Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Arthritis Research & Therapy 2/2008

01.04.2008 | Review

Recent developments in the immunobiology of rheumatoid arthritis

verfasst von: Anna K Andersson, Ching Li, Fionula M Brennan

Erschienen in: Arthritis Research & Therapy | Ausgabe 2/2008

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Progress into the understanding of immunopathology in rheumatoid arthritis is reviewed in the present article with regard to pro-inflammatory cytokine production, cell activation and recruitment, and osteoclastogenesis. Studies highlight the potential importance of T helper 17 cells and regulatory T cells in driving and suppressing inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis, respectively, and highlight other potential T-cell therapeutic targets. The genetic associations of the HLA shared epitope alleles with antibodies to citrullinated peptides in rheumatoid arthritis patients indicate that T cells are providing help to B cells to produce autoantibodies, and there is increasing evidence that these autoantibodies are pathogenic in rheumatoid arthritis.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Ruderman EM, Pope RM: The evolving clinical profile of abatacept (CTLA4-Ig): a novel costimulatory modulator for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005, 7 (Suppl 2): S21-S25. 10.1186/ar1688.PubMedCentralPubMed Ruderman EM, Pope RM: The evolving clinical profile of abatacept (CTLA4-Ig): a novel costimulatory modulator for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005, 7 (Suppl 2): S21-S25. 10.1186/ar1688.PubMedCentralPubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Edwards JC, Szczepanski L, Szechinski J, Filipowicz-Sosnowska A, Emery P, Close DR, Stevens RM, Shaw T: Efficacy of B-cell-targeted therapy with rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2004, 350: 2572-2581. 10.1056/NEJMoa032534.PubMed Edwards JC, Szczepanski L, Szechinski J, Filipowicz-Sosnowska A, Emery P, Close DR, Stevens RM, Shaw T: Efficacy of B-cell-targeted therapy with rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2004, 350: 2572-2581. 10.1056/NEJMoa032534.PubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Martinez-Gamboa L, Brezinschek HP, Burmester GR, Dorner T: Immunopathologic role of B lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis: rationale of B cell-directed therapy. Autoimmun Rev. 2006, 5: 437-442. 10.1016/j.autrev.2006.02.004.PubMed Martinez-Gamboa L, Brezinschek HP, Burmester GR, Dorner T: Immunopathologic role of B lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis: rationale of B cell-directed therapy. Autoimmun Rev. 2006, 5: 437-442. 10.1016/j.autrev.2006.02.004.PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Takemura S, Klimiuk PA, Braun A, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM: T cell activation in rheumatoid synovium is B cell dependent. J Immunol. 2001, 167: 4710-4718.PubMed Takemura S, Klimiuk PA, Braun A, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM: T cell activation in rheumatoid synovium is B cell dependent. J Immunol. 2001, 167: 4710-4718.PubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Firestein GS, Zvaifler NJ: How important are T cells in chronic rheumatoid synovitis?: II. T cell-independent mechanisms from beginning to end. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 46: 298-308. 10.1002/art.502.PubMed Firestein GS, Zvaifler NJ: How important are T cells in chronic rheumatoid synovitis?: II. T cell-independent mechanisms from beginning to end. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 46: 298-308. 10.1002/art.502.PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Stastny P: Association of the B-cell alloantigen DRw4 with rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 1978, 298: 869-871.PubMed Stastny P: Association of the B-cell alloantigen DRw4 with rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 1978, 298: 869-871.PubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Cope AP, Sonderstrup G: Evaluating candidate autoantigens in rheumatoid arthritis. Springer Semin Immunopathol. 1998, 20: 23-39. 10.1007/BF00831997.PubMed Cope AP, Sonderstrup G: Evaluating candidate autoantigens in rheumatoid arthritis. Springer Semin Immunopathol. 1998, 20: 23-39. 10.1007/BF00831997.PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Malone DG, Wahl SM, Tsokos M, Cattell H, Decker JL, Wilder RL: Immune function in severe, active rheumatoid arthritis. A relationship between peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation to soluble antigens and synovial tissue immunohistologic characteristics. J Clin Invest. 1984, 74: 1173-1185. 10.1172/JCI111526.PubMedCentralPubMed Malone DG, Wahl SM, Tsokos M, Cattell H, Decker JL, Wilder RL: Immune function in severe, active rheumatoid arthritis. A relationship between peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation to soluble antigens and synovial tissue immunohistologic characteristics. J Clin Invest. 1984, 74: 1173-1185. 10.1172/JCI111526.PubMedCentralPubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Emery P, Panayi GS, Welsh KI, Cole BC: Relationship of HLA-DR4 to defective cellular immunity in rheumatoid arthritis using PPD, and mycoplasma and lectin mitogens. J Rheumatol. 1985, 12: 859-864.PubMed Emery P, Panayi GS, Welsh KI, Cole BC: Relationship of HLA-DR4 to defective cellular immunity in rheumatoid arthritis using PPD, and mycoplasma and lectin mitogens. J Rheumatol. 1985, 12: 859-864.PubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Cope AP, Londei M, Chu NR, Cohen SB, Elliott MJ, Brennan FM, Maini RN, Feldmann M: Chronic exposure to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in vitro impairs the activation of T cells through the T cell receptor/CD3 complex; reversal in vivo by anti-TNF antibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest. 1994, 94: 749-760. 10.1172/JCI117394.PubMedCentralPubMed Cope AP, Londei M, Chu NR, Cohen SB, Elliott MJ, Brennan FM, Maini RN, Feldmann M: Chronic exposure to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in vitro impairs the activation of T cells through the T cell receptor/CD3 complex; reversal in vivo by anti-TNF antibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest. 1994, 94: 749-760. 10.1172/JCI117394.PubMedCentralPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Brennan FM, Hayes AL, Ciesielski CJ, Green P, Foxwell BM, Feldmann M: Evidence that rheumatoid arthritis synovial T cells are similar to cytokine-activated T cells: involvement of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and nuclear factor kappaB pathways in tumor necrosis factor alpha production in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 46: 31-41. 10.1002/1529-0131(200201)46:1<31::AID-ART10029>3.0.CO;2-5.PubMed Brennan FM, Hayes AL, Ciesielski CJ, Green P, Foxwell BM, Feldmann M: Evidence that rheumatoid arthritis synovial T cells are similar to cytokine-activated T cells: involvement of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and nuclear factor kappaB pathways in tumor necrosis factor alpha production in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 46: 31-41. 10.1002/1529-0131(200201)46:1<31::AID-ART10029>3.0.CO;2-5.PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Schulze-Koops H, Davis LS, Haverty TP, Wacholtz MC, Lipsky PE: Reduction of Th1 cell activity in the peripheral circulation of patients with rheumatoid arthritis after treatment with a non-depleting humanized monoclonal antibody to CD4. J Rheumatol. 1998, 25: 2065-2076.PubMed Schulze-Koops H, Davis LS, Haverty TP, Wacholtz MC, Lipsky PE: Reduction of Th1 cell activity in the peripheral circulation of patients with rheumatoid arthritis after treatment with a non-depleting humanized monoclonal antibody to CD4. J Rheumatol. 1998, 25: 2065-2076.PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Choy EH, Connolly DJ, Rapson N, Jeal S, Brown JC, Kingsley GH, Panayi GS, Johnston JM: Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and clinical effects of a humanized IgG1 anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody in the peripheral blood and synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2000, 39: 1139-1146. 10.1093/rheumatology/39.10.1139. Choy EH, Connolly DJ, Rapson N, Jeal S, Brown JC, Kingsley GH, Panayi GS, Johnston JM: Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and clinical effects of a humanized IgG1 anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody in the peripheral blood and synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2000, 39: 1139-1146. 10.1093/rheumatology/39.10.1139.
