Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Arthritis Research & Therapy 3/2006

01.06.2006 | Review

Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs and reproduction

verfasst von: Monika Østensen, Munther Khamashta, Michael Lockshin, Ann Parke, Antonio Brucato, Howard Carp, Andrea Doria, Raj Rai, Pierluigi Meroni, Irene Cetin, Ronald Derksen, Ware Branch, Mario Motta, Caroline Gordon, Guillermo Ruiz-Irastorza, Arsenio Spinillo, Deborah Friedman, Rolando Cimaz, Andrew Czeizel, Jean Charles Piette, Ricard Cervera, Roger A Levy, Maurizio Clementi, Sara De Carolis, Michelle Petri, Yehuda Shoenfeld, David Faden, Guido Valesini, Angela Tincani

Erschienen in: Arthritis Research & Therapy | Ausgabe 3/2006

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Rheumatic diseases in women of childbearing years may necessitate drug treatment during a pregnancy, to control maternal disease activity and to ensure a successful pregnancy outcome. This survey is based on a consensus workshop of international experts discussing effects of anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive and biological drugs during pregnancy and lactation. In addition, effects of these drugs on male and female fertility and possible long-term effects on infants exposed to drugs antenatally are discussed where data were available. Recommendations for drug treatment during pregnancy and lactation are given.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, Branch DW, Brey RL, Cervera R, Derksen RH, DE Groot PG, Koike T, Meroni PL, Reber G: International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost. 2006, 4: 295-306. 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01753.x.PubMed Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, Branch DW, Brey RL, Cervera R, Derksen RH, DE Groot PG, Koike T, Meroni PL, Reber G: International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost. 2006, 4: 295-306. 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01753.x.PubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Nielsen GL, Sorensen HT, Larsen H, Pedersen L: Risk of adverse birth outcome and miscarriage in pregnant users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: population based observational study and case-control study. Br Med J. 2001, 322: 266-270. Nielsen GL, Sorensen HT, Larsen H, Pedersen L: Risk of adverse birth outcome and miscarriage in pregnant users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: population based observational study and case-control study. Br Med J. 2001, 322: 266-270.
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Chan LY, Yuen PM: Risk of miscarriage in pregnant users of NSAIDs. More information is needed to be able to interpret study's results. Br Med J. 2001, 322: 1365-1366. Chan LY, Yuen PM: Risk of miscarriage in pregnant users of NSAIDs. More information is needed to be able to interpret study's results. Br Med J. 2001, 322: 1365-1366.
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Li DK, Liu L, Odouli R: Exposure to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during pregnancy and risk of miscarriage: population based cohort study. Br Med J. 2003, 327: 368-373. Li DK, Liu L, Odouli R: Exposure to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during pregnancy and risk of miscarriage: population based cohort study. Br Med J. 2003, 327: 368-373.
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Kozer E, Moldovan Costei A, Boskovic R, Nulman I, Nikfar S, Koren G: Effects of aspirin consumption during pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes: meta-analysis. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol. 2003, 68: 70-84. 10.1002/bdrb.10002.PubMed Kozer E, Moldovan Costei A, Boskovic R, Nulman I, Nikfar S, Koren G: Effects of aspirin consumption during pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes: meta-analysis. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol. 2003, 68: 70-84. 10.1002/bdrb.10002.PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Yussoff Dawood M: Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and reproduction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993, 169: 1255-1265. Yussoff Dawood M: Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and reproduction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993, 169: 1255-1265.
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Lewis RB, Schulman JD: Influence of acetylicsalicylic acid, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, on the duration of human gestation and labour. Lancet. 1973, ii: 1159-1161. 10.1016/S0140-6736(73)92934-6. Lewis RB, Schulman JD: Influence of acetylicsalicylic acid, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, on the duration of human gestation and labour. Lancet. 1973, ii: 1159-1161. 10.1016/S0140-6736(73)92934-6.
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Sawdy RJ, Lye S, Fisk NM, Bennett PR: A double-blind ran-domised study of fetal side effects during and after short-term maternal administration of indomethacin, sulindac, and nimesulide for therapy of preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003, 188: 1046-1051. 10.1067/mob.2003.255.PubMed Sawdy RJ, Lye S, Fisk NM, Bennett PR: A double-blind ran-domised study of fetal side effects during and after short-term maternal administration of indomethacin, sulindac, and nimesulide for therapy of preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003, 188: 1046-1051. 10.1067/mob.2003.255.PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Locatelli A, Vergani P, Bellini P, Strobelt N, Ghidini A: Can a cyclooxygenase type-2 selective tocolytic agent avoid the fetal side effects of indomethacin?. BJOG. 2001, 108: 325-326. 10.1016/S0306-5456(00)00071-1.PubMed Locatelli A, Vergani P, Bellini P, Strobelt N, Ghidini A: Can a cyclooxygenase type-2 selective tocolytic agent avoid the fetal side effects of indomethacin?. BJOG. 2001, 108: 325-326. 10.1016/S0306-5456(00)00071-1.PubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Stika CS, Gross GA, Leguizamon G, Gerber S, Levy R, Mathur A, Bernhard LM, Nelson DM, Sadovsky Y: A prospective randomized safety trial of celecoxib for treatment of preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002, 187: 653-660. 10.1067/mob.2002.125281.PubMed Stika CS, Gross GA, Leguizamon G, Gerber S, Levy R, Mathur A, Bernhard LM, Nelson DM, Sadovsky Y: A prospective randomized safety trial of celecoxib for treatment of preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002, 187: 653-660. 10.1067/mob.2002.125281.PubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Cook JC, Jacobson CF, Gao F, Tassinari MS, Hurtt ME, DeSesso JM: Analysis of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug literature for potential developmental toxicity in rats and rabbits. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol. 2003, 68: 5-26. 10.1002/bdrb.10005.PubMed Cook JC, Jacobson CF, Gao F, Tassinari MS, Hurtt ME, DeSesso JM: Analysis of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug literature for potential developmental toxicity in rats and rabbits. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol. 2003, 68: 5-26. 10.1002/bdrb.10005.PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Cappon GD, Cook JC, Hurtt ME: Relationship between cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 selective inhibitors and fetal development when administered to rats and rabbits during the sensitive periods for heart development and midline closure. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol. 2003, 68: 47-56. 10.1002/bdrb.10008.PubMed Cappon GD, Cook JC, Hurtt ME: Relationship between cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 selective inhibitors and fetal development when administered to rats and rabbits during the sensitive periods for heart development and midline closure. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol. 2003, 68: 47-56. 10.1002/bdrb.10008.PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Heinonen OP, Slone D, Shapiro S: Birth Defects and Drugs in Pregnancy. 1977, Littleton, MA: Littleton Publishing Sciences Group, 286-295. Heinonen OP, Slone D, Shapiro S: Birth Defects and Drugs in Pregnancy. 1977, Littleton, MA: Littleton Publishing Sciences Group, 286-295.
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Slone D, Heinonen OP, Kaufman DW, Siskind V, Monson RR, Shapiro S: Aspirin and congenital malformations. Lancet. 1976, ii: 1373-1375. 10.1016/S0140-6736(76)93025-7. Slone D, Heinonen OP, Kaufman DW, Siskind V, Monson RR, Shapiro S: Aspirin and congenital malformations. Lancet. 1976, ii: 1373-1375. 10.1016/S0140-6736(76)93025-7.
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ, eds: Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation. 2002, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 6 Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ, eds: Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation. 2002, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 6
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Källèn B: The teratogenicity of antirheumatic drugs – what is the evidence?. Scand J Rheumatol. 1998, 27 (Suppl 107): 119-124. Källèn B: The teratogenicity of antirheumatic drugs – what is the evidence?. Scand J Rheumatol. 1998, 27 (Suppl 107): 119-124.
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Kozer E, Shekoufeh N, Costei A, Boskovic R, Nulman I, Koren G: Aspirin consumption during the first trimester of pregnancy and congenital anomalies: a meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002, 187: 1623-1630. 10.1067/mob.2002.127376.PubMed Kozer E, Shekoufeh N, Costei A, Boskovic R, Nulman I, Koren G: Aspirin consumption during the first trimester of pregnancy and congenital anomalies: a meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002, 187: 1623-1630. 10.1067/mob.2002.127376.PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Martinez-Frias ML, Rodriguez-Pinilla E, Prieto L: Prenatal exposure to salicylates and gastroschisis: a case-control study. Teratology. 1997, 56: 241-243. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199710)56:4<241::AID-TERA2>3.0.CO;2-1.PubMed Martinez-Frias ML, Rodriguez-Pinilla E, Prieto L: Prenatal exposure to salicylates and gastroschisis: a case-control study. Teratology. 1997, 56: 241-243. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199710)56:4<241::AID-TERA2>3.0.CO;2-1.PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Stanfield KM, Bell RR, Lisowski AR, English ML, Saldeen SS, Khan KN: Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in embryonic and fetal tissues during organogenesis and late pregnancy. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2003, 67: 54-58. 10.1002/bdra.10032.PubMed Stanfield KM, Bell RR, Lisowski AR, English ML, Saldeen SS, Khan KN: Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in embryonic and fetal tissues during organogenesis and late pregnancy. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2003, 67: 54-58. 10.1002/bdra.10032.PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Momma K, Takeuchi H: Constriction of the ductus arteriosus by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Prostaglandins. 1983, 26: 631-643. 10.1016/0090-6980(83)90200-9.PubMed Momma K, Takeuchi H: Constriction of the ductus arteriosus by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Prostaglandins. 1983, 26: 631-643. 10.1016/0090-6980(83)90200-9.PubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Norton ME, Merril J, Cooper BAB, Kuller JA, Clyman RI: Neonatal complications after the administration of indomethacin for preterm labor. N Engl J Med. 1993, 329: 1602-1607. 10.1056/NEJM199311253292202.PubMed Norton ME, Merril J, Cooper BAB, Kuller JA, Clyman RI: Neonatal complications after the administration of indomethacin for preterm labor. N Engl J Med. 1993, 329: 1602-1607. 10.1056/NEJM199311253292202.PubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Vermillion ST, Scardo JA, Lashus AG, Wiles HB: The effect of indomethacin tocolysis on fetal ductus arteriosus constriction with advancing gestational age. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997, 177: 256-261. 10.1016/S0002-9378(97)70184-4.PubMed Vermillion ST, Scardo JA, Lashus AG, Wiles HB: The effect of indomethacin tocolysis on fetal ductus arteriosus constriction with advancing gestational age. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997, 177: 256-261. 10.1016/S0002-9378(97)70184-4.PubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Van den Veyver IB, Moise KJ, Ou CN, Carpenter RJ: The effect of gestational age and fetal indomethacin levels on the incidence of constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus. Obstet Gynecol. 1993, 82: 500-503.PubMed Van den Veyver IB, Moise KJ, Ou CN, Carpenter RJ: The effect of gestational age and fetal indomethacin levels on the incidence of constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus. Obstet Gynecol. 1993, 82: 500-503.PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Norton ME: Fetal effects of indomethacin administration during pregnancy. Teratology. 1997, 56: 282-292. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199710)56:4<282::AID-TERA7>3.0.CO;2-0.PubMed Norton ME: Fetal effects of indomethacin administration during pregnancy. Teratology. 1997, 56: 282-292. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199710)56:4<282::AID-TERA7>3.0.CO;2-0.PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Alano MA, Ngougmna E, Ostrea EM, Konduri GG: Analysis of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in meconium and its relation to persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Pediatrics. 2001, 107: 519-513. 10.1542/peds.107.3.519.PubMed Alano MA, Ngougmna E, Ostrea EM, Konduri GG: Analysis of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in meconium and its relation to persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Pediatrics. 2001, 107: 519-513. 10.1542/peds.107.3.519.PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Hickok DE, Hollenbach KA, Reilley SF, Nyberg DA: The association between decreased amniotic fluid volume and treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents for preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989, 160: 1525-1531.PubMed Hickok DE, Hollenbach KA, Reilley SF, Nyberg DA: The association between decreased amniotic fluid volume and treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents for preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989, 160: 1525-1531.PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat van der Heijden B, Gubler MC: Renal failure in the neonate associated with in utero exposure to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Pediatr Nephrol. 1995, 9: 675-10.1007/BF00860975.PubMed van der Heijden B, Gubler MC: Renal failure in the neonate associated with in utero exposure to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Pediatr Nephrol. 1995, 9: 675-10.1007/BF00860975.PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Llanas B, Cavert MH, Apere H, Demarquez JL: Les effets sec-ondaires du ketoprofène après exposition intra-utérine. Intérêt du dosage plasmatique. Arch Pediatr. 1996, 3: 248-253. 10.1016/0929-693X(96)81303-0.PubMed Llanas B, Cavert MH, Apere H, Demarquez JL: Les effets sec-ondaires du ketoprofène après exposition intra-utérine. Intérêt du dosage plasmatique. Arch Pediatr. 1996, 3: 248-253. 10.1016/0929-693X(96)81303-0.PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Peruzzi L, Gianooglio B, Porcellini G, Conti G, Amoro A, Coppo R: Neonatal chronic kidney failure associated with cyclooxy-genase-2 inhibitors administered during pregnancy. Minerva Uro Nefrol. 2001, 53: 113-116. Peruzzi L, Gianooglio B, Porcellini G, Conti G, Amoro A, Coppo R: Neonatal chronic kidney failure associated with cyclooxy-genase-2 inhibitors administered during pregnancy. Minerva Uro Nefrol. 2001, 53: 113-116.
