Introduction
Alzheimer’s disease
Biomarker sources for AD
Platelets and their implication as peripheral model for neurons
AD platelet biomarkers | Reg. AD | AD | Hedge ES | Controls | Pubmed ID | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
| Age | MMSE | MMSE | Age |
n
| ||||
ADAM 10
|
↓
| 10
a
| 75 ± 8 | 16 ± 5 |
−4.4
| 27 ± 2 | 76 ± 7 | 8 | [30] |
ADAM 10
|
↓
| 11
b
| 76 ± 8 | 13 ± 5 |
−2.6
| 27 ± 2 | 76 ± 7 | 8 | [30] |
ADAM 10
|
↓
| 9
c
| 75 ± 8 | 1 ± 2 |
−2.0
| 27 ± 2 | 76 ± 7 | 9 | [30] |
APP total mRNA
|
↑
| 20 | 78 ± 5 | 17 ± 4 |
1.8
| 29 ± 1 | 76 ± 5 | 18 | [31] |
APP KPI mRNA
|
↑
| 20 | 78 ± 5 | 17 ± 4 |
1.2
| 29 ± 1 | 76 ± 5 | 18 | [31] |
APP 115 kDa protein abundance
|
↑
| 30 | 67 ± 10 | 25 ± 3 |
1.6
| 29 ± 1 | 68 ± 10 | 23 | [32] |
APP ratio 130/106-110 kDa ratio
|
↓
| 30 | 67 ± 10 | 25 ± 3 |
−2.0
| 29 ± 1 | 68 ± 10 | 23 | [32] |
APP ratio 130/106-110 kDa ratio
|
↓
| 12 | 71 ± 2 | 28 ± 2 |
−1.2
| 29 ± 2 | 70 ± 6 | 10* | [33] |
APP ratio 130/106-110 kDa ratio
|
↓
| 33 | 68 ± 6 | 18 ± 4 |
−2.4
| 29 ± 1 | 63 ± 6 | 26 | [34] |
APP ratio 130/106-110 kDa ratio
|
↓
| 32 | 72 ± 10 | 13 ± 7 |
−3.0
| 28 ± 4 | 68 ± 14 | 25 | [35] |
APP ratio 130/106-110 kDa ratio
|
↓
| 85 | 68 ± 0 | 14 ± 7 |
−2.4
| 29 ± 2 | n.a. | 24 | [36] |
APP ratio 130/106-110 kDa ratio
|
↓
| 23 | 74 ± 9 | 19 ± 5 |
−1.1
| 29 ± 1 | 70 ± 6 | 29 | [37] |
APP ratio 130/106-110 kDa ratio
|
↔
| 66 | 77 ± 10 | 14 ± 8 |
−0.1
| 29 ± 1 | 73 ± 11 | 46 | [38] |
APP ratio 130/106-110 kDa ratio
|
↓
| 15 | n.a | n.a |
−1.0
| n.a | n.a | 19 | [39] |
APP ratio 130/106-110 kDa ratio (AChE-inhib.)