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Mason U, Aldrich J, Breedveld F, Davis CB, Elliott M, Jackson M, Jorgensen C, Keystone E, Levy R, Tesser J, Totoritis M, Truneh A, Weisman M, Wiesenhutter C, Yocum D, Zhu J: CD4 coating, but not CD4 depletion, is a predictor of efficacy with primatized monoclonal anti-CD4 treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2002, 29: 220-229.PubMed Mason U, Aldrich J, Breedveld F, Davis CB, Elliott M, Jackson M, Jorgensen C, Keystone E, Levy R, Tesser J, Totoritis M, Truneh A, Weisman M, Wiesenhutter C, Yocum D, Zhu J: CD4 coating, but not CD4 depletion, is a predictor of efficacy with primatized monoclonal anti-CD4 treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2002, 29: 220-229.PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Choy EH, Panayi GS, Emery P, Madden S, Breedveld FC, Kraan MC, Kalden JR, Rascu A, Brown JC, Rapson N, Johnston JM: Repeatcycle study of high-dose intravenous 4162W94 anti-CD4 humanized monoclonal antibody in rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002, 41: 1142-1148. 10.1093/rheumatology/41.10.1142. Choy EH, Panayi GS, Emery P, Madden S, Breedveld FC, Kraan MC, Kalden JR, Rascu A, Brown JC, Rapson N, Johnston JM: Repeatcycle study of high-dose intravenous 4162W94 anti-CD4 humanized monoclonal antibody in rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002, 41: 1142-1148. 10.1093/rheumatology/41.10.1142.
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Kremer JM, Dougados M, Emery P, Durez P, Sibilia J, Shergy W, Steinfeld S, Tindall E, Becker JC, Li T, Nuamah IF, Aranda R, Moreland LW: Effects of abatacept in patients with methotrexate-resistant active rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2006, 144: 865-876.PubMed Kremer JM, Dougados M, Emery P, Durez P, Sibilia J, Shergy W, Steinfeld S, Tindall E, Becker JC, Li T, Nuamah IF, Aranda R, Moreland LW: Effects of abatacept in patients with methotrexate-resistant active rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2006, 144: 865-876.PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Genant HK, Peterfy CG, Westhovens R, Becker JC, Aranda R, Vratsanos G, Teng J, Kremer JM: Abatacept inhibits structural damage progression in rheumatoid arthritis: results from the long-term extension of the AIM trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007 [Epub ahead of print]. Genant HK, Peterfy CG, Westhovens R, Becker JC, Aranda R, Vratsanos G, Teng J, Kremer JM: Abatacept inhibits structural damage progression in rheumatoid arthritis: results from the long-term extension of the AIM trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007 [Epub ahead of print].
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Schiff M, Keiserman M, Codding C, Songcharoen S, Berman A, Nayiager S, Saldate C, Li T, Aranda R, Becker JC, Lin C, Cornet PL, Dougados M: Efficacy and safety of abatacept or infliximab versus placebo in ATTEST: a phase III, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to methotrexate. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007 [Epub ahead of print]. Schiff M, Keiserman M, Codding C, Songcharoen S, Berman A, Nayiager S, Saldate C, Li T, Aranda R, Becker JC, Lin C, Cornet PL, Dougados M: Efficacy and safety of abatacept or infliximab versus placebo in ATTEST: a phase III, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to methotrexate. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007 [Epub ahead of print].
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Kremer JM, Dougados M, Emery P, Durez P, Sibilia J, Shergy W, Steinfeld S, Tindall E, Becker JC, Li T, Nuamah IF, Aranda R, Moreland LW: Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with the selective costimulation modulator abatacept: twelve-month results of a phase iib, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 2263-2271. 10.1002/art.21201.PubMed Kremer JM, Dougados M, Emery P, Durez P, Sibilia J, Shergy W, Steinfeld S, Tindall E, Becker JC, Li T, Nuamah IF, Aranda R, Moreland LW: Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with the selective costimulation modulator abatacept: twelve-month results of a phase iib, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 2263-2271. 10.1002/art.21201.PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Sweeney SE, Firestein GS: Rheumatoid arthritis: regulation of synovial inflammation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2004, 36: 372-378. 10.1016/S1357-2725(03)00259-0.PubMed Sweeney SE, Firestein GS: Rheumatoid arthritis: regulation of synovial inflammation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2004, 36: 372-378. 10.1016/S1357-2725(03)00259-0.PubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Kop EN, Adriaansen J, Smeets TJ, Vervoordeldonk MJ, van Lier RA, Hamann J, Tak PP: CD97 neutralisation increases resistance to collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006, 8: R155-10.1186/ar2049.PubMedCentralPubMed Kop EN, Adriaansen J, Smeets TJ, Vervoordeldonk MJ, van Lier RA, Hamann J, Tak PP: CD97 neutralisation increases resistance to collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006, 8: R155-10.1186/ar2049.PubMedCentralPubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Hamann J, Wishaupt JO, van Lier RA, Smeets TJ, Breedveld FC, Tak PP: Expression of the activation antigen CD97 and its ligand CD55 in rheumatoid synovial tissue. Arthritis Rheum. 1999, 42: 650-658. 10.1002/1529-0131(199904)42:4<650::AID-ANR7>3.0.CO;2-S.PubMed Hamann J, Wishaupt JO, van Lier RA, Smeets TJ, Breedveld FC, Tak PP: Expression of the activation antigen CD97 and its ligand CD55 in rheumatoid synovial tissue. Arthritis Rheum. 1999, 42: 650-658. 10.1002/1529-0131(199904)42:4<650::AID-ANR7>3.0.CO;2-S.PubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Sharif M, Osborne DJ, Meadows K, Woodhouse SM, Colvin EM, Shepstone L, Dieppe PA: The relevance of chondroitin and keratan sulphate markers in normal and arthritic synovial fluid. Br J Rheumatol. 1996, 35: 951-957. 10.1093/rheumatology/35.10.951.PubMed Sharif M, Osborne DJ, Meadows K, Woodhouse SM, Colvin EM, Shepstone L, Dieppe PA: The relevance of chondroitin and keratan sulphate markers in normal and arthritic synovial fluid. Br J Rheumatol. 1996, 35: 951-957. 10.1093/rheumatology/35.10.951.PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Sebbag M, Parry SL, Brennan FM, Feldmann M: Cytokine stimulation of T lymphocytes regulates their capacity to induce monocyte production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, but not interleukin-10: possible relevance to pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Immunol. 1997, 27: 624-632. 10.1002/eji.1830270308.PubMed Sebbag M, Parry SL, Brennan FM, Feldmann M: Cytokine stimulation of T lymphocytes regulates their capacity to induce monocyte production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, but not interleukin-10: possible relevance to pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Immunol. 1997, 27: 624-632. 