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Stuart MJ, Gross SJ, Elrad H, Graeber JE: Effects of acetylsali-cylic-acid ingestion on maternal and neonatal hemostasis. N Engl J Med. 1982, 307: 909-912.PubMed Stuart MJ, Gross SJ, Elrad H, Graeber JE: Effects of acetylsali-cylic-acid ingestion on maternal and neonatal hemostasis. N Engl J Med. 1982, 307: 909-912.PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Hertz-Picciotto I, Hopenhayn-Rich C, Golub M, Hooper K: The risks and benefit of taking aspirin during pregnancy. Epidemiol Rev. 1990, 12: 108-148.PubMed Hertz-Picciotto I, Hopenhayn-Rich C, Golub M, Hooper K: The risks and benefit of taking aspirin during pregnancy. Epidemiol Rev. 1990, 12: 108-148.PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Di Sessa TG, Moretti ML, Khoury A, Pulliam DA, Arheart KL, Sibai BM: Cardiac function in fetuses and newborns exposed to low-dose aspirin during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994, 171: 892-900.PubMed Di Sessa TG, Moretti ML, Khoury A, Pulliam DA, Arheart KL, Sibai BM: Cardiac function in fetuses and newborns exposed to low-dose aspirin during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994, 171: 892-900.PubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Leonhardt A, Bernert S, Watzer B, Schmitz-Ziegler G, Seyberth HW: Low-dose aspirin in pregnancy: maternal and neonatal aspirin concentrations and neonatal prostanoid formation. Pediatrics. 2003, 111: e77-e81. 10.1542/peds.111.1.e77.PubMed Leonhardt A, Bernert S, Watzer B, Schmitz-Ziegler G, Seyberth HW: Low-dose aspirin in pregnancy: maternal and neonatal aspirin concentrations and neonatal prostanoid formation. Pediatrics. 2003, 111: e77-e81. 10.1542/peds.111.1.e77.PubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Horlocker TT, Bajwa ZH, Ashraf Z, Khan S, Wilson JL, Sami N, Peeters-Asdourian C, Powers CA, Schroeder DR, Decker PA, et al: Risk assessment of hemorrhagic complications associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medications in ambulatory pain clinic patients undergoing epidural steroid injection. Anesth Analg. 2002, 95: 1691-1697. 10.1097/00000539-200212000-00041.PubMed Horlocker TT, Bajwa ZH, Ashraf Z, Khan S, Wilson JL, Sami N, Peeters-Asdourian C, Powers CA, Schroeder DR, Decker PA, et al: Risk assessment of hemorrhagic complications associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medications in ambulatory pain clinic patients undergoing epidural steroid injection. Anesth Analg. 2002, 95: 1691-1697. 10.1097/00000539-200212000-00041.PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Reese J, Zhao X, Ma WG, Brown N, Maziasz TJ, Dey SK: Comparative analysis of pharmacologic and/or geneticdisruption of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 function infemale reproduction in mice. Endocrinology. 2001, 142: 3198-3206. 10.1210/en.142.7.3198.PubMed Reese J, Zhao X, Ma WG, Brown N, Maziasz TJ, Dey SK: Comparative analysis of pharmacologic and/or geneticdisruption of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 function infemale reproduction in mice. Endocrinology. 2001, 142: 3198-3206. 10.1210/en.142.7.3198.PubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Sookvanichsilp N, Pulbutr P: Anti-implantation effects ofindomethacin and celecoxib in rats. Contraception. 2002, 65: 373-378. 10.1016/S0010-7824(01)00322-5.PubMed Sookvanichsilp N, Pulbutr P: Anti-implantation effects ofindomethacin and celecoxib in rats. Contraception. 2002, 65: 373-378. 10.1016/S0010-7824(01)00322-5.PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Mendonca LLF, Khamashta MA, Nelson-Piercy C, Hughes GRV: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as a possible cause for reversible infertility. Rheumatology. 2000, 39: 880-882. 10.1093/rheumatology/39.8.880.PubMed Mendonca LLF, Khamashta MA, Nelson-Piercy C, Hughes GRV: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as a possible cause for reversible infertility. Rheumatology. 2000, 39: 880-882. 10.1093/rheumatology/39.8.880.PubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Uhler ML, Hsu JW, Fisher SG, Zinaman MJ: The effect ofnons-teroidal antiinflammatory drugs on ovulation: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. Fertil Steril. 2001, 76: 957-961. 10.1016/S0015-0282(01)02829-1.PubMed Uhler ML, Hsu JW, Fisher SG, Zinaman MJ: The effect ofnons-teroidal antiinflammatory drugs on ovulation: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. Fertil Steril. 2001, 76: 957-961. 10.1016/S0015-0282(01)02829-1.PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Pall M, Friden BE, Brannstrom M: Induction of delayedfollicular rupture in the human by the selective COX-2 inhibitor rofe-coxib: a randomized double blind study. Hum Reprod. 2001, 16: 1323-1328. 10.1093/humrep/16.7.1323.PubMed Pall M, Friden BE, Brannstrom M: Induction of delayedfollicular rupture in the human by the selective COX-2 inhibitor rofe-coxib: a randomized double blind study. Hum Reprod. 2001, 16: 1323-1328. 10.1093/humrep/16.7.1323.PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Martini AC, Molina RI, Tissera AD, Ruiz RD, DeCuneo MF: Analysis of semen from patients chronically treated with low or moderate doses of aspirin like drugs. Fertil Steril. 2003, 80: 221-222. 10.1016/S0015-0282(03)00550-8.PubMed Martini AC, Molina RI, Tissera AD, Ruiz RD, DeCuneo MF: Analysis of semen from patients chronically treated with low or moderate doses of aspirin like drugs. Fertil Steril. 2003, 80: 221-222. 10.1016/S0015-0282(03)00550-8.PubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Østensen M: Safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatorydrugs during pregnancy and lactation. Inflammopharmacology. 1996, 4: 31-41. Østensen M: Safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatorydrugs during pregnancy and lactation. Inflammopharmacology. 1996, 4: 31-41.
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Spigset O, Hägg S: Analgesics and breast-feeding. Safety considerations. Paediatr Drugs. 2000, 2: 223-238. 10.2165/00128072-200002030-00006.PubMed Spigset O, Hägg S: Analgesics and breast-feeding. Safety considerations. Paediatr Drugs. 2000, 2: 223-238. 10.2165/00128072-200002030-00006.PubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Committee on Drugs. American Academy of Pediatrics: The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics. 2001, 108: 776-789. Committee on Drugs. American Academy of Pediatrics: The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics. 2001, 108: 776-789.
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Derksen RHW, Khamashta MA, Branch DW: Management of theobstetric antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 1028-1039. 10.1002/art.20105.PubMed Derksen RHW, Khamashta MA, Branch DW: Management of theobstetric antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 1028-1039. 10.1002/art.20105.PubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Empson M, Lassere M, Craig J, Scott J: Prevention ofrecurrent miscarriage for women with antiphospholipid antibody or lupus anticoagulant [review]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005, 2: CD002859-PubMed Empson M, Lassere M, Craig J, Scott J: Prevention ofrecurrent miscarriage for women with antiphospholipid antibody or lupus anticoagulant [review]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005, 2: CD002859-PubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Nguyen CM, Harrington RA: Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptorantagonists: a comparative review of their use in percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2003, 3: 23-10.2165/00129784-200303060-00005. Nguyen CM, Harrington RA: Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptorantagonists: a comparative review of their use in percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2003, 3: 23-10.2165/00129784-200303060-00005.
47.
Zurück zum Zitat The Matisse Investigators: Subcutaneous Fondoparinuxversus intravenous unfractioned heparin in the initial treatment of pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 2003, 349: 1695-1702. 10.1056/NEJMoa035451. The Matisse Investigators: Subcutaneous Fondoparinuxversus intravenous unfractioned heparin in the initial treatment of pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 2003, 349: 1695-1702. 10.1056/NEJMoa035451.
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Turpie AG, Eriksson BI, Bauer KA, Lassen MR: New pentasac-charides for the prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism. Chest. 2003, 124: 371S-378S. 10.1378/chest.124.6_suppl.371S.PubMed Turpie AG, Eriksson BI, Bauer KA, Lassen MR: New pentasac-charides for the prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism. Chest. 2003, 124: 371S-378S. 10.1378/chest.124.6_suppl.371S.PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Dempfle CEH: Minor transplacental passage of fondoparinux in vivo. N Engl J Med. 2004, 350: 1914-1915. 10.1056/NEJM200404293501825.PubMed Dempfle CEH: Minor transplacental passage of fondoparinux in vivo. N Engl J Med. 2004, 350: 1914-1915. 10.1056/NEJM200404293501825.PubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Olsson SB Executive Steering Committee on behalf of the SPORTIF III investigators: Stroke prevention with the oral direct thrombion inhibitor ximelagatran compared with warfarin in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (SPORTIF III): randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2003, 362: 1691-1698. 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14841-6. Olsson SB Executive Steering Committee on behalf of the SPORTIF III investigators: Stroke prevention with the oral direct thrombion inhibitor ximelagatran compared with warfarin in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (SPORTIF III): randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2003, 362: 1691-1698. 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14841-6.
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Fiessinger JN, Huisman MV, Davidson BL, Bounameaux H, Francis CW, Eriksson H, THRIVE Treatment Study Investigators: Ximelagatran vs low-molecular-weight heparin and war-farin for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2005, 293: 681-689. 10.1001/jama.293.6.681.PubMed Fiessinger JN, Huisman MV, Davidson BL, Bounameaux H, Francis CW, Eriksson H, THRIVE Treatment Study Investigators: Ximelagatran vs low-molecular-weight heparin and war-farin for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2005, 293: 681-689. 10.1001/jama.293.6.681.PubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Francis CW, Berkowitz SD, Comp PC, Lieberman JR, Ginsberg JS, Paiement G, EXULT A Study Group: Comparison ofximelagatran with warfarin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total knee replacement. N Engl J Med. 2003, 349: 1703-1712. 10.1056/NEJMoa035162.PubMed Francis CW, Berkowitz SD, Comp PC, Lieberman JR, Ginsberg JS, Paiement G, EXULT A Study Group: Comparison ofximelagatran with warfarin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total knee replacement. N Engl J Med. 2003, 349: 1703-1712. 10.1056/NEJMoa035162.PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Benediktsson R, Calder AA, Edwards CRW, Seckl JR: Placental 11b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: a key regulatorof fetal glucocorticoid exposure. Clin Endocrinol. 1997, 46: 161-166. 10.1046/j.1365-2265.1997.1230939.x. Benediktsson R, Calder AA, Edwards CRW, Seckl JR: Placental 11b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: a key regulatorof fetal glucocorticoid exposure. Clin Endocrinol. 1997, 46: 161-166. 10.1046/j.1365-2265.1997.1230939.x.
