Background
Methods
Eligibility criteria
Search strategy to identify systematic reviews
Selection
Quality assessment
Data extraction
Analysis
Results
Results of the search
Description of systematic reviews included in analysis
Intervention category | No. of reviews included in analysis | Median AMSTAR score (min, max) | Range of publication year | Median no. of included studies within reviews (min, max) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Patient education and support | 21 | 8 (5, 11) | 1990 to 2010 | 21 (5, 82) |
Telemedicine | 10 | 5.5 (5, 9) | 2004 to 2011 | 20.5 (7, 44) |
Provider role changes | 7 | 7 (6, 9) | 2003 to 2011 | 18 (5, 36) |
Organisational changes | 4 | 7.5 (6, 9) | 1998 to 2011 | 7 (6, 23) |
Broad based reviews | 8 | 6 (5, 9) | 2001 to 2011 | 41 (9, 58) |
Quality of systematic reviews included in the analysis
Review | AMSTAR question (Q)* | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 A priori design provided | Q2 Duplicate study selection and data extraction | Q3 Comprehensive literature search | Q4 Publication status as inclusion criterion | Q5 List of studies (include and excluded) provided | Q6 Characteristics of the included studies provided | Q7 Quality assessment | Q8 Quality used appropriate | Q9 Methods used to combine appropriate | Q10 Publication bias assessed | Q11 Conflict of interest stated | Total | |
Patient education and support
| ||||||||||||
Allemann 2009 [26] | y | y | y | n | y | y | y | y | y | y | n | 9 |
Armour 2005 [27] | n | n | y | n | n | y | y | y | y | n | n | 5 |
Brown 1990 [30] | n | y | y | y | n | y | y | n | y | n | n | 6 |
Cooper 2009 [34] | n | n | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | n | n | 7 |
Couch 2008 [35] | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | n | 11 |
Deakin 2005 [36] | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | n | 10 |
Duke 2009 [37] | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | n | n | 9 |
Ellis 2004 [38] | n | y | y | y | n | y | n | n | y | y | n | 6 |
Gary 2003 [42] | n | n | y | y | n | n | y | y | y | y | n | 6 |
Hampson 2001 [45] | y | y | y | y | n | y | y | y | y | n | n | 8 |
Harkness 2010 [46] | n | n | y | n | n | y | y | n | y | y | n | 5 |
Hawthorne 2008 [47] | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | 11 |
Loveman 2003 [52] | y | n | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | n | n | 8 |
Loveman 2008 [53] | y | n | y | n | y | y | y | y | y | n | n | 7 |
Minet 2010 [55] | n | n | y | n | n | y | y | n | y | y | n | 5 |
Norris 2001 [58] | n | n | y | n | n | y | y | y | y | n | n | 5 |
Norris 2002 [59] | y | y | y | n | y | y | y | y | y | n | n | 8 |
Norris 2005 [60] | y | n | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | n | 9 |
Savage 2010 [65] | n | n | y | y | n | y | y | n | y | n | n | 5 |
Valk 2001 [69] | y | y | y | n | y | y | y | y | y | y | n | 9 |
Winkley 2006 [72] | y | y | y | y | n | y | y | y | y | y | n | 9 |
Total (n = 21) | 12 | 11 | 21 | 13 | 11 | 20 | 20 | 16 | 21 | 11 | 1 | |
Telemedicine
| ||||||||||||
Balas 2004 [28] | n | n | y | y | n | y | y | y | n | n | n | 5 |
Farmer 2005 [39] | n | n | y | n | n | y | y | y | y | n | n | 5 |
Liang 2011 [49] | n | n | y | n | n | y | y | y | y | n | n | 5 |
Montori 2004 [56] | y | y | y | y | n | y | n | n | y | n | n | 6 |
Polisena 2009 [62] | y | y | y | y | n | y | y | y | y | n | n | 8 |
Russell 2009 [64] | n | n | y | y | n | y | y | y | n | n | n | 5 |
Shulman 2010 [67] | n | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | n | n | 8 |
Sutcliffe 2011 [68] | y | n | y | y | n | y | y | y | y | n | n | 7 |
Verhoeven 2007 [70] | n | y | y | n | n | y | y | n | y | n | n | 5 |
Wu 2010 [73] | y | n | y | n | y | y | y | n | y | y | n | 7 |
Total (n = 10) | 4 | 4 | 10 | 6 | 2 | 10 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 1 | 0 | |
Provider role changes
| ||||||||||||
Alam 2009 [25] | y | y | n | n | n | y | y | y | y | y | n | 7 |
Clark 2011 [33] | n | y | y | n | n | y | y | y | y | y | n | 7 |
Lindenmeyer 2006 [50] | n | y | y | y | n | y | y | y | y | n | n | 7 |
Loveman 2003 [51] | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | n | n | 9 |