10.1002/eji.1830270308.PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat McInnes IB, Leung BP, Sturrock RD, Field M, Liew FY: Interleukin-15 mediates T cell-dependent regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Med. 1997, 3: 189-195. 10.1038/nm0297-189.PubMed McInnes IB, Leung BP, Sturrock RD, Field M, Liew FY: Interleukin-15 mediates T cell-dependent regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Med. 1997, 3: 189-195. 10.1038/nm0297-189.PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Beech JT, Andreakos E, Ciesielski CJ, Green P, Foxwell BM, Brennan FM: T-cell contact-dependent regulation of CC and CXC chemokine production in monocytes through differential involvement of NFκB: implications for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006, 8: R168-10.1186/ar2077.PubMedCentralPubMed Beech JT, Andreakos E, Ciesielski CJ, Green P, Foxwell BM, Brennan FM: T-cell contact-dependent regulation of CC and CXC chemokine production in monocytes through differential involvement of NFκB: implications for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006, 8: R168-10.1186/ar2077.PubMedCentralPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Tran CN, Lundy SK, White PT, Endres JL, Motyl CD, Gupta R, Wilke CM, Shelden EA, Chung KC, Urquhart AG, Fox DA: Molecular interactions between T cells and fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Role of membrane tumor necrosis factor-α on cytokine-activated T cells. Am J Pathol. 2007, 171: 1588-1598. 10.2353/ajpath.2007.070004.PubMedCentralPubMed Tran CN, Lundy SK, White PT, Endres JL, Motyl CD, Gupta R, Wilke CM, Shelden EA, Chung KC, Urquhart AG, Fox DA: Molecular interactions between T cells and fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Role of membrane tumor necrosis factor-α on cytokine-activated T cells. Am J Pathol. 2007, 171: 1588-1598. 10.2353/ajpath.2007.070004.PubMedCentralPubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Gonzalez-Alvaro I, Dominguez-Jimenez C, Ortiz AM, Nunez-Gonzalez V, Roda-Navarro P, Fernandez-Ruiz E, Sancho D, Sanchez-Madrid F: Interleukin-15 and interferon-gamma participate in the cross-talk between natural killer and monocytic cells required for tumour necrosis factor production. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006, 8: R88-10.1186/ar1955.PubMedCentralPubMed Gonzalez-Alvaro I, Dominguez-Jimenez C, Ortiz AM, Nunez-Gonzalez V, Roda-Navarro P, Fernandez-Ruiz E, Sancho D, Sanchez-Madrid F: Interleukin-15 and interferon-gamma participate in the cross-talk between natural killer and monocytic cells required for tumour necrosis factor production. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006, 8: R88-10.1186/ar1955.PubMedCentralPubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Baslund B, Tvede N, Danneskiold-Samsoe B, Larsson P, Panayi G, Petersen J, Petersen LJ, Beurskens FJ, Schuurman J, van de Winkel JG, Parren PW, Gracie JA, Jongbloed S, Liew FY, McInnes IB: Targeting interleukin-15 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a proof-of-concept study. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 2686-2692. 10.1002/art.21249.PubMed Baslund B, Tvede N, Danneskiold-Samsoe B, Larsson P, Panayi G, Petersen J, Petersen LJ, Beurskens FJ, Schuurman J, van de Winkel JG, Parren PW, Gracie JA, Jongbloed S, Liew FY, McInnes IB: Targeting interleukin-15 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a proof-of-concept study. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 2686-2692. 10.1002/art.21249.PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Huang SH, Frydas S, Kempuraj D, Barbacane RC, Grilli A, Boucher W, Letourneau R, Madhappan B, Papadopoulou N, Verna N, De Lutiis MA, Iezzi T, Riccioni G, Theoharides TC, Conti P: Interleukin-17 and the interleukin-17 family member network. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2004, 25: 17-21.PubMed Huang SH, Frydas S, Kempuraj D, Barbacane RC, Grilli A, Boucher W, Letourneau R, Madhappan B, Papadopoulou N, Verna N, De Lutiis MA, Iezzi T, Riccioni G, Theoharides TC, Conti P: Interleukin-17 and the interleukin-17 family member network. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2004, 25: 17-21.PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Ryu S, Lee JH, Kim SI: IL-17 increased the production of vascular endothelial growth factor in rheumatoid arthritis synoviocytes. Clin Rheumatol. 2006, 25: 16-20. 10.1007/s10067-005-1081-1.PubMed Ryu S, Lee JH, Kim SI: IL-17 increased the production of vascular endothelial growth factor in rheumatoid arthritis synoviocytes. Clin Rheumatol. 2006, 25: 16-20. 10.1007/s10067-005-1081-1.PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Jovanovic DV, Di Battista JA, Martel-Pelletier J, Jolicoeur FC, He Y, Zhang M, Mineau F, Pelletier JP: IL-17 stimulates the production and expression of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-β and TNF-α, by human macrophages. J Immunol. 1998, 160: 3513-3521.PubMed Jovanovic DV, Di Battista JA, Martel-Pelletier J, Jolicoeur FC, He Y, Zhang M, Mineau F, Pelletier JP: IL-17 stimulates the production and expression of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-β and TNF-α, by human macrophages. J Immunol. 1998, 160: 3513-3521.PubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Kolls JK, Linden A: Interleukin-17 family members and inflammation. Immunity. 2004, 21: 467-476. 10.1016/j.immuni.2004.08.018.PubMed Kolls JK, Linden A: Interleukin-17 family members and inflammation. Immunity. 2004, 21: 467-476. 10.1016/j.immuni.2004.08.018.PubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Kotake S, Udagawa N, Takahashi N, Matsuzaki K, Itoh K, Ishiyama S, Saito S, Inoue K, Kamatani N, Gillespie MT, Martin TJ, Suda T: IL-17 in synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis is a potent stimulator of osteoclastogenesis. J Clin Invest. 1999, 103: 1345-1352. 10.1172/JCI5703.PubMedCentralPubMed Kotake S, Udagawa N, Takahashi N, Matsuzaki K, Itoh K, Ishiyama S, Saito S, Inoue K, Kamatani N, Gillespie MT, Martin TJ, Suda T: IL-17 in synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis is a potent stimulator of osteoclastogenesis. J Clin Invest. 1999, 103: 1345-1352. 10.1172/JCI5703.PubMedCentralPubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Chabaud M, Durand JM, Buchs N, Fossiez F, Page G, Frappart L, Miossec P: Human interleukin-17: a T cell-derived proinflammatory cytokine produced by the rheumatoid synovium. Arthritis Rheum. 1999, 42: 963-970. 10.1002/1529-0131(199905)42:5<963::AID-ANR15>3.0.CO;2-E.PubMed Chabaud M, Durand JM, Buchs N, Fossiez F, Page G, Frappart L, Miossec P: Human interleukin-17: a T cell-derived proinflammatory cytokine produced by the rheumatoid synovium. Arthritis Rheum. 1999, 42: 963-970. 10.1002/1529-0131(199905)42:5<963::AID-ANR15>3.0.CO;2-E.PubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Hwang SY, Kim HY: Expression of IL-17 homologs and their receptors in the synovial cells of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Mol Cell. 2005, 19: 180-184. Hwang SY, Kim HY: Expression of IL-17 homologs and their receptors in the synovial cells of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Mol Cell. 2005, 19: 180-184.