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Cowchock FS, Reece EA, Balaban D, Branch DW, Plouffe L: Repeated fetal losses associated with antiphospholipid antibodies; a collaborative randomized trial comparing pred-nisone with low-dose heparin treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992, 166: 1318-1323.PubMed Cowchock FS, Reece EA, Balaban D, Branch DW, Plouffe L: Repeated fetal losses associated with antiphospholipid antibodies; a collaborative randomized trial comparing pred-nisone with low-dose heparin treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992, 166: 1318-1323.PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Pinsky L, DiGeorge AM: Cleft palate in the mouse: a teratogenic index of glucocorticoid potency. Science. 1965, 147: 402-403.PubMed Pinsky L, DiGeorge AM: Cleft palate in the mouse: a teratogenic index of glucocorticoid potency. Science. 1965, 147: 402-403.PubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Reinisch JM, Simon NG: Prenatal exposure to prednisone inhumans and animals retards intrauterine growth. Science. 1978, 202: 436-438.PubMed Reinisch JM, Simon NG: Prenatal exposure to prednisone inhumans and animals retards intrauterine growth. Science. 1978, 202: 436-438.PubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Rodriguez-Pinilla E, Martinez-Frias ML: Corticosteroids during pregnancy and oral clefts: a case-control study. Teratology. 1998, 58: 2-5. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199807)58:1<2::AID-TERA2>3.0.CO;2-4.PubMed Rodriguez-Pinilla E, Martinez-Frias ML: Corticosteroids during pregnancy and oral clefts: a case-control study. Teratology. 1998, 58: 2-5. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199807)58:1<2::AID-TERA2>3.0.CO;2-4.PubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Carmichael SL, Shaw GM: Maternal corticosteroid use andrisk of selected congenital anomalies. Teratology. 1999, 86: 242-244. Carmichael SL, Shaw GM: Maternal corticosteroid use andrisk of selected congenital anomalies. Teratology. 1999, 86: 242-244.
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Pradat P, Robert-Gnansia E, Di Tanna GL, Rosano A, Lisi A, Mastroiacovo P, Contributors to the MADRE database: First trimester exposure to corticosteroids and oral clefts. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2003, 67: 968-970. 10.1002/bdra.10134.PubMed Pradat P, Robert-Gnansia E, Di Tanna GL, Rosano A, Lisi A, Mastroiacovo P, Contributors to the MADRE database: First trimester exposure to corticosteroids and oral clefts. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2003, 67: 968-970. 10.1002/bdra.10134.PubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Czeizel AE, Rockenbauer M: Population-based case-controlstudy of teratogenic potential of corticosteroids. Teratology. 1997, 56: 335-340. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199711)56:5<335::AID-TERA7>3.0.CO;2-W.PubMed Czeizel AE, Rockenbauer M: Population-based case-controlstudy of teratogenic potential of corticosteroids. Teratology. 1997, 56: 335-340. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199711)56:5<335::AID-TERA7>3.0.CO;2-W.PubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Fraser FC, Sajoo A: Teratogenic potential of corticosteroids in humans. Teratology. 1995, 51: 45-46. 10.1002/tera.1420510107.PubMed Fraser FC, Sajoo A: Teratogenic potential of corticosteroids in humans. Teratology. 1995, 51: 45-46. 10.1002/tera.1420510107.PubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Park-Wyllie L, Mazzotta P, Pastuszak A, Moretti ME, Beique L, Hunnisett L, Friesen MH, Jacobson S, Kasapinovic S, Chang D, et al: Birth defects after maternal exposure to corticosteroids: prospective cohort study and meta-analysis of epidemiologi-cal studies. Teratology. 2000, 62: 385-392. 10.1002/1096-9926(200012)62:6<385::AID-TERA5>3.0.CO;2-Z.PubMed Park-Wyllie L, Mazzotta P, Pastuszak A, Moretti ME, Beique L, Hunnisett L, Friesen MH, Jacobson S, Kasapinovic S, Chang D, et al: Birth defects after maternal exposure to corticosteroids: prospective cohort study and meta-analysis of epidemiologi-cal studies. Teratology. 2000, 62: 385-392. 10.1002/1096-9926(200012)62:6<385::AID-TERA5>3.0.CO;2-Z.PubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Källén B: Maternal drug use and infant cleft lip/palatewith special reference to corticoids. Cleft Pal Craniofacial J. 2003, 40: 624-628. 10.1597/02-077. Källén B: Maternal drug use and infant cleft lip/palatewith special reference to corticoids. Cleft Pal Craniofacial J. 2003, 40: 624-628. 10.1597/02-077.
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Scott JR: Fetal growth retardation associated withmaternal administration of immunosuppressives. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1977, 128: 668-676.PubMed Scott JR: Fetal growth retardation associated withmaternal administration of immunosuppressives. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1977, 128: 668-676.PubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Czeizel AE, Toth M: Birth weight, gestational age and medications during pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1998, 60: 245-249. 10.1016/S0020-7292(97)00273-7.PubMed Czeizel AE, Toth M: Birth weight, gestational age and medications during pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1998, 60: 245-249. 10.1016/S0020-7292(97)00273-7.PubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmidt PL, Sims ME, Strassner HT, Paul RH, Mueller E, McCart D: Effect of antepartum glucorticoid administration upon neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and perinatal infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1984, 178: 178-186. Schmidt PL, Sims ME, Strassner HT, Paul RH, Mueller E, McCart D: Effect of antepartum glucorticoid administration upon neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and perinatal infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1984, 178: 178-186.
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Cederqvist LL, Merkatz IR, Litwin SD: Fetal immunoglobinsynthesis following maternal immunosuppression. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1977, 129: 687-690.PubMed Cederqvist LL, Merkatz IR, Litwin SD: Fetal immunoglobinsynthesis following maternal immunosuppression. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1977, 129: 687-690.PubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Benediktsson R, Lindsay RS, Noble J, Seckl JR, Edwards CRW: Glucocorticoid exposure in utero: new model for adult hypertension. Lancet. 1993, 341: 339-341. 10.1016/0140-6736(93)90138-7.PubMed Benediktsson R, Lindsay RS, Noble J, Seckl JR, Edwards CRW: Glucocorticoid exposure in utero: new model for adult hypertension. Lancet. 1993, 341: 339-341. 10.1016/0140-6736(93)90138-7.PubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Kraus AM: Congenital cataract and maternal steroidinjection. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1975, 12: 107-108. Kraus AM: Congenital cataract and maternal steroidinjection. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1975, 12: 107-108.
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Coté CJ, Meuwissen HG, Pickering RJ: Effects on the neonate of prednisone and azathioprine administered to the mother during pregnancy. J Pediatrics. 1974, 85: 324-328. Coté CJ, Meuwissen HG, Pickering RJ: Effects on the neonate of prednisone and azathioprine administered to the mother during pregnancy. J Pediatrics. 1974, 85: 324-328.
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Price HV, Salaman JR, Laurence KM, Langmaid H: Immunusuppressive drugs and the fetus. Transplantation. 1976, 21: 294-298.PubMed Price HV, Salaman JR, Laurence KM, Langmaid H: Immunusuppressive drugs and the fetus. Transplantation. 1976, 21: 294-298.PubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat National Institutes of Health: Report of the ConsensusDevelopment Conference on the Effect of Corticosteroids for FetalMaturation on Perinatal Outcome. NIH Publication no. 95–3784. 1994, Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health: Report of the ConsensusDevelopment Conference on the Effect of Corticosteroids for FetalMaturation on Perinatal Outcome. NIH Publication no. 95–3784. 1994, Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Huang WL, Haper CG, Evans SF, Newnham JP, Dunlop SA: Repeated prenatal corticosteroid administration delays astro-cyte and capillary tight junction maturation in fetal sheep. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2000, 19: 487-493. 10.1016/S0736-5748(01)00035-1. Huang WL, Haper CG, Evans SF, Newnham JP, Dunlop SA: Repeated prenatal corticosteroid administration delays astro-cyte and capillary tight junction maturation in fetal sheep. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2000, 19: 487-493. 10.1016/S0736-5748(01)00035-1.
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Matthews SG: Antenatal glucocorticoids and programming of the developing CNS. Pediatr Res. 2000, 47: 291-300.PubMed Matthews SG: Antenatal glucocorticoids and programming of the developing CNS. Pediatr Res. 2000, 47: 291-300.PubMed
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Jobe AH, Wada N, Berry LM, Ikegami M, Ervin MG: Singleand repetitive maternal glucocorticoid exposures reduce fetal growthin sheep. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998, 178: 880-885. 10.1016/S0002-9378(98)70518-6.PubMed Jobe AH, Wada N, Berry LM, Ikegami M, Ervin MG: Singleand repetitive maternal glucocorticoid exposures reduce fetal growthin sheep. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998, 178: 880-885. 10.1016/S0002-9378(98)70518-6.PubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat French NP, Hagan R, Evans SF, Godfrey M, Newnham JP: Repeated antenatal corticosteroids: size at birth and subsequent development. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999, 180: 114-121. 10.1016/S0002-9378(99)70160-2.PubMed French NP, Hagan R, Evans SF, Godfrey M, Newnham JP: Repeated antenatal corticosteroids: size at birth and subsequent development. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999, 180: 114-121. 10.1016/S0002-9378(99)70160-2.PubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Abbasi S, Hirsch D, Davis J, Stouffer N, Debbs R, Gerdes JS: Effect of single versus multiple courses of antenatal corticos-teroids on maternal and neonatal outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000, 182: 1243-1249. 10.1067/mob.2000.104789.PubMed Abbasi S, Hirsch D, Davis J, Stouffer N, Debbs R, Gerdes JS: Effect of single versus multiple courses of antenatal corticos-teroids on maternal and neonatal outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000, 182: 1243-1249. 10.1067/mob.2000.104789.PubMed
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Spinillo A, Viazzo F, Colleoni R, Chiara A, Cerbo RA, Fazzi E: Two-year infant neurodevelopmental outcome after single or multiple antenatal courses of corticosteroids to prevent complications of prematurity. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004, 191: 217-224. 10.1016/j.ajog.2003.12.023.PubMed Spinillo A, Viazzo F, Colleoni R, Chiara A, Cerbo RA, Fazzi E: Two-year infant neurodevelopmental outcome after single or multiple antenatal courses of corticosteroids to prevent complications of prematurity. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004, 191: 217-224. 10.1016/j.ajog.2003.12.023.PubMed
79.
Zurück zum Zitat National Institutes of Health: Antenatal corticosteroid revisited: repeat courses. NIH Consensus Statement. 2000, 17: 1-18. National Institutes of Health: Antenatal corticosteroid revisited: repeat courses. NIH Consensus Statement. 2000, 17: 1-18.
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Urban R, Lemancewicz A, Przepiesc J, Urban J, Kretowska M: Antenatal corticosteroid therapy: a comparative study of dex-amethasone and betamethasone effects on fetal Doppler flow velocity waveforms. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2005, 120: 170-174. 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.09.009.PubMed Urban R, Lemancewicz A, Przepiesc J, Urban J, Kretowska M: Antenatal corticosteroid therapy: a comparative study of dex-amethasone and betamethasone effects on fetal Doppler flow velocity waveforms. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2005, 120: 170-174. 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.09.009.PubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Crowley P: Prophylactic corticosteroids for pretermdelivery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000, 2: CD000065-PubMed Crowley P: Prophylactic corticosteroids for pretermdelivery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000, 2: CD000065-PubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Jobe AH, Soll RF: Choice and dose of corticosteroid forantenatal treatments. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004, 190: 871-885. 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.01.044. Jobe AH, Soll RF: Choice and dose of corticosteroid forantenatal treatments. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004, 190: 871-885. 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.01.044.