Machado 2007 [54] | n | y | y | n | n | y | y | y | y | y | n | 7 |
Norris 2006 [57] | y | n | y | n | n | y | y | y | y | n | n | 6 |
Wubben 2008 [74] | n | y | y | n | n | y | y | y | y | n | n | 6 |
Total (n = 7) | 3 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 3 | 0 | |
Organisational
| ||||||||||||
Al-Ansary 2011 [24] | n | y | y | y | y | y | y | n | y | n | n | 7 |
Clar 2007 [32] | y | y | y | n | y | y | y | y | y | y | n | 9 |
Foy 2010 [40] | n | y | y | n | n | y | y | y | y | y | n | 7 |
Griffin 1998 [44] | n | n | y | y | n | y | y | y | y | n | n | 6 |
Total (n =4) | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 0 | |
Broad based reviews
| ||||||||||||
Chodosh 2005 [31] | n | y | y | n | n | y | y | y | y | y | n | 7 |
Glazier 2006 [43] | n | y | y | n | n | y | y | n | y | n | n | 5 |
Pimouguet 2011 [61] | n | n | y | n | y | y | y | y | y | y | n | 7 |
Renders 2001 [63] | n | n | y | n | n | y | y | y | y | n | n | 5 |
Saxena 2007 [66] | n | y | y | y | n | y | y | n | y | n | n | 6 |
Shojania 2006 [16] | n | y | y | n | n | y | n | n | y | y | n | 5 |
Vermeire 2005 [71] | n | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | n | 9 |
Zhang 2007 [75] | y | n | y | n | n | y | y | y | y | y | n | 7 |
Total (n = 8) | 1 | 5 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 8 | 5 | 0 |
Synthesis of broad based reviews
Synthesis of results by intervention category
Patient education and support
Review | Qualitya
| Glycaemic control | Vascular risk factor control | Retinopathy screening | Foot screening | Renal monitoring | Smoking | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Process | Patient | Process | Patient | Process | Patient | |||||
Patient education and support
| ||||||||||
Allemann 2009 [26] | 9 | + | ||||||||
Armour 2005 [27] | 5 | + | ||||||||
Brown 1990 [30] | 6 | + | + (Lipids), 0 (BP) | |||||||
Cooper 2009 [34] | 7 | 0 | ||||||||
Couch 2008 [35] | 10 | + | ||||||||
Deakin 2005 [36] | 10 | + | + (BP), 0 (Lipids) | |||||||
Duke 2009 [37] | 9 | + | Mixed (BP), O (Lipids) | 0 | ||||||
Ellis 2004 [38] | 6 | + | ||||||||
Gary 2003 [42] | 6 | + | ||||||||
Hampson 2001 [45] | 8 | + | 0 (Lipids) | |||||||
Harkness 2010 [46] | 5 | + | ||||||||
Hawthorne 2008 [47] | 11 | + | + (Lipids) 0 (BP) | |||||||
Loveman 2008 [53] | 7 | + | + (Lipids, BP) | |||||||
Loveman 2003 [52] | 8 | + | Mixed (Lipids) + (BP) | |||||||
Minet 2010 [55] | 5 | + | ||||||||
Norris 2005 [60] | 9 | Mixed | 0 (Lipids, BP) | |||||||
Norris 2002 [59] | 8 | + | 0 (Lipids, BP) | |||||||
Norris 2001 [58] | 5 | + | + (Lipids) 0 (BP) | 0 | ||||||
Savage 2010 [65] | 5 | + | ||||||||
Valk 2001 [69] | 9 | * | ||||||||
Winkley 2006 [72] | 9 | Mixed | ||||||||
Telemedicine
| ||||||||||
Balas 2004 [28] | 5 | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | |||||
Farmer 2005 [39] | 5 | Mixed | ||||||||
Liang 2011 [49] | 5 | + | ||||||||
Montori 2004 [56] | 6 | + | ||||||||
Polisena 2009 [62] | 8 | Mixed | ||||||||
Russell 2009 [64] | 5 | + | ||||||||
Shulman 2010 [67] | 8 | + | ||||||||
Sutcliffe 2011 [68] | 7 | + | ||||||||
Verhoeven 2007 [70] | 5 | Mixed | 0 (Lipids, BP) | |||||||
Wu 2010 [73] | 7 | + | ||||||||
Provider role changes
| ||||||||||
Alam 2009 [25] | 7 | + | ||||||||
Clark 2011 [33] | 7 | Unclear | + (BP) | |||||||
Lindenmeyer | ||||||||||
2006 [50] | 7 | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | |||||
Loveman 2003 [51] | 9 | + | ||||||||
Machado 2007 [54] | 7 | + | + (Lipids, BP) | |||||||
Norris 2006 [57] | 6 | 0 | + | 0 (Lipids, BP) | ||||||
Wubben 2008 [74] | 6 | + | + (Lipids, BP) | |||||||
Organisational changes
| ||||||||||
Al-Ansary 2011 [24] | 7 | 0 | ||||||||
Clar 2007 [32] | 9 | 0 | ||||||||
Foy 2010 [40] | 7 | + | ||||||||
Griffin 1998 [44] | 6 | 0 | ||||||||
Broad based reviews
| ||||||||||
Chodosh 2005 [31] | 6 | + | ||||||||
Glazier 2006 [43] | 5 | + | 0 (Lipids, BP) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Pimouguet 2011 [61] | 7 | + | ||||||||
Renders 2001 [63] | 5 | + | + | 0 | 0 (Lipids, BP) | + | 0 | 0 | ||
Shojania 2006 [16] | 5 | 0 | + | 0 BP | 0 | 0 | ||||
Saxena 2007 [66] | 6 | + | + (Lipids) mixed (BP) | |||||||
Vermeire 2005 [71] | 9 | 0 | 0 (Lipids, BP) | 0 | ||||||
Zhang 2007 [75] | 7 | + |