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Raza K, Falciani F, Curnow SJ, Ross EJ, Lee CY, Akbar AN, Lord JM, Gordon C, Buckley CD, Salmon M: Early rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by a distinct and transient synovial fluid cytokine profile of T cell and stromal cell origin. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005, 7: R784-R795. 10.1186/ar1733.PubMedCentralPubMed Raza K, Falciani F, Curnow SJ, Ross EJ, Lee CY, Akbar AN, Lord JM, Gordon C, Buckley CD, Salmon M: Early rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by a distinct and transient synovial fluid cytokine profile of T cell and stromal cell origin. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005, 7: R784-R795. 10.1186/ar1733.PubMedCentralPubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Katz Y, Nadiv O, Beer Y: Interleukin-17 enhances tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced synthesis of interleukins 1,6, and 8 in skin and synovial fibroblasts: a possible role as a 'fine-tuning cytokine' in inflammation processes. Arthritis Rheum. 2001, 44: 2176-2184. 10.1002/1529-0131(200109)44:9<2176::AID-ART371>3.0.CO;2-4.PubMed Katz Y, Nadiv O, Beer Y: Interleukin-17 enhances tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced synthesis of interleukins 1,6, and 8 in skin and synovial fibroblasts: a possible role as a 'fine-tuning cytokine' in inflammation processes. Arthritis Rheum. 2001, 44: 2176-2184. 10.1002/1529-0131(200109)44:9<2176::AID-ART371>3.0.CO;2-4.PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Chabaud M, Fossiez F, Taupin JL, Miossec P: Enhancing effect of IL-17 on IL-1-induced IL-6 and leukemia inhibitory factor production by rheumatoid arthritis synoviocytes and its regulation by Th2 cytokines. J Immunol. 1998, 161: 409-414.PubMed Chabaud M, Fossiez F, Taupin JL, Miossec P: Enhancing effect of IL-17 on IL-1-induced IL-6 and leukemia inhibitory factor production by rheumatoid arthritis synoviocytes and its regulation by Th2 cytokines. J Immunol. 1998, 161: 409-414.PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Ziolkowska M, Koc A, Luszczykiewicz G, Ksiezopolska-Pietrzak K, Klimczak E, Chwalinska-Sadowska H, Maslinski W: High levels of IL-17 in rheumatoid arthritis patients: IL-15 triggers in vitro IL-17 production via cyclosporin A-sensitive mechanism. J Immunol. 2000, 164: 2832-2838.PubMed Ziolkowska M, Koc A, Luszczykiewicz G, Ksiezopolska-Pietrzak K, Klimczak E, Chwalinska-Sadowska H, Maslinski W: High levels of IL-17 in rheumatoid arthritis patients: IL-15 triggers in vitro IL-17 production via cyclosporin A-sensitive mechanism. J Immunol. 2000, 164: 2832-2838.PubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Kirkham BW, Lassere MN, Edmonds JP, Juhasz KM, Bird PA, Lee CS, Shnier R, Portek IJ: Synovial membrane cytokine expression is predictive of joint damage progression in rheumatoid arthritis: a two-year prospective study (the DAMAGE study cohort). Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 1122-1131. 10.1002/art.21749.PubMed Kirkham BW, Lassere MN, Edmonds JP, Juhasz KM, Bird PA, Lee CS, Shnier R, Portek IJ: Synovial membrane cytokine expression is predictive of joint damage progression in rheumatoid arthritis: a two-year prospective study (the DAMAGE study cohort). Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 1122-1131. 10.1002/art.21749.PubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Lundy SK, Sarkar S, Tesmer LA, Fox DA: Cells of the synovium in rheumatoid arthritis. T lymphocytes. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007, 9: 202-10.1186/ar2107.PubMedCentralPubMed Lundy SK, Sarkar S, Tesmer LA, Fox DA: Cells of the synovium in rheumatoid arthritis. T lymphocytes. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007, 9: 202-10.1186/ar2107.PubMedCentralPubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Fasth AE, Snir O, Johansson AA, Nordmark B, Rahbar A, Af Klint E, Bjorkstrom NK, Ulfgren AK, van Vollenhoven RF, Malmstrom V, Trollmo C: Skewed distribution of proinflammatory CD4+CD28null T cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007, 9: R87-10.1186/ar2286.PubMedCentralPubMed Fasth AE, Snir O, Johansson AA, Nordmark B, Rahbar A, Af Klint E, Bjorkstrom NK, Ulfgren AK, van Vollenhoven RF, Malmstrom V, Trollmo C: Skewed distribution of proinflammatory CD4+CD28null T cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007, 9: R87-10.1186/ar2286.PubMedCentralPubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Smeets TJ, Dolhain R, Miltenburg AM, de Kuiper R, Breedveld FC, Tak PP: Poor expression of T cell-derived cytokines and activation and proliferation markers in early rheumatoid synovial tissue. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1998, 88: 84-90. 10.1006/clin.1998.4525.PubMed Smeets TJ, Dolhain R, Miltenburg AM, de Kuiper R, Breedveld FC, Tak PP: Poor expression of T cell-derived cytokines and activation and proliferation markers in early rheumatoid synovial tissue. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1998, 88: 84-90. 10.1006/clin.1998.4525.PubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Harrington LE, Hatton RD, Mangan PR, Turner H, Murphy TL, Murphy KM, Weaver CT: Interleukin 17-producing CD4+ effector T cells develop via a lineage distinct from the T helper type 1 and 2 lineages. Nat Immunol. 2005, 6: 1123-1132. 10.1038/ni1254.PubMed Harrington LE, Hatton RD, Mangan PR, Turner H, Murphy TL, Murphy KM, Weaver CT: Interleukin 17-producing CD4+ effector T cells develop via a lineage distinct from the T helper type 1 and 2 lineages. Nat Immunol. 2005, 6: 1123-1132. 10.1038/ni1254.PubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Lubberts E, Koenders MI, van den Berg WB: The role of T-cell interleukin-17 in conducting destructive arthritis: lessons from animal models. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005, 7: 29-37. 10.1186/ar1478.PubMedCentralPubMed Lubberts E, Koenders MI, van den Berg WB: The role of T-cell interleukin-17 in conducting destructive arthritis: lessons from animal models. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005, 7: 29-37. 10.1186/ar1478.PubMedCentralPubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Hirota K, Hashimoto M, Yoshitomi H, Tanaka S, Nomura T, Yamaguchi T, Iwakura Y, Sakaguchi N, Sakaguchi S: T cell self-reactivity forms a cytokine milieu for spontaneous development of IL-17+ Th cells that cause autoimmune arthritis. J Exp Med. 2007, 204: 41-47. 10.1084/jem.20062259.PubMedCentralPubMed Hirota K, Hashimoto M, Yoshitomi H, Tanaka S, Nomura T, Yamaguchi T, Iwakura Y, Sakaguchi N, Sakaguchi S: T cell self-reactivity forms a cytokine milieu for spontaneous development of IL-17+ Th cells that cause autoimmune arthritis. J Exp Med. 2007, 204: 41-47. 10.1084/jem.20062259.PubMedCentralPubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Sakaguchi N, Takahashi T, Hata H, Nomura T, Tagami T, Yamazaki S, Sakihama T, Matsutani T, Negishi I, Nakatsuru S, Sakaguchi S: Altered thymic T-cell selection due to a mutation of the ZAP-70 gene causes autoimmune arthritis in mice. Nature. 2003, 426: 454-460. 10.1038/nature02119.PubMed Sakaguchi N, Takahashi T, Hata H, Nomura T, Tagami T, Yamazaki S, Sakihama T, Matsutani T, Negishi I, Nakatsuru S, Sakaguchi S: Altered thymic T-cell selection due to a mutation of the ZAP-70 gene causes autoimmune arthritis in mice. Nature. 2003, 426: 454-460. 10.1038/nature02119.PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Bettelli E, Carrier Y, Gao W, Korn T, Strom TB, Oukka M, Weiner HL, Kuchroo VK: Reciprocal developmental pathways for the generation of pathogenic effector TH17 and regulatory T cells. Nature. 