|
↓
| 20 | 70 ± 10 | 19 ± 4 |
−0.4
| 28 ± 2 | 70 ± 10 | 10 | [40] |
BACE1-β secretase activity
|
↑
| 86 | 80 ± 7 | 18 ± 5 |
0.6
| 29 ± 1 | 79 ± 8 | 115 | [41] |
BACE1-β secretase activity
|
↑
| 52* | 76 | 25 ± 1 |
0.7
| 30 | 74 | 75 | [42] |
BACE1 whole protein abundance
|
↓
| 15 | 82 ± 5 | 19 ± 6 |
−0.9
| 29 ± 1 | 80 ± 5 | 12 | [43] |
Calcium intracellular
|
↑
| 100 | 68 ± 7 | n.a. |
2.0
| n.a. | 65 ± 9 | 50 | [44] |
Calcium intracellular female
|
↑
| 60 | 72 ± 7 | 18 ± 2 |
1.6
| 29 ± 1 | 70 ± 8 | 25 | [45] |
Calcium intracellular male
|
↑
| 40 | 66 ± 5 | 18 ± 3 |
1.5
| 29 ± 2 | 63 ± 4 | 25 | [45] |
Coated-platelet levels
|
↑
| 10 | n.a. | < 20 |
1.1
| n.a. | n.a. | 19 | [46] |
Coated-platelet levels
|
↑
| 36* | 74 ± 8 | 28 ± 1 |
0.5
| 28 ± 1 | 73 ± 8.8 | 30* | [47] |
Coated-platelet levels
|
↑
| 20 | 72 ± 10 | 23 ± 2 |
0.9
| 30 ± 0 | 74 ± 7 | 40 | [48] |
Cytochrome c oxidase activity
|
↓
| 10 | <60 | n.a. |
−0.8
| n.a | 61 ± 3 | 5 | [49] |
Cytochrome c oxidase activity
|
↓
| 10 | >60 | n.a. |
−1.0
| n.a | 61 ± 3 | 5 | [49] |
Cytochrome c oxidase activity
|
↓
| 20 | 65 ± 9 | 18 ± 5 |
−4.4
| n.a. | 63 ± 9 | 20 | [50] |
Cytochrome c oxidase activity
|
↓
| 22 | 66 ± 9 | 17 ± 8 |
−1.5
| 26 ± 3 | 63 ± 9 | 20 | [51] |
Cytochrome c oxidase activity
|
↓
| 6 | n.a. | n.a. |
−1.3
| n.a. | n.a. | 8 | [52] |
Cytochrome c oxidase activity (Complex IV)
|
↓
| 8 | 78 ± 7 | 17 ± 7 |
−1.4
| 30 ± 1 | 73 ± 5.7 | 7 | [53] |
Cytochrome c oxidase activity (Complex IV)
|
↓
| 5* | 78 ± 10 | 26 ± 2 |
−1.4
| 30 ± 1 | 73 ± 5.7 | 7 | [53] |
GSK3β Ser-9 phosphorylated/total GSK3β
|
↓
| 24 | 76 ± 4 | 19 ± 4 |
−1.1
| 28 ± 3 | 71 ± 5 | 23 | [54] |
GSK3β Ser-9 phosphorylated/total GSK3β
|
↓
| 22* | 74 ± 7 | 26 ± 2 |
−0.6
| 28 ± 3 | 71 ± 5 | 23 | [54] |
Hyperacidification after activation
|
↓
| 19 | 71 ± 5 | n.a. |
4.7
| n.a. | 61 ± 8 | 14 | [55] |
Immunoglobulin
|
↑
| 25 | 78 ± 1 | 21 ± 1 |
2.7
| 28 ± 0 | 71 ± 2 | 26 | [56] |
Mao-B activity (phenylethylamine)
|
↑
| 20 | 81 ± 11 | 5 ± 7 |
1.0
| 28 ± 1 | 80 ± 11 | 9 | [57] |
Mao-B activity (phenylethylamine)
|
↔
| 15 | 68 ± 3 | n.a. |
1.2
| n.a. | 54 ± 2 | 8 | [58] |
Mao-B activity (benzylamine)
|
↑
| 50 | 68 ± 14 | n.a. |
2.1
| n.a. | 64 ± 14 | 50 | [59] |
Mao-B activity (phenylethylamine)
|
↑
| 11 | 65 ± 1 | n.a. |
1.2
| n.a. | 65 | 11 | [60] |
Mao-B activity (kynuramine)
|
↔
| 11 | 64 ± 7 | 14 ± 4 |
−0.7
| n.a. | 64 ± 8 | 11 | [61] |
Mao-B protein abundance
|
↑
