Background
Methods
Study design and area
Source population
Sample size and sampling techniques
Sample collection and examination
Data analysis
Quality assurance
Ethical consideration
Results
Socio-demographic characteristics of the diabetes mellitus patients
Variable (N = 384) | Total frequency | Percent (%) |
---|---|---|
Age groups
| ||
7-30 | 124 | 32.3 |
31-45 | 103 | 26.8 |
46-60 | 113 | 29.4 |
>60 | 44 | 11.8 |
Sex
| ||
Male | 236 | 61.5 |
Female | 148 | 38.5 |
Place of residence
| ||
Urban | 218 | 56.8 |
Rural | 166 | 43.2 |
Educational status
| ||
Illiterates | 123 | 32.0 |
Able to read & write | 41 | 10.7 |
Primary educ. (1–8) | 123 | 32.0 |
Secondary (9–10) | 39 | 10.2 |
Preparatory(11–12) | 32 | 8.3 |
College and above- | 26 | 6.8 |
Marital status
| ||
Single | 94 | 24.5 |
Married | 226 | 58.9 |
Divorced | 18 | 4.7 |
Widowed | 46 | 12.0 |
Occupation
| ||
Students | 48 | 12.5 |
Farmers | 138 | 35.9 |
G. Employee | 66 | 17.2 |
Merchants | 34 | 6.9 |
Housewife | 31 | 8.1 |
Others | 67 | 17.4 |
Religion
| ||
Orthodox | 347 | 90.4 |
Others | 37 | 9.6 |
Anemia and clinical characteristics of diabetes mellitus patients
Anemia | |||
---|---|---|---|
Variables (N = 384) | Frequency (%) | Yes (%) | No (%) |
Type of diabetes mellitus
| |||
Type 1 | 193 (50.3) | 16 (4.2) | 177 (46.1) |
Type 2 | 191 (49.7) | 57 (14.8) | 134 (34.9) |
Duration with diabetes mellitus
| |||
<5 yrs | 206 (53.6) | 7 (1.8) | 199 (51.8) |
6-10 | 124 (32.6) | 30 (7.8) | 94 (24.5) |
>11 | 54 (14.1) | 36 (9.4) | 18 (4.7) |
Type of treatment
| |||
Lente insulin | 224 (58.3) | 23 (6.0) | 201(52.3) |
Metformin | 160 (41.7) | 50 (13.0) | 110 (28.6) |
Co-existing diseases
| |||
No | 316 (82.3) | 47 (12.2) | 269 (70.1) |
Yes | 68 (17.7) | 26 (6.8) | 42 (10.9) |
Fasting blood sugar
| |||
<126 | 105 (27.3) | 7 (1.8) | 98 (25.5) |
>126 | 279 (72.7) | 66 (17.2) | 213 (55.5) |
MCV
| |||
Normal | 274 (71.4) | 13 (3.4) | 201 (68.0) |
Decreased | 110 (28.6) | 60 (15.6) | 50 (13.0) |
Renal function test results of diabetes mellitus patients
Variables (N = 384) | Frequency | Percent (%) |
---|---|---|
Urine albumin
| ||
Normal | 273 | 71.1 |
Increased | 111 | 28.9 |
Serum creatinine
| ||
Normal | 295 | 76.8 |
Increased | 89 | 23.2 |
Serum BUN
| ||
Normal | 291 | 75.8 |
Increased | 93 | 24.2 |
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
| ||
<60 ml/min/1.73 m | 53 | 13.8 |
60 – 90 ml/min/1.73 m | 48 | 12.5 |
>90 ml/min/1.73 m | 283 | 73.7 |
Bivariate risk factor analysis for anemia among diabetes mellitus patients
Anemia | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Yes | No | AOR (95% CI) | P- value |
Age groups
| ||||
7-30
|
9
|
115
|
1*
| |
31-45
|
9
|
94
|
1.22 (0.47, 3.21)
|
< 0.682
|
46-60
|
35
|
78
|
5.73(2.61, 12.59)**
|
< 0.001
|
>60
|
20
|
24
|
10.65(4.32, 26.23)**
|
< 0.001
|
Place of residence
| ||||
Urban
|
49
|
169
|
1*
| |
Rural
|
24
|
142
|
0.58 (0.34, 0.99)**
|
< 0.049
|
Educational status
| ||||
Illiterates
|
32
|
91
|
1*
| |
Able to read & write
|
14
|
27
|
1.47 (0.68, 3.16)
|
< 0.317
|
Primary educ. (1–8)
|
18
|
105
|
0.48 (0.26, 0.93)**
|
< 0.028
|
Secondary (9–10)
|
4
|
31
|
0.33 (0.11, 0.98)**
|
< 0.047
|
Preparatory(11–12)
|
3
|
29
|
0.29 (0.08,1.03)
|
< 0.056
|
College and above
|
2
|
24
|
0.24 (0.53, 1.06)
|
< 0.060
|
Marital status
| ||||
Single
|
9
|
85
|
1*
| |
Married
|
27
|
199
|
1.28 (0.58, 2.84)
|
< 0.541
|
Div. & Wid.