2006, 441: 235-238. 10.1038/nature04753.PubMed Bettelli E, Carrier Y, Gao W, Korn T, Strom TB, Oukka M, Weiner HL, Kuchroo VK: Reciprocal developmental pathways for the generation of pathogenic effector TH17 and regulatory T cells. Nature. 2006, 441: 235-238. 10.1038/nature04753.PubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Mangan PR, Harrington LE, O'Quinn DB, Helms WS, Bullard DC, Elson CO, Hatton RD, Wahl SM, Schoeb TR, Weaver CT: Transforming growth factor-beta induces development of the T(H)17 lineage. Nature. 2006, 441: 231-234. 10.1038/nature04754.PubMed Mangan PR, Harrington LE, O'Quinn DB, Helms WS, Bullard DC, Elson CO, Hatton RD, Wahl SM, Schoeb TR, Weaver CT: Transforming growth factor-beta induces development of the T(H)17 lineage. Nature. 2006, 441: 231-234. 10.1038/nature04754.PubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Veldhoen M, Hocking RJ, Atkins CJ, Locksley RM, Stockinger B: TGFβ in the context of an inflammatory cytokine milieu supports de novo differentiation of IL-17-producing T cells. Immunity. 2006, 24: 179-189. 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.01.001.PubMed Veldhoen M, Hocking RJ, Atkins CJ, Locksley RM, Stockinger B: TGFβ in the context of an inflammatory cytokine milieu supports de novo differentiation of IL-17-producing T cells. Immunity. 2006, 24: 179-189. 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.01.001.PubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilson NJ, Boniface K, Chan JR, McKenzie BS, Blumenschein WM, Mattson JD, Basham B, Smith K, Chen T, Morel F, Lecron JC, Kastelein RA, Cua DJ, McClanahan TK, Bowman EP, de Waal Malefyt R: Development, cytokine profile and function of human interleukin 17-producing helper T cells. Nat Immunol. 2007, 8: 950-957. 10.1038/ni1497.PubMed Wilson NJ, Boniface K, Chan JR, McKenzie BS, Blumenschein WM, Mattson JD, Basham B, Smith K, Chen T, Morel F, Lecron JC, Kastelein RA, Cua DJ, McClanahan TK, Bowman EP, de Waal Malefyt R: Development, cytokine profile and function of human interleukin 17-producing helper T cells. Nat Immunol. 2007, 8: 950-957. 10.1038/ni1497.PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen Z, Tato CM, Muul L, Laurence A, O'Shea JJ: Distinct regulation of interleukin-17 in human T helper lymphocytes. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 2936-2946. 10.1002/art.22866.PubMedCentralPubMed Chen Z, Tato CM, Muul L, Laurence A, O'Shea JJ: Distinct regulation of interleukin-17 in human T helper lymphocytes. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 2936-2946. 10.1002/art.22866.PubMedCentralPubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Kotake S, Udagawa N, Hakoda M, Mogi M, Yano K, Tsuda E, Takahashi K, Furuya T, Ishiyama S, Kim KJ, Saito S, Nishikawa T, Takahashi N, Togari A, Tomatsu T, Suda T, Kamatani N: Activated human T cells directly induce osteoclastogenesis from human monocytes: possible role of T cells in bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2001, 44: 1003-1012. 10.1002/1529-0131(200105)44:5<1003::AID-ANR179>3.0.CO;2-#.PubMed Kotake S, Udagawa N, Hakoda M, Mogi M, Yano K, Tsuda E, Takahashi K, Furuya T, Ishiyama S, Kim KJ, Saito S, Nishikawa T, Takahashi N, Togari A, Tomatsu T, Suda T, Kamatani N: Activated human T cells directly induce osteoclastogenesis from human monocytes: possible role of T cells in bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2001, 44: 1003-1012. 10.1002/1529-0131(200105)44:5<1003::AID-ANR179>3.0.CO;2-#.PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Shigeyama Y, Pap T, Kunzler P, Simmen BR, Gay RE, Gay S: Expression of osteoclast differentiation factor in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2000, 43: 2523-2530. 10.1002/1529-0131(200011)43:11<2523::AID-ANR20>3.0.CO;2-Z.PubMed Shigeyama Y, Pap T, Kunzler P, Simmen BR, Gay RE, Gay S: Expression of osteoclast differentiation factor in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2000, 43: 2523-2530. 10.1002/1529-0131(200011)43:11<2523::AID-ANR20>3.0.CO;2-Z.PubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Miranda-Carus ME, Benito-Miguel M, Balsa A, CoboIbanez T, Perez de Ayala C, Pascual-Salcedo D, Martin-Mola E: Peripheral blood T lymphocytes from patients with early rheumatoid arthritis express RANKL and interleukin-15 on the cell surface and promote osteoclastogenesis in autologous monocytes. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 1151-1164. 10.1002/art.21731.PubMed Miranda-Carus ME, Benito-Miguel M, Balsa A, CoboIbanez T, Perez de Ayala C, Pascual-Salcedo D, Martin-Mola E: Peripheral blood T lymphocytes from patients with early rheumatoid arthritis express RANKL and interleukin-15 on the cell surface and promote osteoclastogenesis in autologous monocytes. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 1151-1164. 10.1002/art.21731.PubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Sato K, Suematsu A, Okamoto K, Yamaguchi A, Morishita Y, Kadono Y, Tanaka S, Kodama T, Akira S, Iwakura Y, Cua DJ, Takayanagi H: Th17 functions as an osteoclastogenic helper T cell subset that links T cell activation and bone destruction. J Exp Med. 2006, 203: 2673-2682. 10.1084/jem.20061775.PubMedCentralPubMed Sato K, Suematsu A, Okamoto K, Yamaguchi A, Morishita Y, Kadono Y, Tanaka S, Kodama T, Akira S, Iwakura Y, Cua DJ, Takayanagi H: Th17 functions as an osteoclastogenic helper T cell subset that links T cell activation and bone destruction. J Exp Med. 2006, 203: 2673-2682. 10.1084/jem.20061775.PubMedCentralPubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Yago T, Nanke Y, Kawamoto M, Furuya T, Kobashigawa T, Kamatani N, Kotake S: IL-23 induces human osteoclastogenesis via IL-17 in vitro, and anti-IL-23 antibody attenuates collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007, 9: R96-10.1186/ar2297.PubMedCentralPubMed Yago T, Nanke Y, Kawamoto M, Furuya T, Kobashigawa T, Kamatani N, Kotake S: IL-23 induces human osteoclastogenesis via IL-17 in vitro, and anti-IL-23 antibody attenuates collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007, 9: R96-10.1186/ar2297.PubMedCentralPubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Firestein GS, Yeo M, Zvaifler NJ: Apoptosis in rheumatoid arthritis synovium. J Clin Invest. 1995, 96: 1631-1638. 10.1172/JCI118202.PubMedCentralPubMed Firestein GS, Yeo M, Zvaifler NJ: Apoptosis in rheumatoid arthritis synovium. J Clin Invest. 1995, 96: 1631-1638. 10.1172/JCI118202.PubMedCentralPubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Raza K, Scheel-Toellner D, Lee CY, Pilling D, Curnow SJ, Falciani F, Trevino V, Kumar K, Assi LK, Lord JM, Gordon C, Buckley CD, Salmon M: Synovial fluid leukocyte apoptosis is inhibited in patients with very early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006, 8: R120-10.1186/ar2009.PubMedCentralPubMed Raza K, Scheel-Toellner D, Lee CY, Pilling D, Curnow SJ, Falciani F, Trevino V, Kumar K, Assi LK, Lord JM, Gordon C, Buckley CD, Salmon M: Synovial fluid leukocyte apoptosis is inhibited in patients with very early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006, 8: R120-10.1186/ar2009.PubMedCentralPubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Arnold R, Brenner D, Becker M, Frey CR, Krammer PH: How T lymphocytes switch between life and death. Eur J Immunol. 2006, 36: 1654-1658. 10.1002/eji.200636197.PubMed Arnold R, Brenner D, Becker M, Frey CR, Krammer PH: How T lymphocytes switch between life and death. Eur J Immunol. 2006, 36: 1654-1658. 