| 34 | 79 ± 8 | 5 ± 4 |
1.4
| 28 ± 2 | 79 ± 9 | 34 | [62] |
Mean platelet volume
|
↑
| 126 | 76 ± 7 | n.a. |
0.3
| n.a. | 75 ± 6 | 286 | [63] |
Membrane fluidity
|
↑
| 12 | 72 ± 4 | 11 ± 2 |
1.0
| n.a. | 68 ± 4.5 | 18 | [64] |
Membrane fluidity
|
↔
| 23 | 74 ± 9 | 19 ± 5 |
−0.5
| 29 ± 1 | 70 ± 5.8 | 29 | [37] |
Membrane fluidity
|
↑
| 24 | n.a. | n.a. |
−1.6
| n.a. | n.a. | 36 | [65] |
Membrane fluidity external
|
↓
| 100 | 68 ± 7 | n.a. |
0.3
| n.a. | 65 ± 9 | 50 | [44] |
Membrane fluidity in submitoch. particles
|
↓
| 30 | n.a. | n.a. |
−2.3
| n.a. | n.a. | 30 | [66] |
Membrane fluidity internal
|
↓
| 100 | 68 ± 7 | n.a. |
0.8
| n.a. | 65 ± 9 | 50 | [44] |
Na+/K + −ATPase activity
|
↓
| 100 | 68 ± 7 | n.a. |
−6.0
| n.a. | 65 ± 9 | 50 | [44] |
Na+/K + −ATPase activity female
|
↓
| 60 | 72 ± 7 | 18 ± 2 |
−8.5
| 29 ± 1 | 70 ± 8 | 25 | [45] |
Na+/K + −ATPase activity male
|
↓
| 40 | 66 ± 5 | 18 ± 3 |
−7.3
| 29 ± 2 | 63 ± 4 | 25 | [45] |
NO production
|
↑
| 100 | 68 ± 7 | n.a. |
6.3
| n.a. | 65 ± 9 | 50 | [44] |
NO production female
|
↑
| 60 | 72 ± 7 | 18 ± 2 |
4.5
| 29 ± 1 | 70 ± 8 | 25 | [45] |
NO production male
|
↑
| 40 | 66 ± 5 | 18 ± 3 |
6.5
| 29 ± 2 | 63 ± 4 | 25 | [45] |
ONOO
−
production
|
↑
| 100 | 68 ± 7 | n.a. |
6.8
| n.a. | 65 ± 9 | 50 | [44] |
ONOO
−
production female
|
↑
| 60 | 72 ± 7 | 18 ± 2 |
8.4
| 29 ± 1 | 70 ± 8 | 25 | [45] |
ONOO
−
production male
|
↑
| 40 | 66 ± 5 | 18 ± 3 |
8.1
| 29 ± 2 | 63 ± 4 | 25 | [45] |
Phospholipase A2 activity
|
↓
| 16 | 70 ± 11 | n.a. |
−0.9
| n.a. | 63 ± 10 | 13 | [67] |
Phospholipase A2 activity
|
↓
| 21 | 75 ± 7 | 14 ± 9 |
−1.6
| 28 ± 2 | 73 ± 5 | 17 | [68] |
Phospholipase A2 activity
|
↓
| 11* | 73 ± 5 | 25 ± 4 |
−0.7
| 28 ± 2 | 73 ± 5 | 17 | [68] |
Phospholipase A2 activity
|
↑
| 37 | 73 ± 6 | 19 ± 5 |
0.3
| n.a. | 72 ± 5 | 27 | [69] |
Phospholipase A2 activity
|
↓
| 44 | 75 ± 7 | 19 ± 5 |
−0.6
| 28 ± 4 | 75 ± 7 | 66 | [70] |
Phospholipase A2 activity
|
↓
| 59* | 72 ± 6 | 27 ± 3 |
−0.6
| 28 ± 4 | 75 ± 7 | 66 | [70] |
Phospholipase C delta protein and activity
|
↓
| 10 | 81 ± 1 | 1 ± 2 |
−3.4
| 1 ± 2 | 80 ± 2 | 10 | [71] |
Serotonin [c]
|
↓
| 22 | n.a. | n.a. |
−1.5
| n.a. | n.a. | 20 | [72] |
Serotonin [c]
|
↑
| 57 | n.a. | n.a. |
1.0
| n.a. | n.a. | 20 | [73] |
Tau high molecular weight/monomeric tau
|
↑
| 15 | 81 | 15 |
1.6
| 28 | 68 | 10 | [24] |
TRAP-induced CD62P expression [%]
|
↓
| 23 | 70 ± 8 | n.a. |
−1.2
| n.a. | 60 ± 10 | 17 | [74] |