflurane | 5-HD, HMR-1098, diazoxide, chelerythine, 2,4-dinitrophenol | KATP activity | / | / | [17] |
Isolated, perfused guinea pig hearts with IR injury | Sevoflurane | Chelerythine, 5-HD | [25] | |||
Isolated guinea pig ventricular myocytes | Isoflurane | N-acetyl cysteine, carnosine, superoxide dismutase, & catalase | ROS, KATP activity | / | / | [37] |
Isolated rate trabeculae with IR injury | Sevoflurane | Chelerythine, 5-HD, MPG | ROS, mPTP, PKC | 30 min | / | [40] |
Isolated, perfused rat heart with IR injury | Isoflurane | / | mPTP opening, O2 consumption | / | / | [43] |
Isolated, perfused rat heart | Isoflurane | H2O2 | mPTP opening, Ca2+ | / | / | [44] |
Regional rabbit cardiac IR injury | Desflurane | 5-HD | mPTP, KATP | 10 min | / | [45] |
Isolated mice hearts with IR injury | Isoflurane | / | mPTP opening | 30 min | 26% reduction from control | [46] |
Global or regional rat cardiac IR injury | Isoflurane | / | mPTP opening | 30 min | 52% control | [47] |
30% APT | ||||||
Human right atrial appendages after anesthesia | Isoflurane | HMR-1098 | KATP activity | 15 min | / | [48] |
Global or regional rat cardiac IR injury | Isoflurane | 5-HD, TEMPO, L-NAME | KATP activity, NOS | 30 min | 62% control | [49] |
40% APT | ||||||
Isolated, perfused rat heart with cardioplegic arrest | Isoflurane | 5-HD, HMR-1098 | KATP activity | / | / | [50] |
Isolated, perfused rat heart with IR injury | Isoflurane | 5-HD, HMR-1098 | KATP activity, Ca2+ | 30 min | / | [51] |
Global rat cardiac IR injury | Isoflurane & sevoflurane | 5-HD | KATP activity | 10 min | / | [52] |
Isolated rat cardiomyocytes with oxidative stress | Isoflurane | H202, FeSO4, 5-HD, HMR-1098 | KATP activity | / | / | [53] |
Rat ventricular cardiomyocytes with patch-clamp | Isoflurane | / | KATP activity | / | / | [54] |
Isolated, rat ventricular trabeculae | Sevoflurane | Chelerythrine, 5-HD, MPG | KATP activity, PKC, ROS | 30 min | / | [55] |
Global rat cardiac IR injury | Sevoflurane | 5-HD | KATP activity | 25 min | / | [56] |
Isolated, rat ventricular cardiomyocytes | Isoflurane | Chelerythrine, nisoldipine, glibenclamide | KATP activity & PKC | / | / | [57] |
Isolated guinea pig hearts | Sevoflurane | 5-HD | KATP activity | 2 hours | / | [58] |
Isolated guinea pig hearts with patch-clamp | Isoflurane | PP106 (PKC activator), PP93 (PKC antagonist), PP1144 (PKC act), 5-HD | KATP activity | / | / | [59] |
Isolated, perfused rat hearts with IR injury | Isoflurane | 5-HD, diazoxide | KATP activity, O2- | 30 min | 37% control | [60] |
24% APT | ||||||
Isolated, guinea pig ventricular myocytes with patch-clamp | Isoflurane | ATP, pinacidil, 2,4,-dinitrophenol, glibenclamide | KATP activity | / | / | [61] |
Isolated, perfused guinea pig hearts with IR injury | Sevoflurane | MnTBAP, 5-HD | KATP activity, ROS | 30 min, 5–20 min | / | [62] |
Global or regional Rat cardiac IR injury | Isoflurane | Glibenclamide | KATP activity, PKC | / | 58% control | [63] |
42% APT | ||||||
Isolated guinea pig ventricular cardiomyocytes | Isoflurane & halothane | Pinacidil, 2,4-dinitrophenol | KATP activity | / | / | [64] |
Isolated, perfused guinea pig ventricular myocytes | Isoflurane | ADP, nisoldipine, 2,4-dinitrophenol, ATP, adenosine, GTP | KATP activity, PKC | / | / | [65] |
Isolated guinea pig ventricular myocytes | Isoflurane | Genistein & tryphostin B42 | Tyrosine kinase depend KATP | / | / | [66] |
Isolated, perfused rat hearts with IR injury | Isoflurane | Glyburide | KATP activity | 15 min | / | [67] |
Isolated human right atrial trabeculae with IR injury | Desflurane | Glibenclamide, phentolamine, propranolol, DCPCX, 5-HD & HMR-1098 | KATP activity, adrenergic role | 30 min | / | [68] |
Isolated guinea pig hearts with IR injury | Sevoflurane | 5-HD | KATP activity | 4 hours | 36% control | [69] |
25% APT | ||||||
Isolated, perfused rabbit hearts with IR injury | Isoflurane | 5-HD, HMR-1098 | KATP activity | / | 20% control | [70] |
10% APT | ||||||
Participle, isolated rat hearts with IR injury | Isoflurane | 5-HD | KATP activity | 20 min | / | [71] |
Global Dog cardiac IR injury | Sevoflurane | ATP, 5-HD | KATP activity | 15 min | / | [72] |
Isolated, perfused human atrial trabeculae | Isoflurane & halothane | Glibenclamide, DPCPX | KATP activity | 60 min | / | [73] |
Isolated, perfused rat hearts with IR injury | Sevoflurane & halothane | Glibenclamide | KATP activity, | 45-60 min | / | [74] |
Isolated, perfused rat hearts | Sevoflurane | Pinacidil, glyburide | KATP activity | 60 min | / | [75] |
Regional Dog cardiac IR injury | Isoflurane | Glyburide | KATP activity | 5 min, x 5 | / | [76] |
Regional Dog cardiac IR injury | Isoflurane | Glibenclamide | KATP activity | 15 min | / | [76] |
Mechanistic pathways
Clinical research
Cardiac side effects of medical gas anesthesia
Model | Drug(s) | Techniques | Mechanism | Ref # |
---|---|---|---|---|
General anesthesia | Sevoflurane & propofol | ECG | Pwt, QTc intervals & QT | [85] |
General anesthesia | Sevoflurane | ECG | Qt interval | [86] |
General anesthesia | Sevoflurane | ECG | QT interval, Tp-e interval | [87] |
General anesthesia | Desflurane, sevoflurane, propofol | ECG | QT dispersion | [88] |
General anesthesia | Sevoflurane & desflurane | ECG | QTc intervals | [89] |
General anesthesia | Sevoflurane | ECG | QT intervals | [90] |
General anesthesia | Sevoflurane | ECG | QT, QTc, TDR, TdP, Tp-e intervals | [91] |
General anesthesia | Sevoflurane | ECG | QT interval | [92] |