10.1002/eji.200636197.PubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Scatizzi JC, Hutcheson J, Bickel E, Haines GK, Perlman H: Pro-apoptotic Bid is required for the resolution of the effector phase of inflammatory arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007, 9: R49-10.1186/ar2204.PubMedCentralPubMed Scatizzi JC, Hutcheson J, Bickel E, Haines GK, Perlman H: Pro-apoptotic Bid is required for the resolution of the effector phase of inflammatory arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007, 9: R49-10.1186/ar2204.PubMedCentralPubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuo CC, Lin SC: Altered FOXO1 transcript levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis patients. Mol Med. 2007, 13: 561-566. 10.2119/2007-00021.Kuo.PubMedCentralPubMed Kuo CC, Lin SC: Altered FOXO1 transcript levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis patients. Mol Med. 2007, 13: 561-566. 10.2119/2007-00021.Kuo.PubMedCentralPubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Ludikhuize J, de Launay D, Groot D, Smeets TJ, Vinkenoog M, Sanders ME, Tas SW, Tak PP, Reedquist KA: Inhibition of fork-head box class O family member transcription factors in rheumatoid synovial tissue. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 2180-2191. 10.1002/art.22653.PubMed Ludikhuize J, de Launay D, Groot D, Smeets TJ, Vinkenoog M, Sanders ME, Tas SW, Tak PP, Reedquist KA: Inhibition of fork-head box class O family member transcription factors in rheumatoid synovial tissue. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 2180-2191. 10.1002/art.22653.PubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Rouse BT: Regulatory T cells in health and disease. J Intern Med. 2007, 262: 78-95. 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01836.x.PubMed Rouse BT: Regulatory T cells in health and disease. J Intern Med. 2007, 262: 78-95. 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01836.x.PubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu MF, Wang CR, Fung LL, Lin LH, Tsai CN: The presence of cytokine-suppressive CD4+CD25+ T cells in the peripheral blood and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Immunol. 2005, 62: 312-317. 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2005.01656.x.PubMed Liu MF, Wang CR, Fung LL, Lin LH, Tsai CN: The presence of cytokine-suppressive CD4+CD25+ T cells in the peripheral blood and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Immunol. 2005, 62: 312-317. 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2005.01656.x.PubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat van Amelsfort JM, Jacobs KM, Bijlsma JW, Lafeber FP, Taams LS: CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells in rheumatoid arthritis: differences in the presence, phenotype, and function between peripheral blood and synovial fluid. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 2775-2785. 10.1002/art.20499.PubMed van Amelsfort JM, Jacobs KM, Bijlsma JW, Lafeber FP, Taams LS: CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells in rheumatoid arthritis: differences in the presence, phenotype, and function between peripheral blood and synovial fluid. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 2775-2785. 10.1002/art.20499.PubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Mottonen M, Heikkinen J, Mustonen L, Isomaki P, Luukkainen R, Lassila O: CD4+CD25+ T cells with the phenotypic and functional characteristics of regulatory T cells are enriched in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2005, 140: 360-367. 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02754.x.PubMedCentralPubMed Mottonen M, Heikkinen J, Mustonen L, Isomaki P, Luukkainen R, Lassila O: CD4+CD25+ T cells with the phenotypic and functional characteristics of regulatory T cells are enriched in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2005, 140: 360-367. 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02754.x.PubMedCentralPubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Cao D, Malmstrom V, Baecher-Allan C, Hafler D, Klareskog L, Trollmo C: Isolation and functional characterization of regulatory CD25brightCD4+ T cells from the target organ of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Immunol. 2003, 33: 215-223. 10.1002/immu.200390024.PubMed Cao D, Malmstrom V, Baecher-Allan C, Hafler D, Klareskog L, Trollmo C: Isolation and functional characterization of regulatory CD25brightCD4+ T cells from the target organ of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Immunol. 2003, 33: 215-223. 10.1002/immu.200390024.PubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Cao D, van Vollenhoven R, Klareskog L, Trollmo C, Malmstrom V: CD25brightCD4+ regulatory T cells are enriched in inflamed joints of patients with chronic rheumatic disease. Arthritis Res Ther. 2004, 6: R335-R346. 10.1186/ar1192.PubMedCentralPubMed Cao D, van Vollenhoven R, Klareskog L, Trollmo C, Malmstrom V: CD25brightCD4+ regulatory T cells are enriched in inflamed joints of patients with chronic rheumatic disease. Arthritis Res Ther. 2004, 6: R335-R346. 10.1186/ar1192.PubMedCentralPubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Fontenot JD, Gavin MA, Rudensky AY: Foxp3 programs the development and function of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. Nat Immunol. 2003, 4: 330-336. 10.1038/ni904.PubMed Fontenot JD, Gavin MA, Rudensky AY: Foxp3 programs the development and function of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. Nat Immunol. 2003, 4: 330-336. 10.1038/ni904.PubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Allan SE, Passerini L, Bacchetta R, Crellin N, Dai M, Orban PC, Ziegler SF, Roncarolo MG, Levings MK: The role of 2 FOXP3 isoforms in the generation of human CD4+ Tregs. J Clin Invest. 2005, 115: 3276-3284. 10.1172/JCI24685.PubMedCentralPubMed Allan SE, Passerini L, Bacchetta R, Crellin N, Dai M, Orban PC, Ziegler SF, Roncarolo MG, Levings MK: The role of 2 FOXP3 isoforms in the generation of human CD4+ Tregs. J Clin Invest. 2005, 115: 3276-3284. 10.1172/JCI24685.PubMedCentralPubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Valencia X, Stephens G, Goldbach-Mansky R, Wilson M, Shevach EM, Lipsky PE: TNF downmodulates the function of human CD4+CD25hi T-regulatory cells. Blood. 2006, 108: 253-261. 10.1182/blood-2005-11-4567.PubMedCentralPubMed Valencia X, Stephens G, Goldbach-Mansky R, Wilson M, Shevach EM, Lipsky PE: TNF downmodulates the function of human CD4+CD25hi T-regulatory cells. Blood. 2006, 108: 253-261. 10.1182/blood-2005-11-4567.PubMedCentralPubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Ehrenstein MR, Evans JG, Singh A, Moore S, Warnes G, Isenberg DA, Mauri C: Compromised function of regulatory T cells in rheumatoid arthritis and reversal by anti-TNFα therapy. J Exp Med. 2004, 200: 277-285. 10.1084/jem.20040165.PubMedCentralPubMed Ehrenstein MR, Evans JG, Singh A, Moore S, Warnes G, Isenberg DA, Mauri C: Compromised function of regulatory T cells in rheumatoid arthritis and reversal by anti-TNFα therapy. J Exp Med. 2004, 200: 277-285. 10.1084/jem.20040165.PubMedCentralPubMed