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Lodygensky GA, Rademaker K, Zimine S, Gex-Fabry M, Lieftink AF, Lazeyras F, Groenendaal F, de Vries LS, Huppi PS: Structural and functional brain development after hydrocortisone treatment for neonatal chronic lung disease. Pediatrics. 2005, 116: 1-7. 10.1542/peds.2004-1275.PubMed Lodygensky GA, Rademaker K, Zimine S, Gex-Fabry M, Lieftink AF, Lazeyras F, Groenendaal F, de Vries LS, Huppi PS: Structural and functional brain development after hydrocortisone treatment for neonatal chronic lung disease. Pediatrics. 2005, 116: 1-7. 10.1542/peds.2004-1275.PubMed
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Katz FH, Duncan BR: Entry of prednisone into human milk. N Engl J Med. 1975, 293: 1154-PubMed Katz FH, Duncan BR: Entry of prednisone into human milk. N Engl J Med. 1975, 293: 1154-PubMed
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Öst L, Wettrell G, Bjorkhem I, Rane A: Prednisolone excretion in L, human milk. J Pediatrics. 1985, 106: 1008-1011. 10.1016/S0022-3476(85)80259-6. Öst L, Wettrell G, Bjorkhem I, Rane A: Prednisolone excretion in L, human milk. J Pediatrics. 1985, 106: 1008-1011. 10.1016/S0022-3476(85)80259-6.
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Ruiz-Irastorza G, Khamashta MA, Hughes GR: Heparin and osteoporosis during pregnancy: 2002 update. Lupus. 2002, 11: 680-682. 10.1191/0961203302lu262oa.PubMed Ruiz-Irastorza G, Khamashta MA, Hughes GR: Heparin and osteoporosis during pregnancy: 2002 update. Lupus. 2002, 11: 680-682. 10.1191/0961203302lu262oa.PubMed
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Patlas N, Golomb G, Yaffe P, Pinto T, Breuer E, Ornoy A: Transplacental effcts of bisphosphonates on fetal skeletal ossification and mineralization in rats. Teratology. 1999, 60: 68-73. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199908)60:2<68::AID-TERA10>3.0.CO;2-H.PubMed Patlas N, Golomb G, Yaffe P, Pinto T, Breuer E, Ornoy A: Transplacental effcts of bisphosphonates on fetal skeletal ossification and mineralization in rats. Teratology. 1999, 60: 68-73. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199908)60:2<68::AID-TERA10>3.0.CO;2-H.PubMed
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Dunlop DJ, Soukop M, McEwan HP: Antenatal administrationof aminopropylidene diphosphonate. Ann Rheum Dis. 1990, 49: 955-PubMedCentralPubMed Dunlop DJ, Soukop M, McEwan HP: Antenatal administrationof aminopropylidene diphosphonate. Ann Rheum Dis. 1990, 49: 955-PubMedCentralPubMed
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Illidge TM, Hussey M, Godden CW: Malignanthypercalciaemia – in pregnancy and antenatal administration of intravenous pamidronate. Clin Oncol. 1996, 8: 257-258. 10.1016/S0936-6555(05)80667-3. Illidge TM, Hussey M, Godden CW: Malignanthypercalciaemia – in pregnancy and antenatal administration of intravenous pamidronate. Clin Oncol. 1996, 8: 257-258. 10.1016/S0936-6555(05)80667-3.
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Rutgers-Verhage AR, de Vries TW, Torringa MJL: No effects of bisphosphonates on the human fetus. Birth Defects Res A. 2003, 67: 203-204. 10.1002/bdra.10016. Rutgers-Verhage AR, de Vries TW, Torringa MJL: No effects of bisphosphonates on the human fetus. Birth Defects Res A. 2003, 67: 203-204. 10.1002/bdra.10016.
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Siminoski K, Fitzgerald AA, Flesch G, Gross MS: Intravenous pamidronate for treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy during breast feeding. J Bone Miner Res. 2000, 15: 2052-2055. 10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.10.2052.PubMed Siminoski K, Fitzgerald AA, Flesch G, Gross MS: Intravenous pamidronate for treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy during breast feeding. J Bone Miner Res. 2000, 15: 2052-2055. 10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.10.2052.PubMed
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Phillips-Howard PA, Wood D: The safety of antimalarial drugs in pregnancy. Drug Safety. 1996, 14: 131-145.PubMed Phillips-Howard PA, Wood D: The safety of antimalarial drugs in pregnancy. Drug Safety. 1996, 14: 131-145.PubMed
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Amoura Z, Aymard G, Huong DLT, Wechsler B, Vauthier D, Dermer ME, Darbois Y, Piette JC: Evidence of transplacental passage of hydroxychloroquine in humans. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 46: 1123-1124. 10.1002/art.10150.PubMed Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Amoura Z, Aymard G, Huong DLT, Wechsler B, Vauthier D, Dermer ME, Darbois Y, Piette JC: Evidence of transplacental passage of hydroxychloroquine in humans. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 46: 1123-1124. 10.1002/art.10150.PubMed
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Wolfe MS, Cordero J: Safety of chloroquine in chemosuppression of malaria during pregnancy. Br Med J. 1985, 290: 1466-1467. Wolfe MS, Cordero J: Safety of chloroquine in chemosuppression of malaria during pregnancy. Br Med J. 1985, 290: 1466-1467.
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Levy M, Buskila D, Gladman DD, Urowitz MB, Koren G: Pregnancy outcome following first trimester exposure to chloro-quine. Am J Perinatol. 1991, 8: 174-178.PubMed Levy M, Buskila D, Gladman DD, Urowitz MB, Koren G: Pregnancy outcome following first trimester exposure to chloro-quine. Am J Perinatol. 1991, 8: 174-178.PubMed
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Parke AL: Antimalarial drugs, systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy. J Rheumatol. 1988, 15: 607-610.PubMed Parke AL: Antimalarial drugs, systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy. J Rheumatol. 1988, 15: 607-610.PubMed
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Parke AL, West B: Hydoxychloroquine in pregnant patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 1996, 23: 1715-1718.PubMed Parke AL, West B: Hydoxychloroquine in pregnant patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 1996, 23: 1715-1718.PubMed
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Buchanan NMM, Toubi E, Khamashta KE, Lima F, Kerslake S, Hughes GRV: Hydoxychloroquine and lupus pregnancy: review Jof a series of 36 cases. Ann Rheum Dis. 1996, 55: 486-488.PubMedCentralPubMed Buchanan NMM, Toubi E, Khamashta KE, Lima F, Kerslake S, Hughes GRV: Hydoxychloroquine and lupus pregnancy: review Jof a series of 36 cases. Ann Rheum Dis. 1996, 55: 486-488.PubMedCentralPubMed
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Amoura Z, Duhaut P, Huong DLT, Seb-bough D, Wechsler B, Vauthier D, Denjoy I, Lupoglazoff JM, Piette JC: Safety of hydroxychloroquine in pregnant patients with connective tissue diseases: a study of one hundred thirty-three cases compared with a control group. Arthritis Rheum. 2003, 48: 3207-3211. 10.1002/art.11304.PubMed Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Amoura Z, Duhaut P, Huong DLT, Seb-bough D, Wechsler B, Vauthier D, Denjoy I, Lupoglazoff JM, Piette JC: Safety of hydroxychloroquine in pregnant patients with connective tissue diseases: a study of one hundred thirty-three cases compared with a control group. Arthritis Rheum. 2003, 48: 3207-3211. 10.1002/art.11304.PubMed
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Borden MB, Parke AL: Antimalarial drugs in systemic lupus – erythematosus. Use in pregnancy. Drug Safety. 2001, 24: 1055-1063. 10.2165/00002018-200124140-00004.PubMed Borden MB, Parke AL: Antimalarial drugs in systemic lupus – erythematosus. Use in pregnancy. Drug Safety. 2001, 24: 1055-1063. 10.2165/00002018-200124140-00004.PubMed
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Hart CN, Naunton RF: The ototoxicity of chloroquine phosphate. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1964, 80: 407-412. Hart CN, Naunton RF: The ototoxicity of chloroquine phosphate. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1964, 80: 407-412.
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Akintonwa A, Gbajumo SA, Mabadeje AFB: Placental and milk transfer of chloroquine in humans. Ther Drug Monit. 1988, 10: 147-149.PubMed Akintonwa A, Gbajumo SA, Mabadeje AFB: Placental and milk transfer of chloroquine in humans. Ther Drug Monit. 1988, 10: 147-149.PubMed
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Nation RL, Hackett LP, Dusci LJ, Ilett KF: Excretion of hydroxychloroquine in human milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1984, 17: 368-369.PubMedCentralPubMed Nation RL, Hackett LP, Dusci LJ, Ilett KF: Excretion of hydroxychloroquine in human milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1984, 17: 368-369.PubMedCentralPubMed
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Østensen M, Brown ND, Chiang PK, Aarbakke J: Hydroxychloro-quine in human breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1985, 28: 357- Østensen M, Brown ND, Chiang PK, Aarbakke J: Hydroxychloro-quine in human breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1985, 28: 357-
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Klinger G, Morad Y, Westall CA, Laskin C, Spitzer KA, Koren G, Ito S, Buncic RJ: Ocular toxicity and antenatal exposure to chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for rheumatic diseases. Lancet. 2001, 358: 813-814. 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06004-4.PubMed Klinger G, Morad Y, Westall CA, Laskin C, Spitzer KA, Koren G, Ito S, Buncic RJ: Ocular toxicity and antenatal exposure to chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for rheumatic diseases. Lancet. 2001, 358: 813-814. 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06004-4.PubMed
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Motta M, Tincani A, Faden D, Zinzini E, Lojacono A, Marchesi A, Frassi M, Biasini C, Zatti S, Chirico G: Follow-up of infants exposed to hydroxychloroquine given to mothers during pregnancy and lactation. J Perinatol. 2005, 25: 86-89. 10.1038/sj.jp.7211208.PubMed Motta M, Tincani A, Faden D, Zinzini E, Lojacono A, Marchesi A, Frassi M, Biasini C, Zatti S, Chirico G: Follow-up of infants exposed to hydroxychloroquine given to mothers during pregnancy and lactation. J Perinatol. 2005, 25: 86-89. 10.1038/sj.jp.7211208.PubMed
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Cimaz R, Brucato A, Meregalli E, Muscarà M, Sergi P: Electroretinograms of children born to mothers treated with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 3056-3057. 10.1002/art.20648.PubMed Cimaz R, Brucato A, Meregalli E, Muscarà M, Sergi P: Electroretinograms of children born to mothers treated with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 3056-3057. 10.1002/art.20648.PubMed
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Borba EF, Turrini-Filho JR, Kuruma KA, Bertola C, Pedalini ME, Lorenzi MC, Bonfa E: Chloroquine gestational use in systemic lupus erythematosus: assessing the risk of child ototoxicity by pure tone audiometry. Lupus. 2004, 13: 223-227. 10.1191/0961203304lu528oa.PubMed Borba EF, Turrini-Filho JR, Kuruma KA, Bertola C, Pedalini ME, Lorenzi MC, Bonfa E: Chloroquine gestational use in systemic lupus erythematosus: assessing the risk of child ototoxicity by pure tone audiometry. Lupus. 2004, 13: 223-227. 10.1191/0961203304lu528oa.PubMed
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Norgard B, Czeizel AE, Rockenbauer M, Olsen J, Sorensen HT: Population based case control study of the safety of sul-phasalazine used during pregnancy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001, 15: 483-486. 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2001.00962.x.PubMed Norgard B, Czeizel AE, Rockenbauer M, Olsen J, Sorensen HT: Population based case control study of the safety of sul-phasalazine used during pregnancy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001, 15: 483-486. 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2001.00962.x.PubMed
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Mogadam M, Dobbins WO, Korelitz BI, Ahmed SW: Pregnancy in inflammatory bowel disease: effect of sulfasalazine and corticosteroids on fetal outcome. Gastroenterology. 1981, 80: 72-76.PubMed Mogadam M, Dobbins WO, Korelitz BI, Ahmed SW: Pregnancy in inflammatory bowel disease: effect of sulfasalazine and corticosteroids on fetal outcome. Gastroenterology. 1981, 80: 72-76.PubMed
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Järnerot G: Fertility, sterility and pregnancy in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1982, 17: 1-4.PubMed Järnerot G: Fertility, sterility and pregnancy in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1982, 17: 1-4.PubMed
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Nielsen OH, Andreasson B, Bondesen S, Jarnum S: Pregnancy in ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1993, 18: 735-742. Nielsen OH, Andreasson B, Bondesen S, Jarnum S: Pregnancy in ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1993, 18: 735-742.