|
37
|
27
|
12.94 (5.54, 30.20)**
|
< 0.001
|
Occupation
| ||||
Students
|
7
|
41
|
1*
| |
Farmers
|
21
|
117
|
1.05 (0.42, 2.65)
|
< 0.916
|
G. Employee
|
15
|
51
|
1.72 (0.64, 4.62)
|
< 0.280
|
Merchants
|
10
|
24
|
2.44 (0.82, 7.25)
|
< 0.108
|
Housewife
|
4
|
27
|
0.86 (0.23, 3.25)
|
< 0.833
|
Others
|
16
|
51
|
1.84 (0.34, 4.89)
|
< 0.223
|
Type of diabetes mellitus
| ||||
Type 1
|
16
|
177
|
1*
| |
Type 2
|
57
|
134
|
4.71 (2.58, 8.56)**
|
< 0.001
|
Duration with diabetes mellitus
| ||||
<5 yrs
|
7
|
199
|
1*
| |
6-10
|
30
|
94
|
9.07 (3.85, 21.41)**
|
< 0.001
|
>11
|
36
|
18
|
16.86(22.12,145.91)**
|
< 0.001
|
FBS
| ||||
<126
|
7
|
98
|
1*
| |
>126
|
66
|
213
|
4.34 (1.92, 9.80)**
|
< 0.001
|
MCV
| ||||
Normal
|
13
|
201
|
1*
| |
Decreased
|
60
|
50
|
14.09 (12.31, 47.16)**
|
< 0.001
|
Urine albumin
| ||||
Normal
|
3
|
254
|
1*
| |
Increased
|
70
|
57
|
19.93(18.61, 85.72)**
|
< 0.001
|
Serum creatinine
| ||||
Normal
|
7
|
271
|
1*
| |
Increased
|
66
|
40
|
11.06 (15.98, 60.36)**
|
< 0.001
|
Serum BUN
| ||||
Normal
|
5
|
271
|
1*
| |
Increased
|
68
|
40
|
11.95 (11.68, 41.27)**
|
< 0.001
|
GFR
| ||||
< 60
|
51
|
6
|
14.38 (18.23, 89.48)**
|
< 0.001
|
60-90
|
20
|
25
|
8.58 (10.21, 49.94)**
|
< 0.001
|
>90
|
2
|
280
|
1*
|
Multivariate analysis of different variables relation to anemia among diabetes mellitus
Anemia | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Yes | No | AOR (95% CI) | P- value |
Type of diabetes mellitus
| < 0.001 | |||
Type 1 | 16 | 177 | 1* | |
Type 2 | 57 | 134 | 4,71 (2.58, 8.56)** | |
Duration with diabetes mellitus
| <0.024 | |||
<5 yrs | 7 | 199 | 1* | |
6-10 | 30 | 94 | 4.38 (1.22,15.75)** | |
>11 | 36 | 18 | 16.05 (3.92, 65.72)** | <0.001 |
MCV
| <0.001 | |||
Normal | 13 | 201 | 1* | |
Decreased | 60 | 50 | 10.47(3.51, 31.24)** | |
eGFR
| <0.001 | |||
<60 | 51 | 6 | 11.13(2.69, 45.94)** | |
60-90 | 20 | 25 | 4.29 (1.14, 16.13)** | <0.031 |
>90 | 2 | 280 | 1* | |
Serum creatinine
| <0.001 | |||
Normal | 7 | 271 | 1* | |
Increased | 66 | 40 | 8.55 (2.55, 28.62)** | |
Marital status
| <0.021 | |||
Single | 9 | 85 | 1* | |
Married | 27 | 199 | 0.116 (0.019, 0.719)** | |
Div. & Wido. | 37 | 27 | 0.688 (0.109, 4.352) | <0.691 |