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Nadkarni S, Mauri C, Ehrenstein MR: Anti-TNF-α therapy induces a distinct regulatory T cell population in patients with rheumatoid arthritis via TGF-β. J Exp Med. 2007, 204: 33-39. 10.1084/jem.20061531.PubMedCentralPubMed Nadkarni S, Mauri C, Ehrenstein MR: Anti-TNF-α therapy induces a distinct regulatory T cell population in patients with rheumatoid arthritis via TGF-β. J Exp Med. 2007, 204: 33-39. 10.1084/jem.20061531.PubMedCentralPubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Bayry J, Siberil S, Triebel F, Tough DF, Kaveri SV: Rescuing CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cell functions in rheumatoid arthritis by cytokine-targeted monoclonal antibody therapy. Drug Discov Today. 2007, 12: 548-552. 10.1016/j.drudis.2007.05.002.PubMed Bayry J, Siberil S, Triebel F, Tough DF, Kaveri SV: Rescuing CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cell functions in rheumatoid arthritis by cytokine-targeted monoclonal antibody therapy. Drug Discov Today. 2007, 12: 548-552. 10.1016/j.drudis.2007.05.002.PubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Charbonnier LM, van Duivenvoorde LM, Apparailly F, Cantos C, Han WG, Noel D, Duperray C, Huizinga TW, Toes RE, Jorgensen C, et al: Immature dendritic cells suppress collagen-induced arthritis by in vivo expansion of CD49b+ regulatory T cells. J Immunol. 2006, 177: 3806-3813.PubMed Charbonnier LM, van Duivenvoorde LM, Apparailly F, Cantos C, Han WG, Noel D, Duperray C, Huizinga TW, Toes RE, Jorgensen C, et al: Immature dendritic cells suppress collagen-induced arthritis by in vivo expansion of CD49b+ regulatory T cells. J Immunol. 2006, 177: 3806-3813.PubMed
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen ZM, O'Shaughnessy MJ, Gramaglia I, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Murphy WJ, Narula S, Roncarolo MG, Blazar BR: IL-10 and TGF-β induce alloreactive CD4+CD25- T cells to acquire regulatory cell function. Blood. 2003, 101: 5076-5083. 10.1182/blood-2002-09-2798.PubMed Chen ZM, O'Shaughnessy MJ, Gramaglia I, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Murphy WJ, Narula S, Roncarolo MG, Blazar BR: IL-10 and TGF-β induce alloreactive CD4+CD25- T cells to acquire regulatory cell function. Blood. 2003, 101: 5076-5083. 10.1182/blood-2002-09-2798.PubMed
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Schroder AE, Greiner A, Seyfert C, Berek C: Differentiation of B cells in the nonlymphoid tissue of the synovial membrane of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996, 93: 221-225. 10.1073/pnas.93.1.221.PubMedCentralPubMed Schroder AE, Greiner A, Seyfert C, Berek C: Differentiation of B cells in the nonlymphoid tissue of the synovial membrane of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996, 93: 221-225. 10.1073/pnas.93.1.221.PubMedCentralPubMed
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Mewar D, Wilson AG: Autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis: a review. Biomed Pharmacother. 2006, 60: 648-655. 10.1016/j.biopha.2006.09.002.PubMed Mewar D, Wilson AG: Autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis: a review. Biomed Pharmacother. 2006, 60: 648-655. 10.1016/j.biopha.2006.09.002.PubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Schellekens GA, Visser H, de Jong BA, van den Hoogen FH, Hazes JM, Breedveld FC, van Venrooij WJ: The diagnostic properties of rheumatoid arthritis antibodies recognizing a cyclic citrullinated peptide. Arthritis Rheum. 2000, 43: 155-163. 10.1002/1529-0131(200001)43:1<155::AID-ANR20>3.0.CO;2-3.PubMed Schellekens GA, Visser H, de Jong BA, van den Hoogen FH, Hazes JM, Breedveld FC, van Venrooij WJ: The diagnostic properties of rheumatoid arthritis antibodies recognizing a cyclic citrullinated peptide. Arthritis Rheum. 2000, 43: 155-163. 10.1002/1529-0131(200001)43:1<155::AID-ANR20>3.0.CO;2-3.PubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoffman IE, Peene I, Cebecauer L, Isenberg D, Huizinga TW, Union A, Meheus L, De Bosschere K, Hulstaert F, Veys EM, et al: Presence of rheumatoid factor and antibodies to citrullinated peptides in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005, 64: 330-332. 10.1136/ard.2004.022111.PubMedCentralPubMed Hoffman IE, Peene I, Cebecauer L, Isenberg D, Huizinga TW, Union A, Meheus L, De Bosschere K, Hulstaert F, Veys EM, et al: Presence of rheumatoid factor and antibodies to citrullinated peptides in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005, 64: 330-332. 10.1136/ard.2004.022111.PubMedCentralPubMed
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuhn KA, Kulik L, Tomooka B, Braschler KJ, Arend WP, Robinson WH, Holers VM: Antibodies against citrullinated proteins enhance tissue injury in experimental autoimmune arthritis. J Clin Invest. 2006, 116: 961-973. 10.1172/JCI25422.PubMedCentralPubMed Kuhn KA, Kulik L, Tomooka B, Braschler KJ, Arend WP, Robinson WH, Holers VM: Antibodies against citrullinated proteins enhance tissue injury in experimental autoimmune arthritis. J Clin Invest. 2006, 116: 961-973. 10.1172/JCI25422.PubMedCentralPubMed
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Petkova SB, Konstantinov KN, Sproule TJ, Lyons BL, Awwami MA, Roopenian DC: Human antibodies induce arthritis in mice deficient in the low-affinity inhibitory IgG receptor FcγRIIB. J Exp Med. 2006, 203: 275-280. 10.1084/jem.20051951.PubMedCentralPubMed Petkova SB, Konstantinov KN, Sproule TJ, Lyons BL, Awwami MA, Roopenian DC: Human antibodies induce arthritis in mice deficient in the low-affinity inhibitory IgG receptor FcγRIIB. J Exp Med. 2006, 203: 275-280. 10.1084/jem.20051951.PubMedCentralPubMed
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Klareskog L, Padyukov L, Ronnelid J, Alfredsson L: Genes, environment and immunity in the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Immunol. 2006, 18: 650-655. 10.1016/j.coi.2006.06.004.PubMed Klareskog L, Padyukov L, Ronnelid J, Alfredsson L: Genes, environment and immunity in the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Immunol. 2006, 18: 650-655. 10.1016/j.coi.2006.06.004.PubMed
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Orozco G, Rueda B, Martin J: Genetic basis of rheumatoid arthritis. Biomed Pharmacother. 2006, 60: 656-662. 10.1016/j.biopha.2006.09.003.PubMed Orozco G, Rueda B, Martin J: Genetic basis of rheumatoid arthritis. Biomed Pharmacother. 2006, 60: 656-662. 10.1016/j.biopha.2006.09.003.PubMed
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee HS, Remmers EF, Le JM, Kastner DL, Bae SC, Gregersen PK: Association of STAT4 with rheumatoid arthritis in the Korean population. Mol Med. 2007, 13: 455-460.PubMedCentralPubMed Lee HS, Remmers EF, Le JM, Kastner DL, Bae SC, Gregersen PK: Association of STAT4 with rheumatoid arthritis in the Korean population. Mol Med. 2007, 13: 455-460.PubMedCentralPubMed
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Remmers EF, Plenge RM, Lee AT, Graham RR, Hom G, Behrens TW, de Bakker PI, Le JM, Lee HS, Batliwalla F, Li W, Masters SL, Booty MG, Carulli JP, Padyukov L, Alfredsson L, Klareskog L, Chen WV, Amos CI, Criswell LA, Seldin MF, Kastner DL, Gregersen PK: STAT4 and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2007, 357: 977-986. 10.1056/NEJMoa073003.PubMedCentralPubMed Remmers EF, Plenge RM, Lee AT, Graham RR, Hom G, Behrens TW, de Bakker PI, Le JM, Lee HS, Batliwalla F, Li W, Masters SL, Booty MG, Carulli JP, Padyukov L, Alfredsson L, Klareskog L, Chen WV, Amos CI, Criswell LA, Seldin MF, Kastner DL, Gregersen PK: STAT4 and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2007, 357: 977-986. 10.1056/NEJMoa073003.PubMedCentralPubMed