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Baocco PJ, Korelitz BI: The influence of inflammatorybowel disease and its treatment on pregnancy and on fetal outcome. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1984, 6: 211-216. Baocco PJ, Korelitz BI: The influence of inflammatorybowel disease and its treatment on pregnancy and on fetal outcome. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1984, 6: 211-216.
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Moody GA, Probert C, Jayanthi V, Mayberry JF: The effects of chronic ill health and treatment with sulphasalazine on fertility amongst men and women with inflammatory bowel disease in Leicestershire. Int J Colorect Dis. 1997, 12: 220-224. 10.1007/s003840050093. Moody GA, Probert C, Jayanthi V, Mayberry JF: The effects of chronic ill health and treatment with sulphasalazine on fertility amongst men and women with inflammatory bowel disease in Leicestershire. Int J Colorect Dis. 1997, 12: 220-224. 10.1007/s003840050093.
116.
Zurück zum Zitat Hernandez-Diaz S, Werler MM, Walker AM, Mitchell AA: Folic acid antagonists during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med. 2000, 343: 1608-1614. 10.1056/NEJM200011303432204.PubMed Hernandez-Diaz S, Werler MM, Walker AM, Mitchell AA: Folic acid antagonists during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med. 2000, 343: 1608-1614. 10.1056/NEJM200011303432204.PubMed
117.
Zurück zum Zitat Järnerot G, Anderson S, Esbjörner E, Sandström B, Brodersen R: Albumin reserve for binding of bilirubin in maternal and cord serum under treatment with sulphasalazine. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1981, 16: 1049-1055.PubMed Järnerot G, Anderson S, Esbjörner E, Sandström B, Brodersen R: Albumin reserve for binding of bilirubin in maternal and cord serum under treatment with sulphasalazine. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1981, 16: 1049-1055.PubMed
118.
Zurück zum Zitat Zwi LJ, Becroft DM: Intrauterine aplastic anemia andfetal hydrops: a case report. Pediatr Pathol. 1986, 5: 199-205.PubMed Zwi LJ, Becroft DM: Intrauterine aplastic anemia andfetal hydrops: a case report. Pediatr Pathol. 1986, 5: 199-205.PubMed
119.
Zurück zum Zitat Levi S, Libermann M, Levi AJ, Bjarnason I: Reversible congenital neutropenia associated with maternal sulphasalazine therapy. Eur J Pediat. 1988, 148: 174-175. 10.1007/BF00445938. Levi S, Libermann M, Levi AJ, Bjarnason I: Reversible congenital neutropenia associated with maternal sulphasalazine therapy. Eur J Pediat. 1988, 148: 174-175. 10.1007/BF00445938.
120.
Zurück zum Zitat Esbjörner E, Järnerot G, Wranne L: Sulphasalazine andsul-phapyridine serum levels in children to mothers treated with sulphasalazine during pregnancy and lactation. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1987, 76: 137-142.PubMed Esbjörner E, Järnerot G, Wranne L: Sulphasalazine andsul-phapyridine serum levels in children to mothers treated with sulphasalazine during pregnancy and lactation. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1987, 76: 137-142.PubMed
121.
Zurück zum Zitat Branski D, Kerem E, Gross-Kieselstein E, Hurvitz H, Litt R, Abrah-mav A: Bloody diarrhoea – a possible complication of sul-phasalazine transferred through human breast milk. J Pediat Gastroenterol Nutr. 1986, 5: 316-317. Branski D, Kerem E, Gross-Kieselstein E, Hurvitz H, Litt R, Abrah-mav A: Bloody diarrhoea – a possible complication of sul-phasalazine transferred through human breast milk. J Pediat Gastroenterol Nutr. 1986, 5: 316-317.
122.
Zurück zum Zitat O'Morain C, Smethurst P, Doré CJ, Levi AJ: Reversible male infertility due to sulphasalazine: studies in man and rat. Gut. 1984, 25: 1078-1084.PubMedCentralPubMed O'Morain C, Smethurst P, Doré CJ, Levi AJ: Reversible male infertility due to sulphasalazine: studies in man and rat. Gut. 1984, 25: 1078-1084.PubMedCentralPubMed
123.
Zurück zum Zitat Brent RL: Teratogen update: reproductive risks of leflunomide (Arava). A pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor: counseling women taking leflunomide before or during pregnancy and men taking leflunomide who are contemplating fathering a child. Teratology. 2001, 63: 106-112. 10.1002/1096-9926(200102)63:2<106::AID-TERA1017>3.0.CO;2-R.PubMed Brent RL: Teratogen update: reproductive risks of leflunomide (Arava). A pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor: counseling women taking leflunomide before or during pregnancy and men taking leflunomide who are contemplating fathering a child. Teratology. 2001, 63: 106-112. 10.1002/1096-9926(200102)63:2<106::AID-TERA1017>3.0.CO;2-R.PubMed
124.
Zurück zum Zitat Chakravarty EF, Sanchez-Yamamoto D, Bush TM: The use of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs in women with rheumatoid arthritis of childbearing age: a survey of practice patterns and pregnancy outcome. J Rheumatol. 2003, 30: 241-246.PubMed Chakravarty EF, Sanchez-Yamamoto D, Bush TM: The use of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs in women with rheumatoid arthritis of childbearing age: a survey of practice patterns and pregnancy outcome. J Rheumatol. 2003, 30: 241-246.PubMed
125.
Zurück zum Zitat Polifka JE, Friedman JM: Teratogen update: azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine. Teratology. 2002, 65: 240-261. 10.1002/tera.10043.PubMed Polifka JE, Friedman JM: Teratogen update: azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine. Teratology. 2002, 65: 240-261. 10.1002/tera.10043.PubMed
126.
Zurück zum Zitat Reimers TJ, Sluss PM: 6-Mercaptopurine treatment ofpregnant mice: effect on second and third generation. Science. 1978, 201: 65-67.PubMed Reimers TJ, Sluss PM: 6-Mercaptopurine treatment ofpregnant mice: effect on second and third generation. Science. 1978, 201: 65-67.PubMed
127.
Zurück zum Zitat The Registration Committee of the European Dialysis andTransplant Association: Successful pregnancies in women treated by dialysis and kidney transplantation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1980, 87: 839-845. The Registration Committee of the European Dialysis andTransplant Association: Successful pregnancies in women treated by dialysis and kidney transplantation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1980, 87: 839-845.
128.
Zurück zum Zitat Alstead EM, Ritchie JK, Leonard-Jones JE, Farthing MJG: Safety of azathioprine in pregnancy in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 1990, 99: 443-446.PubMed Alstead EM, Ritchie JK, Leonard-Jones JE, Farthing MJG: Safety of azathioprine in pregnancy in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 1990, 99: 443-446.PubMed
129.
Zurück zum Zitat Moskovitz DN, Bodian C, Chapman ML, Marion JF, Rubin PH, Scherl E, Present DH: The effect on the fetus of medications used to treat pregnant inflammatory bowel-disease patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004, 99: 656-661. 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.04140.x.PubMed Moskovitz DN, Bodian C, Chapman ML, Marion JF, Rubin PH, Scherl E, Present DH: The effect on the fetus of medications used to treat pregnant inflammatory bowel-disease patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004, 99: 656-661. 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.04140.x.PubMed
130.
Zurück zum Zitat Price HV, Salaman JR, Laurence KM, Langmaid H: Immunusuppressive drugs and the fetus. Transplantation. 1976, 21: 294-298.PubMed Price HV, Salaman JR, Laurence KM, Langmaid H: Immunusuppressive drugs and the fetus. Transplantation. 1976, 21: 294-298.PubMed
131.
Zurück zum Zitat Coté CJ, Meuwissen HG, Pickering RJ: Effects on the neonate of prednisone and azathioprine administered to the mother during pregnancy. J Pediatrics. 1974, 85: 324-328. Coté CJ, Meuwissen HG, Pickering RJ: Effects on the neonate of prednisone and azathioprine administered to the mother during pregnancy. J Pediatrics. 1974, 85: 324-328.
132.
Zurück zum Zitat Davison JM, Dellagrammatikas H, Parkin JM: Maternal azathio-prine therapy and depressed haemopoiesis in the babies of renal allograft patients. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1985, 92: 233-239.PubMed Davison JM, Dellagrammatikas H, Parkin JM: Maternal azathio-prine therapy and depressed haemopoiesis in the babies of renal allograft patients. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1985, 92: 233-239.PubMed
133.
Zurück zum Zitat Rajapakse RO, Korelitz BI, Zlatank I, Baiocco PJ, Gleim GW: Outcome of pregnancies when fathers are treated with 6-mercaptopurine for inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000, 95: 684-688. 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.01846.x.PubMed Rajapakse RO, Korelitz BI, Zlatank I, Baiocco PJ, Gleim GW: Outcome of pregnancies when fathers are treated with 6-mercaptopurine for inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000, 95: 684-688. 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.01846.x.PubMed
134.
Zurück zum Zitat Francella A, Dyan A, Bodian C, Rubin P, Chapman M, Present DH: The safety of 6-mercaptopurine for childbearing patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2003, 124: 9-17. 10.1053/gast.2003.50014.PubMed Francella A, Dyan A, Bodian C, Rubin P, Chapman M, Present DH: The safety of 6-mercaptopurine for childbearing patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2003, 124: 9-17. 10.1053/gast.2003.50014.PubMed
135.
Zurück zum Zitat Bennett PN: Azathioprine. Drugs and Human Lactation. Edited by: Bennett PN. 1988, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 286-287. Bennett PN: Azathioprine. Drugs and Human Lactation. Edited by: Bennett PN. 1988, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 286-287.
136.
Zurück zum Zitat Dejaco C, Mittermaier C, Reinisch W, Gasche C, Waldhoer T, MoserH Stroemer G: Azathioprine treatment and male infertility in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2001, 121: 1048-1053. 10.1053/gast.2001.28692.PubMed Dejaco C, Mittermaier C, Reinisch W, Gasche C, Waldhoer T, MoserH Stroemer G: Azathioprine treatment and male infertility in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2001, 121: 1048-1053. 10.1053/gast.2001.28692.PubMed
137.
Zurück zum Zitat Pilarski LM, Yacyshyn BR, Lazarovits AI: Analysis of peripheral blood lymphocyte populations and immune function from children exposed to cyclosporine or to azathioprine in utero. Transplantation. 1994, 57: 133-144.PubMed Pilarski LM, Yacyshyn BR, Lazarovits AI: Analysis of peripheral blood lymphocyte populations and immune function from children exposed to cyclosporine or to azathioprine in utero. Transplantation. 1994, 57: 133-144.PubMed
138.
Zurück zum Zitat Scott JR, Branch WD, Holman J: Autoimmune and pregnancy complications in the daughter of a kidney transplant patient. Transplantation. 2002, 73: 815-816. 10.1097/00007890-200203150-00028.PubMed Scott JR, Branch WD, Holman J: Autoimmune and pregnancy complications in the daughter of a kidney transplant patient. Transplantation. 2002, 73: 815-816. 10.1097/00007890-200203150-00028.PubMed
139.
Zurück zum Zitat Schröder H, Fogh K: Methotrexate and its polyglutamatederivates in erythrocytes during and after weekly low-dose oralmethotrexate therapy of children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1988, 21: 145-149.PubMed Schröder H, Fogh K: Methotrexate and its polyglutamatederivates in erythrocytes during and after weekly low-dose oralmethotrexate therapy of children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1988, 21: 145-149.PubMed
140.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilson JG, Scott WJ, Ritter EJ, Fradkin R: Comparativedistribution and embryo toxicity of methotrexate in pregnant rats and rhesus monkeys. Teratology. 1979, 19: 71-98. 10.1002/tera.1420190111.PubMed Wilson JG, Scott WJ, Ritter EJ, Fradkin R: Comparativedistribution and embryo toxicity of methotrexate in pregnant rats and rhesus monkeys. Teratology. 1979, 19: 71-98. 10.1002/tera.1420190111.PubMed
141.
Zurück zum Zitat Milunsky A, Graef JW, Gaynor MF: Methotrexate-induced congenital malformations. J Pediatrics. 1968, 72: 790-795. 10.1016/S0022-3476(68)80430-5. Milunsky A, Graef JW, Gaynor MF: Methotrexate-induced congenital malformations. J Pediatrics. 1968, 72: 790-795. 10.1016/S0022-3476(68)80430-5.
142.
Zurück zum Zitat Chapa JB, Hibbard JU, Weber EM, Abramowicz JS, Verp MS: Prenatal diagnosis of methotrexate embryopathy. Obstet Gynecol. 2003, 101: 1104-1107. 10.1016/S0029-7844(03)00120-0.PubMed Chapa JB, Hibbard JU, Weber EM, Abramowicz JS, Verp MS: Prenatal diagnosis of methotrexate embryopathy. Obstet Gynecol. 2003, 101: 1104-1107. 10.1016/S0029-7844(03)00120-0.PubMed
143.
Zurück zum Zitat Powell HR, Eckert H: Methotrexate-induced congenital malformations. Med J Aust. 1971, 2: 1076-1077.PubMed Powell HR, Eckert H: Methotrexate-induced congenital malformations. Med J Aust. 1971, 2: 1076-1077.PubMed
144.
Zurück zum Zitat Schleuning M, Clemm C: Chromosomal aberrations in a newborn whose mother received cytotoxic treatment during pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 1987, 317: 1666-1667.PubMed Schleuning M, Clemm C: Chromosomal aberrations in a newborn whose mother received cytotoxic treatment during pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 1987, 317: 1666-1667.PubMed
145.
Zurück zum Zitat Pizzuto J, Aviles A, Noriega L, Niz J, Morales M, Romero F: Treatment of acute leukemia during pregnancy: presentation of nine cases. Cancer Treat Rep. 1980, 64: 679-683.PubMed Pizzuto J, Aviles A, Noriega L, Niz J, Morales M, Romero F: Treatment of acute leukemia during pregnancy: presentation of nine cases. Cancer Treat Rep. 1980, 64: 679-683.PubMed
146.
Zurück zum Zitat Kozlowski RD, Steinbrunner JV, MacKenzie AH, Clough JD, Wilke WS, Segal AM: Outcome of first-trimester exposure to low-dose methotrexate in eight patients with rheumatic disease. Am J Med. 1990, 88: 589-592. 10.1016/0002-9343(90)90522-F.PubMed Kozlowski RD, Steinbrunner JV, MacKenzie AH, Clough JD, Wilke WS, Segal AM: Outcome of first-trimester exposure to low-dose methotrexate in eight patients with rheumatic disease. Am J Med. 1990, 88: 589-592. 10.1016/0002-9343(90)90522-F.PubMed
147.
Zurück zum Zitat Feldkamp M, Carey JC: Clinical teratology counseling andconsultation case report: low dose methotrexate exposure in earlyweeks of pregnancy. Teratology. 1993, 47: 533-539. 10.1002/tera.1420470605.PubMed Feldkamp M, Carey JC: Clinical teratology counseling andconsultation case report: low dose methotrexate exposure in earlyweeks of pregnancy. Teratology. 1993, 47: 533-539. 10.1002/tera.1420470605.PubMed
148.
Zurück zum Zitat Donnenfeld AE, Pastuszak A, Salkoff Noah J, Schick B, Rose NC, Koren G: Methotrexate exposure prior to and during pregnancy. Teratology. 1994, 49: 79-81. 10.1002/tera.1420490202.PubMed Donnenfeld AE, Pastuszak A, Salkoff Noah J, Schick B, Rose NC, Koren G: Methotrexate exposure prior to and during pregnancy. Teratology. 1994, 49: 79-81. 10.1002/tera.1420490202.PubMed
149.
Zurück zum Zitat Buckley LM, Bullaboy CA, Leichtman L, Marquez M: Multiple congenital anomalies associated with weekly low-dose methotrexate treatment of the mother. Arthritis Rheum. 1997, 40: 971-973.PubMed Buckley LM, Bullaboy CA, Leichtman L, Marquez M: Multiple congenital anomalies associated with weekly low-dose methotrexate treatment of the mother. Arthritis Rheum. 1997, 40: 971-973.PubMed
150.
Zurück zum Zitat Østensen M, Hartmann H, Salvesen K: Low dose weeklymethotrexate in early pregnancy. A case series and review of the literature. J Rheumatol. 2000, 27: 1872-1875.PubMed Østensen M, Hartmann H, Salvesen K: Low dose weeklymethotrexate in early pregnancy. A case series and review of the literature. J Rheumatol. 2000, 27: 1872-1875.PubMed
151.
Zurück zum Zitat Krähenmann F, Østensen M, Stallmach Th, Huch A, Chaoui R: In utero first trimester exposure to low-dosemethotrexate with increased fetal nuchal translucency and associatedmalformations. Prenat Diagn. 2002, 22: 489-490. 10.1002/pd.334.PubMed Krähenmann F, Østensen M, Stallmach Th, Huch A, Chaoui R: In utero first trimester exposure to low-dosemethotrexate with increased fetal nuchal translucency and associatedmalformations. Prenat Diagn. 2002, 22: 489-490. 10.1002/pd.334.PubMed
152.
Zurück zum Zitat Rustin GJS, Booth M, Dent J, Salt S, Rustin F, Bagshawe KD: Pregnancy after cytotoxic chemotherapy for gestational trophoblastic tumours. Br Med J. 1984, 288: 103-106. Rustin GJS, Booth M, Dent J, Salt S, Rustin F, Bagshawe KD: Pregnancy after cytotoxic chemotherapy for gestational trophoblastic tumours. Br Med J. 1984, 288: 103-106.
153.
Zurück zum Zitat Gervaise A, Masson L, de Tayrac R, Frydman R, Fernandez H: Reproductive outcome after methotrexate treatment of tubal pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2005, 60: 175-176. 10.1097/01.ogx.0000156073.30008.1a. Gervaise A, Masson L, de Tayrac R, Frydman R, Fernandez H: Reproductive outcome after methotrexate treatment of tubal pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2005, 60: 175-176. 10.1097/01.ogx.0000156073.30008.1a.
154.
Zurück zum Zitat Green DM, Zevon MA, Lowrie G, Seigelstein N, Hall B: Congenital anomalies in children of patients who received chemotherapy for cancer in childhood and adolescence. N Engl J Med. 1991, 325: 141-146.PubMed Green DM, Zevon MA, Lowrie G, Seigelstein N, Hall B: Congenital anomalies in children of patients who received chemotherapy for cancer in childhood and adolescence. N Engl J Med. 1991, 325: 141-146.PubMed
155.
Zurück zum Zitat Johns DG, Rutherford LD, Keighton PC, Vogel CL: Secretion of methotrexate into human milk. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1972, 112: 978-980.PubMed Johns DG, Rutherford LD, Keighton PC, Vogel CL: Secretion of methotrexate into human milk. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1972, 112: 978-980.PubMed
156.
Zurück zum Zitat Morris LF, Harrod MJ, Menter MA, Silverman AK: Methotrexate and reproduction in men: Case report and recommendations. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993, 29: 913-916.PubMed Morris LF, Harrod MJ, Menter MA, Silverman AK: Methotrexate and reproduction in men: Case report and recommendations. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993, 29: 913-916.PubMed
157.
Zurück zum Zitat Sussman A, Leonard JM: Psoriasis, methotrexate, and oligospermia. Arch Dermatol. 1980, 116: 215-217. 10.1001/archderm.116.2.215.PubMed Sussman A, Leonard JM: Psoriasis, methotrexate, and oligospermia. Arch Dermatol. 1980, 116: 215-217. 10.1001/archderm.116.2.215.PubMed
158.
Zurück zum Zitat Aviles A, Diaz-Maqueo JC, Talavera A, Guzman R, Garcia EL: Growth and development of children of mothers treated with chemotherapy during pregnancy: current status of 43 children. Am J Hematol. 1991, 36: 243-248.PubMed Aviles A, Diaz-Maqueo JC, Talavera A, Guzman R, Garcia EL: Growth and development of children of mothers treated with chemotherapy during pregnancy: current status of 43 children. Am J Hematol. 1991, 36: 243-248.PubMed
159.
Zurück zum Zitat Mirkes PE: Cyclophosphamide teratogenesis. A review. Teratogen Carcinogen Mutagen. 1985, 5: 75-88. 10.1002/tcm.1770050202. Mirkes PE: Cyclophosphamide teratogenesis. A review. Teratogen Carcinogen Mutagen. 1985, 5: 75-88. 10.1002/tcm.1770050202.
160.
Zurück zum Zitat Greenberg LH, Tanaka KR: Congenital anomalies probablyinduced by cyclophosphamide. JAMA. 1964, 188: 423-426.PubMed Greenberg LH, Tanaka KR: Congenital anomalies probablyinduced by cyclophosphamide. JAMA. 1964, 188: 423-426.PubMed
161.
Zurück zum Zitat Toledo TM, Harper RC, Moser RH: Fetal effects duringcyclophosphamide and irradiation therapy. Ann Intern Med. 1971, 74: 87-91.PubMed Toledo TM, Harper RC, Moser RH: Fetal effects duringcyclophosphamide and irradiation therapy. Ann Intern Med. 1971, 74: 87-91.PubMed
162.
Zurück zum Zitat Murray CL, Reichert JA, Anderson J, Twiggs LB: Multimodal cancer therapy for breast cancer in the first trimester of pregnancy. A case report. JAMA. 1984, 252: 2607-2608. 10.1001/jama.252.18.2607.PubMed Murray CL, Reichert JA, Anderson J, Twiggs LB: Multimodal cancer therapy for breast cancer in the first trimester of pregnancy. A case report. JAMA. 1984, 252: 2607-2608. 10.1001/jama.252.18.2607.PubMed
163.
Zurück zum Zitat Kirshon B, Wasserstrum N, Willis R, Herman GE, McCabe ER: Teratogenic effects of first-trimester cyclophosphamide therapy. Obstet Gynecol. 1988, 72: 462-464.PubMed Kirshon B, Wasserstrum N, Willis R, Herman GE, McCabe ER: Teratogenic effects of first-trimester cyclophosphamide therapy. Obstet Gynecol. 1988, 72: 462-464.PubMed
164.
Zurück zum Zitat Zemlickis D, Lishner M, Erlich R, Koren G: Teratogenicity and carcinogenicity in a twin exposed in utero to cyclophos-phamide. Teratogen Carcinogen Mutagen. 1993, 13: 139-143. 10.1002/tcm.1770130304. Zemlickis D, Lishner M, Erlich R, Koren G: Teratogenicity and carcinogenicity in a twin exposed in utero to cyclophos-phamide. Teratogen Carcinogen Mutagen. 1993, 13: 139-143. 10.1002/tcm.1770130304.
165.
Zurück zum Zitat Zemlickis D, Lishner M, Degendorfer P, Panzarella T, Sutcliffe SB, Koren G: Fetal outcome after in utero exposure to cancer chemotherapy. Arch Intern Med. 1992, 152: 573-576. 10.1001/archinte.152.3.573.PubMed Zemlickis D, Lishner M, Degendorfer P, Panzarella T, Sutcliffe SB, Koren G: Fetal outcome after in utero exposure to cancer chemotherapy. Arch Intern Med. 1992, 152: 573-576. 10.1001/archinte.152.3.573.PubMed
166.
Zurück zum Zitat Enns GM, Roeder E, Chan RT, Ali-Khan Catts Z, Cox VA, Golabi M: Apparent cyclophosphamide (cytoxan) embryopathy: a distinct phenotype?. Am J Med Genet. 1999, 86: 237-241. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990917)86:3<237::AID-AJMG8>3.0.CO;2-V.PubMed Enns GM, Roeder E, Chan RT, Ali-Khan Catts Z, Cox VA, Golabi M: Apparent cyclophosphamide (cytoxan) embryopathy: a distinct phenotype?. Am J Med Genet. 1999, 86: 237-241. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990917)86:3<237::AID-AJMG8>3.0.CO;2-V.PubMed
167.
Zurück zum Zitat Paladini D, Vassallo M, D'Armiento MR, Cianciaruso B, Martinelli P: Prenatal detection of multiple fetal anomalies following inadvertent exposure to cyclophosphamide in the first trimester of pregnancy. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2004, 70: 99-100. 10.1002/bdra.10147.PubMed Paladini D, Vassallo M, D'Armiento MR, Cianciaruso B, Martinelli P: Prenatal detection of multiple fetal anomalies following inadvertent exposure to cyclophosphamide in the first trimester of pregnancy. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2004, 70: 99-100. 10.1002/bdra.10147.PubMed
168.
Zurück zum Zitat Vaux KK, Kahole NC, Jones KL: Cyclophosphamide, methotrex-ate, and cytarabine embropathy: is apoptosis the common pathway?. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2003, 67: 403-408. 10.1002/bdra.10060.PubMed Vaux KK, Kahole NC, Jones KL: Cyclophosphamide, methotrex-ate, and cytarabine embropathy: is apoptosis the common pathway?. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2003, 67: 403-408. 10.1002/bdra.10060.PubMed
169.
Zurück zum Zitat Durodola JI: Administration of cyclophosphamide during late pregnancy and early lactation: a case report. J Nat Med Ass. 1979, 71: 165-166.PubMedCentralPubMed Durodola JI: Administration of cyclophosphamide during late pregnancy and early lactation: a case report. J Nat Med Ass. 1979, 71: 165-166.PubMedCentralPubMed
170.
Zurück zum Zitat Gershenson DM: Menstrual and reproductive function after treatment with combination chemotherapy for malignant ovarian germ cell tumors. J Clin Oncol. 1988, 6: 270-275.PubMed Gershenson DM: Menstrual and reproductive function after treatment with combination chemotherapy for malignant ovarian germ cell tumors. J Clin Oncol. 1988, 6: 270-275.PubMed
171.
Zurück zum Zitat Green DM, Whitton JA, Stovall M, Mertens AC, Donaldson SS, Ruymann FB, Pendergrass TW, Robison LL: Pregnancy outcome ofpartners of male survivors of childhood cancer: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J Clin Oncol. 2003, 21: 716-721. 10.1200/JCO.2003.04.085.PubMed Green DM, Whitton JA, Stovall M, Mertens AC, Donaldson SS, Ruymann FB, Pendergrass TW, Robison LL: Pregnancy outcome ofpartners of male survivors of childhood cancer: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J Clin Oncol. 2003, 21: 716-721. 10.1200/JCO.2003.04.085.PubMed
172.
Zurück zum Zitat Wiernik PH, Duncan JH: Cyclophosphamide in human milk. Lancet. 1971, i: 912-10.1016/S0140-6736(71)92474-3. Wiernik PH, Duncan JH: Cyclophosphamide in human milk. Lancet. 1971, i: 912-10.1016/S0140-6736(71)92474-3.
174.
Zurück zum Zitat Boumpas DT, Austin HA, Vaughan EM, Yarboro CH, Klippel JH, Balow JE: Risk of sustained amenorrhea in patients with systemiclupus erythematosus receiving intermittent pulse cyl-cophosphamidetherapy. Ann Intern Med. 1993, 119: 366-369.PubMed Boumpas DT, Austin HA, Vaughan EM, Yarboro CH, Klippel JH, Balow JE: Risk of sustained amenorrhea in patients with systemiclupus erythematosus receiving intermittent pulse cyl-cophosphamidetherapy. Ann Intern Med. 1993, 119: 366-369.PubMed
175.
Zurück zum Zitat Huong DLT, Amoura Z, Duhaut P, Sbai A, Costedoat N, Wechsler B, Piette JC: Risk of ovarian failure and fertility after intravenous cyclophosphamide. A study in 84 patients. J Rheumatol. 2002, 29: 2571-2576.PubMed Huong DLT, Amoura Z, Duhaut P, Sbai A, Costedoat N, Wechsler B, Piette JC: Risk of ovarian failure and fertility after intravenous cyclophosphamide. A study in 84 patients. J Rheumatol. 2002, 29: 2571-2576.PubMed
176.
Zurück zum Zitat Silva CAA, Hallak J, Pasqualotto FF, Barba MF, Saito MI, Kiss MHB: Gonadal function in male adolescents and young males with juvenile onset systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2002, 29: 2000-2005.PubMed Silva CAA, Hallak J, Pasqualotto FF, Barba MF, Saito MI, Kiss MHB: Gonadal function in male adolescents and young males with juvenile onset systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2002, 29: 2000-2005.PubMed
177.
Zurück zum Zitat Kenney LB, Laufer MR, Grant FD, Grier H, Diller L: High risk of infertility and long term gonadal damage in males treated with high dose cyclophosphamide for sarcoma during childhood. Cancer. 2001, 91: 613-621. 10.1002/1097-0142(20010201)91:3<613::AID-CNCR1042>3.0.CO;2-R.PubMed Kenney LB, Laufer MR, Grant FD, Grier H, Diller L: High risk of infertility and long term gonadal damage in males treated with high dose cyclophosphamide for sarcoma during childhood. Cancer. 2001, 91: 613-621. 10.1002/1097-0142(20010201)91:3<613::AID-CNCR1042>3.0.CO;2-R.PubMed
178.
Zurück zum Zitat Somers EC, Marder W, Christman GM, Ognenovski V, McCune WJ: Use of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog against premature ovarian failure during cyclophosphamide therapy in women with severe lupus. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 2761-2767. 10.1002/art.21263.PubMed Somers EC, Marder W, Christman GM, Ognenovski V, McCune WJ: Use of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog against premature ovarian failure during cyclophosphamide therapy in women with severe lupus. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 2761-2767. 10.1002/art.21263.PubMed
179.
Zurück zum Zitat Winter JF, Boice JD, Mulvihill JJ, Stovall M, Frederiksen K, Tawn EJ, Olsen JH: Chromosomal abnormalities among offspring of child-cancer survivors in Denmark: a population based study. Am J Hum Genet. 2004, 74: 1282-1285. 10.1086/421473. Winter JF, Boice JD, Mulvihill JJ, Stovall M, Frederiksen K, Tawn EJ, Olsen JH: Chromosomal abnormalities among offspring of child-cancer survivors in Denmark: a population based study. Am J Hum Genet. 2004, 74: 1282-1285. 10.1086/421473.
180.
Zurück zum Zitat Mason RJ, Thomson AW, Whiting PH, Gray ES, Brown PA, Catto GRD, Simpson JG: Cyclosporine-induced fetotoxicity in the rat. Transplantation. 1985, 39: 9-12.PubMed Mason RJ, Thomson AW, Whiting PH, Gray ES, Brown PA, Catto GRD, Simpson JG: Cyclosporine-induced fetotoxicity in the rat. Transplantation. 1985, 39: 9-12.PubMed
181.
Zurück zum Zitat Cockburn I, Krupp P, Monka C: Present experience of Sandim-mun in pregnancy. Transplant Proc. 1989, 21: 3730-3732.PubMed Cockburn I, Krupp P, Monka C: Present experience of Sandim-mun in pregnancy. Transplant Proc. 1989, 21: 3730-3732.PubMed
182.
Zurück zum Zitat Hussein MM, Mooij JMV, Roujouleh H: Cyclosporine in the treatment of lupus nephritis including 2 patients treated during pregnancy. Clin Nephrol. 1993, 40: 160-163.PubMed Hussein MM, Mooij JMV, Roujouleh H: Cyclosporine in the treatment of lupus nephritis including 2 patients treated during pregnancy. Clin Nephrol. 1993, 40: 160-163.PubMed
183.
Zurück zum Zitat Armenti VT, Ahlswede KM, Ahlswede BA, Jarrell BE, Moritz MJ, Burke JF: National transplantation pregnancy registry:outcomes of 154 pregnancies in cyclosporine-treated female kidneytransplant recipients. Transplantation. 1994, 57: 502-506.PubMed Armenti VT, Ahlswede KM, Ahlswede BA, Jarrell BE, Moritz MJ, Burke JF: National transplantation pregnancy registry:outcomes of 154 pregnancies in cyclosporine-treated female kidneytransplant recipients. Transplantation. 1994, 57: 502-506.PubMed
184.
Zurück zum Zitat Lamarque V, Leleu MF, Monka C, Krupp P: Analysis of 629 pregnancy outcomes in transplant recipients treated with Sandim-mun. Transplant Proc. 1997, 29: 2480-10.1016/S0041-1345(97)00458-2.PubMed Lamarque V, Leleu MF, Monka C, Krupp P: Analysis of 629 pregnancy outcomes in transplant recipients treated with Sandim-mun. Transplant Proc. 1997, 29: 2480-10.1016/S0041-1345(97)00458-2.PubMed
185.
Zurück zum Zitat Barrou BM, Gruessner AC, Sutherland DE, Gruessner RW: Pregnancy after pancreas transplantation in the cyclosporin era: report from the International Pancreas Transplant Registry. Transplantation. 1998, 65: 524-527. 10.1097/00007890-199802270-00012.PubMed Barrou BM, Gruessner AC, Sutherland DE, Gruessner RW: Pregnancy after pancreas transplantation in the cyclosporin era: report from the International Pancreas Transplant Registry. Transplantation. 1998, 65: 524-527. 10.1097/00007890-199802270-00012.PubMed
186.
Zurück zum Zitat Shaheen FAM, AI-Sulaiman MH, AI-Khader AA: Long-termnephrotoxicity after exposure to CsA in utero. Transplantation. 1993, 56: 224-225.PubMed Shaheen FAM, AI-Sulaiman MH, AI-Khader AA: Long-termnephrotoxicity after exposure to CsA in utero. Transplantation. 1993, 56: 224-225.PubMed
187.
Zurück zum Zitat Bar Oz B, Hackman R, Einarson T, Koren G: Pregnancy outcome after CsA therapy during pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Transplantation. 2001, 71: 1051-1055. 10.1097/00007890-200104270-00006.PubMed Bar Oz B, Hackman R, Einarson T, Koren G: Pregnancy outcome after CsA therapy during pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Transplantation. 2001, 71: 1051-1055. 10.1097/00007890-200104270-00006.PubMed
188.
Zurück zum Zitat Moretti ME, Sgro M, Johnson DW, Sauve RS, Woolgar MJ, Taddio A, Verjee Z, Giesbrecht E, Koren G, Ito S: Cyclosporine excretion into breast milk. Transplantation. 2003, 75: 2144-2146. 10.1097/01.TP.0000066352.86763.D0.PubMed Moretti ME, Sgro M, Johnson DW, Sauve RS, Woolgar MJ, Taddio A, Verjee Z, Giesbrecht E, Koren G, Ito S: Cyclosporine excretion into breast milk. Transplantation. 2003, 75: 2144-2146. 10.1097/01.TP.0000066352.86763.D0.PubMed
189.
Zurück zum Zitat Stanley CW, Gottlieb R, Zager R, Eisenberg J, Richmond R, Moritz MJ, Armenti VT: Developmental well-being in offspring of women receiving post-renal transplant. Transplant Proc. 1999, 31: 241-242. 10.1016/S0041-1345(98)01519-X.PubMed Stanley CW, Gottlieb R, Zager R, Eisenberg J, Richmond R, Moritz MJ, Armenti VT: Developmental well-being in offspring of women receiving post-renal transplant. Transplant Proc. 1999, 31: 241-242. 10.1016/S0041-1345(98)01519-X.PubMed
190.
Zurück zum Zitat Di Paolo S, Schena A, Morrone LF, Manfredi G, Stallone G, Derosa C, Procino A, Schena FP: Immunologic evaluation during the first year of life of infants born to cyclosporine treated female kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2000, 69: 2049-2054. 10.1097/00007890-200005270-00013.PubMed Di Paolo S, Schena A, Morrone LF, Manfredi G, Stallone G, Derosa C, Procino A, Schena FP: Immunologic evaluation during the first year of life of infants born to cyclosporine treated female kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2000, 69: 2049-2054. 10.1097/00007890-200005270-00013.PubMed
191.
Zurück zum Zitat Cimaz R, Meregalli E, Biggioggero M, Borghi O, Tincani A, Motta M, Airo P, Meroni PL: Alterations in the immune system of children from mothers treated with immunosuppressive agents during pregnancy. Toxicol Lett. 2004, 149: 155-162. 10.1016/j.toxlet.2003.12.030.PubMed Cimaz R, Meregalli E, Biggioggero M, Borghi O, Tincani A, Motta M, Airo P, Meroni PL: Alterations in the immune system of children from mothers treated with immunosuppressive agents during pregnancy. Toxicol Lett. 2004, 149: 155-162. 10.1016/j.toxlet.2003.12.030.PubMed
192.
Zurück zum Zitat Sgro MD, Barrozino T, Mirghani HM, Sermer M, Moscato L, Akoury H, Koren G, Chitayat D: Pregnancy outcome post renal transplantation. Teratology. 2002, 65: 5-9. 10.1002/tera.1092.PubMed Sgro MD, Barrozino T, Mirghani HM, Sermer M, Moscato L, Akoury H, Koren G, Chitayat D: Pregnancy outcome post renal transplantation. Teratology. 2002, 65: 5-9. 10.1002/tera.1092.PubMed
193.
Zurück zum Zitat Jain AB, Shapiro R, Scantlebury VP, Potdar S, Jordan ML, Flohr J, Marcos A, Fung JJ: Pregnancy after kidney and kidney-pancreas transplantation under tacrolimus: a single center's experience. Transplantation. 2004, 77: 897-902. 10.1097/01.TP.0000117564.50117.FB.PubMed Jain AB, Shapiro R, Scantlebury VP, Potdar S, Jordan ML, Flohr J, Marcos A, Fung JJ: Pregnancy after kidney and kidney-pancreas transplantation under tacrolimus: a single center's experience. Transplantation. 2004, 77: 897-902. 10.1097/01.TP.0000117564.50117.FB.PubMed
194.
Zurück zum Zitat Jain AB, Reyes J, Marcos A, Mazariegos G, Eghtesad B, Fontes PA, Cacciarelli TV, Marsh JW, de Vera ME, Rafail A, et al: Pregnancy after liver transplantation with tacrolimus immunosuppression: a single center's experience update at 13 years. Transplantation. 2003, 76: 827-832. 10.1097/01.TP.0000084823.89528.89.PubMedCentralPubMed Jain AB, Reyes J, Marcos A, Mazariegos G, Eghtesad B, Fontes PA, Cacciarelli TV, Marsh JW, de Vera ME, Rafail A, et al: Pregnancy after liver transplantation with tacrolimus immunosuppression: a single center's experience update at 13 years. Transplantation. 2003, 76: 827-832. 10.1097/01.TP.0000084823.89528.89.PubMedCentralPubMed
195.
Zurück zum Zitat Kainz A, Harabacz I, Cowlrick IS, Gadgil SD, Hagiwara D: Review of the course and outcome of 100 pregnancies in 84 women treated with tacrolimus. Transplantation. 2000, 70: 1718-1721. 10.1097/00007890-200012270-00010.PubMed Kainz A, Harabacz I, Cowlrick IS, Gadgil SD, Hagiwara D: Review of the course and outcome of 100 pregnancies in 84 women treated with tacrolimus. Transplantation. 2000, 70: 1718-1721. 10.1097/00007890-200012270-00010.PubMed
196.
Zurück zum Zitat Miniero R, Tardivo I, Curtoni ES, Segoloni GP, La Rocca E, Nino A, Todeschini P, Tregnaghi C, Rosati A, Zanelli P, Dall'Omo AM: Pregnancy after renal transplantation in Italian patients: focus on fetal outcome. J Nephrol. 2002, 15: 626-632.PubMed Miniero R, Tardivo I, Curtoni ES, Segoloni GP, La Rocca E, Nino A, Todeschini P, Tregnaghi C, Rosati A, Zanelli P, Dall'Omo AM: Pregnancy after renal transplantation in Italian patients: focus on fetal outcome. J Nephrol. 2002, 15: 626-632.PubMed
197.
Zurück zum Zitat French AE, Soldin SJ, Soldin OP, Koren G: Milk transfer and neonatal safety of tacrolimus. Ann Pharmacother. 2003, 37: 815-818. 10.1345/aph.1C312.PubMedCentralPubMed French AE, Soldin SJ, Soldin OP, Koren G: Milk transfer and neonatal safety of tacrolimus. Ann Pharmacother. 2003, 37: 815-818. 10.1345/aph.1C312.PubMedCentralPubMed
198.
Zurück zum Zitat Le Ray C, Coulomb A, Elefant E, Frydman R, Audibert F: Mycophenolate mofetil in pregnancy after renal transplantation: a case of major foetal malformations. Obstet Gynecol. 2004, 103: 1091-1094.PubMed Le Ray C, Coulomb A, Elefant E, Frydman R, Audibert F: Mycophenolate mofetil in pregnancy after renal transplantation: a case of major foetal malformations. Obstet Gynecol. 2004, 103: 1091-1094.PubMed
199.
Zurück zum Zitat Pergola PE, Kancharla A, Riley DJ: Kidney transplantation during the first trimester of pregnancy: immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, and prednisone. Transplantation. 2001, 71: 994-997. 10.1097/00007890-200104150-00028.PubMed Pergola PE, Kancharla A, Riley DJ: Kidney transplantation during the first trimester of pregnancy: immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, and prednisone. Transplantation. 2001, 71: 994-997. 10.1097/00007890-200104150-00028.PubMed
200.
Zurück zum Zitat Armenti VT, Radomski JS, Gaughan WJ, Philips LZ, McGrory CH, Coscia LA, National Transplantation Registry: Report from the National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry (NTPR): outcomes of pregnancy after transplantation. Clin Transpl. 2003, 17: 131-141. Armenti VT, Radomski JS, Gaughan WJ, Philips LZ, McGrory CH, Coscia LA, National Transplantation Registry: Report from the National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry (NTPR): outcomes of pregnancy after transplantation. Clin Transpl. 2003, 17: 131-141.
201.
Zurück zum Zitat Radder CM, Roelen DL, van de Meer-Prins, Claas FH, Kanhai HH, Brand A: The immunologic profile of infants born after maternal immunoglobulin treatment and intrauterine platelet transfusions for fetal/neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004, 191: 815-820. 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.02.002.PubMed Radder CM, Roelen DL, van de Meer-Prins, Claas FH, Kanhai HH, Brand A: The immunologic profile of infants born after maternal immunoglobulin treatment and intrauterine platelet transfusions for fetal/neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004, 191: 815-820. 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.02.002.PubMed
202.
203.
Zurück zum Zitat Sanchez Munoz D, Hoyas Pablos E, Ramirez Martin Del Campo M, Nunez Hospital D, Guerrero Jimenez P: Term pregnancy in a patient with Crohn's disease under treatment with adali-mumab. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005, 28: 435-10.1157/13077767.PubMed Sanchez Munoz D, Hoyas Pablos E, Ramirez Martin Del Campo M, Nunez Hospital D, Guerrero Jimenez P: Term pregnancy in a patient with Crohn's disease under treatment with adali-mumab. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005, 28: 435-10.1157/13077767.PubMed
204.
Zurück zum Zitat Herold M, Schnohr S, Bittrich H: Efficacy and safety of a combined rituximab chemotherapy during pregnancy. J Clin Oncol. 2001, 19: 3439-PubMed Herold M, Schnohr S, Bittrich H: Efficacy and safety of a combined rituximab chemotherapy during pregnancy. J Clin Oncol. 2001, 19: 3439-PubMed
205.
Zurück zum Zitat Kimby E, Sverrisdottir A, Elinder G: Safety of rituximabtherapy during the first trimester of pregnancy: a case history. Eur J Haematol. 2004, 72: 292-295. 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2004.00214.x.PubMed Kimby E, Sverrisdottir A, Elinder G: Safety of rituximabtherapy during the first trimester of pregnancy: a case history. Eur J Haematol. 2004, 72: 292-295. 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2004.00214.x.PubMed
206.
Zurück zum Zitat Goroir BP, Peppel K, Silva M, Beutler B: The biosynthesis of tumor necrosis factor during pregnancy: studies with a CAT reporter transgene and TNF inhibitors. Eur Cytokine Netw. 1992, 3: 533-537. Goroir BP, Peppel K, Silva M, Beutler B: The biosynthesis of tumor necrosis factor during pregnancy: studies with a CAT reporter transgene and TNF inhibitors. Eur Cytokine Netw. 1992, 3: 533-537.
207.
Zurück zum Zitat Hyrich K, Symmons D, Watson K, Silman A: Pregnancyoutcome in women who were exposed to anti-TNF agents: Results from anational population register. Arthritis Rheum. Hyrich K, Symmons D, Watson K, Silman A: Pregnancyoutcome in women who were exposed to anti-TNF agents: Results from anational population register. Arthritis Rheum.
208.
Zurück zum Zitat Østensen M, Eigenmann GO: Etanercept in breast milk. J Rheumatol. 2004, 31: 1017-1018.PubMed Østensen M, Eigenmann GO: Etanercept in breast milk. J Rheumatol. 2004, 31: 1017-1018.PubMed
209.
Zurück zum Zitat Treacy G: Using an analogous monoclonal antibody toevaluate the reproductive and chronic toxicity potential for a humanized anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2000, 19: 226-228. 10.1191/096032700678815765.PubMed Treacy G: Using an analogous monoclonal antibody toevaluate the reproductive and chronic toxicity potential for a humanized anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2000, 19: 226-228. 10.1191/096032700678815765.PubMed
210.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahadevan U, Kane S, Sandborn WJ, Cohen RD, Hanson K, Ter-diman JP, Binion DG: Intentional infliximab use during pregnancy for induction or maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005, 21: 733-738. 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02405.x.PubMed Mahadevan U, Kane S, Sandborn WJ, Cohen RD, Hanson K, Ter-diman JP, Binion DG: Intentional infliximab use during pregnancy for induction or maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005, 21: 733-738. 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02405.x.PubMed
211.
Zurück zum Zitat Katz JA, Antoni C, Keenan GF, Smith DE, Jacobs SJ, Lichtenstein GR: Outcome of pregnancy in women receiving infliximab for the treatment of Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004, 99: 2385-2392. 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.30186.x.PubMed Katz JA, Antoni C, Keenan GF, Smith DE, Jacobs SJ, Lichtenstein GR: Outcome of pregnancy in women receiving infliximab for the treatment of Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004, 99: 2385-2392. 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.30186.x.PubMed
212.
Zurück zum Zitat Förger F, Matthias T, Oppermann M, Østensen M, Helmke K: Infliximab in breast milk. Lupus. 2004, 13: 753-10.1191/0961203304lu485oa. Förger F, Matthias T, Oppermann M, Østensen M, Helmke K: Infliximab in breast milk. Lupus. 2004, 13: 753-10.1191/0961203304lu485oa.
213.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahadevan U, Terdiman JP, Aron J, Jacobsohn S, Turek P: Infliximab and semen quality in men with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005, 11: 395-399. 10.1097/01.MIB.0000164023.10848.c4.PubMed Mahadevan U, Terdiman JP, Aron J, Jacobsohn S, Turek P: Infliximab and semen quality in men with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005, 11: 395-399. 10.1097/01.MIB.0000164023.10848.c4.PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs and reproduction
verfasst von
Monika Østensen
Munther Khamashta
Michael Lockshin
Ann Parke
Antonio Brucato
Howard Carp
Andrea Doria
Raj Rai
Pierluigi Meroni
Irene Cetin
Ronald Derksen
Ware Branch
Mario Motta
Caroline Gordon
Guillermo Ruiz-Irastorza
Arsenio Spinillo
Deborah Friedman
Rolando Cimaz
Andrew Czeizel
Jean Charles Piette
Ricard Cervera
Roger A Levy
Maurizio Clementi
Sara De Carolis
Michelle Petri
Yehuda Shoenfeld
David Faden
Guido Valesini
Angela Tincani
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2006
Verlag
BioMed Central
Erschienen in
Arthritis Research & Therapy / Ausgabe 3/2006
Elektronische ISSN: 1478-6362
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/ar1957

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2006

Arthritis Research & Therapy 3/2006 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.