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Plenge RM, Seielstad M, Padyukov L, Lee AT, Remmers EF, Ding B, Liew A, Khalili H, Chandrasekaran A, Davies LR, Li W, Tan AK, Bonnard C, Ong RT, Thalamuthu A, Pettersson S, Liu C, Tian C, Chen WV, Carulli JP, Beckman EM, Altshuler D, Alfredsson L, Criswell LA, Amos CI, Seldin MF, Kastner DL, Klareskog L, Gregersen PK: TRAF1-C5 as a risk locus for rheumatoid arthritis – a genomewide study. N Engl J Med. 2007, 357: 1199-1209. 10.1056/NEJMoa073491.PubMedCentralPubMed Plenge RM, Seielstad M, Padyukov L, Lee AT, Remmers EF, Ding B, Liew A, Khalili H, Chandrasekaran A, Davies LR, Li W, Tan AK, Bonnard C, Ong RT, Thalamuthu A, Pettersson S, Liu C, Tian C, Chen WV, Carulli JP, Beckman EM, Altshuler D, Alfredsson L, Criswell LA, Amos CI, Seldin MF, Kastner DL, Klareskog L, Gregersen PK: TRAF1-C5 as a risk locus for rheumatoid arthritis – a genomewide study. N Engl J Med. 2007, 357: 1199-1209. 10.1056/NEJMoa073491.PubMedCentralPubMed
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Kurreeman FA, Padyukov L, Marques RB, Schrodi SJ, Seddighzadeh M, Stoeken-Rijsbergen G, van der Helm-van Mil AH, Allaart CF, Verduyn W, Houwing-Duistermaat J, Alfredsson L, Begovich AB, Klareskog L, Huizinga TW, Toes RE: A candidate gene approach identifies the TRAF1/C5 region as a risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS Med. 2007, 4: e278-10.1371/journal.pmed.0040358.PubMedCentralPubMed Kurreeman FA, Padyukov L, Marques RB, Schrodi SJ, Seddighzadeh M, Stoeken-Rijsbergen G, van der Helm-van Mil AH, Allaart CF, Verduyn W, Houwing-Duistermaat J, Alfredsson L, Begovich AB, Klareskog L, Huizinga TW, Toes RE: A candidate gene approach identifies the TRAF1/C5 region as a risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS Med. 2007, 4: e278-10.1371/journal.pmed.0040358.PubMedCentralPubMed
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Burkhardt H, Huffmeier U, Spriewald B, Bohm B, Rau R, Kallert S, Engstrom A, Holmdahl R, Reis A: Association between protein tyrosine phosphatase 22 variant R620W in conjunction with the HLA-DRB1 shared epitope and humoral autoimmunity to an immunodominant epitope of cartilage-specific type II collagen in early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 82-89. 10.1002/art.21498.PubMed Burkhardt H, Huffmeier U, Spriewald B, Bohm B, Rau R, Kallert S, Engstrom A, Holmdahl R, Reis A: Association between protein tyrosine phosphatase 22 variant R620W in conjunction with the HLA-DRB1 shared epitope and humoral autoimmunity to an immunodominant epitope of cartilage-specific type II collagen in early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 82-89. 10.1002/art.21498.PubMed
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Begovich AB, Carlton VE, Honigberg LA, Schrodi SJ, Chokkalingam AP, Alexander HC, Ardlie KG, Huang Q, Smith AM, Spoerke JM, Conn MT, Chang M, Chang SY, Saiki RK, Catanese JJ, Leong DU, Garcia VE, McAllister LB, Jeffery DA, Lee AT, Batliwalla F, Remmers E, Criswell LA, Seldin MF, Kastner DL, Amos CI, Sninsky JJ, Gregersen PK: A missense single-nucleotide polymorphism in a gene encoding a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN22) is associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Hum Genet. 2004, 75: 330-337. 10.1086/422827.PubMedCentralPubMed Begovich AB, Carlton VE, Honigberg LA, Schrodi SJ, Chokkalingam AP, Alexander HC, Ardlie KG, Huang Q, Smith AM, Spoerke JM, Conn MT, Chang M, Chang SY, Saiki RK, Catanese JJ, Leong DU, Garcia VE, McAllister LB, Jeffery DA, Lee AT, Batliwalla F, Remmers E, Criswell LA, Seldin MF, Kastner DL, Amos CI, Sninsky JJ, Gregersen PK: A missense single-nucleotide polymorphism in a gene encoding a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN22) is associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Hum Genet. 2004, 75: 330-337. 10.1086/422827.PubMedCentralPubMed
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Hinks A, Barton A, John S, Bruce I, Hawkins C, Griffiths CE, Donn R, Thomson W, Silman A, Worthington J: Association between the PTPN22 gene and rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis in a UK population: further support that PTPN22 is an autoimmunity gene. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 1694-1699. 10.1002/art.21049.PubMed Hinks A, Barton A, John S, Bruce I, Hawkins C, Griffiths CE, Donn R, Thomson W, Silman A, Worthington J: Association between the PTPN22 gene and rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis in a UK population: further support that PTPN22 is an autoimmunity gene. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 1694-1699. 10.1002/art.21049.PubMed
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Bottini N, Vang T, Cucca F, Mustelin T: Role of PTPN22 in type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune diseases. Semin Immunol. 2006, 18: 207-213. 10.1016/j.smim.2006.03.008.PubMed Bottini N, Vang T, Cucca F, Mustelin T: Role of PTPN22 in type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune diseases. Semin Immunol. 2006, 18: 207-213. 10.1016/j.smim.2006.03.008.PubMed
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Johansson M, Arlestig L, Hallmans G, Rantapaa-Dahlqvist S: PTPN22 polymorphism and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies in combination strongly predicts future onset of rheumatoid arthritis and has a specificity of 100% for the disease. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006, 8: R19-10.1186/ar1868.PubMedCentralPubMed Johansson M, Arlestig L, Hallmans G, Rantapaa-Dahlqvist S: PTPN22 polymorphism and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies in combination strongly predicts future onset of rheumatoid arthritis and has a specificity of 100% for the disease. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006, 8: R19-10.1186/ar1868.PubMedCentralPubMed
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Pierer M, Kaltenhauser S, Arnold S, Wahle M, Baerwald C, Hantzschel H, Wagner U: Association of PTPN22 1858 single-nucleotide polymorphism with rheumatoid arthritis in a German cohort: higher frequency of the risk allele in male compared to female patients. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006, 8: R75-10.1186/ar1945.PubMedCentralPubMed Pierer M, Kaltenhauser S, Arnold S, Wahle M, Baerwald C, Hantzschel H, Wagner U: Association of PTPN22 1858 single-nucleotide polymorphism with rheumatoid arthritis in a German cohort: higher frequency of the risk allele in male compared to female patients. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006, 8: R75-10.1186/ar1945.PubMedCentralPubMed
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Mastana S, Gilmour A, Ghelani A, Smith H, Samanta A: Association of PTPN22 with rheumatoid arthritis among South Asians in the UK. J Rheumatol. 2007, 34: 1984-1986.PubMed Mastana S, Gilmour A, Ghelani A, Smith H, Samanta A: Association of PTPN22 with rheumatoid arthritis among South Asians in the UK. J Rheumatol. 2007, 34: 1984-1986.PubMed
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Ikari K, Momohara S, Inoue E, Tomatsu T, Hara M, Yamanaka H, Kamatani N: Haplotype analysis revealed no association between the PTPN22 gene and RA in a Japanese population. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006, 45: 1345-1348. 10.1093/rheumatology/kel169. Ikari K, Momohara S, Inoue E, Tomatsu T, Hara M, Yamanaka H, Kamatani N: Haplotype analysis revealed no association between the PTPN22 gene and RA in a Japanese population. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006, 45: 1345-1348. 10.1093/rheumatology/kel169.
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Jawaheer D, Seldin MF, Amos CI, Chen WV, Shigeta R, Etzel C, Damle A, Xiao X, Chen D, Lum RF, Monteiro J, Kern M, Criswell LA, Albani S, Nelson JL, Clegg DO, Pope R, Schroeder HW, Bridges SL, Pisetsky DS, Ward R, Kastner DL, Wilder RL, Pincus T, Callahan LF, Flemming D, Wener MH, Gregersen PK: Screening the genome for rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility genes: a replication study and combined analysis of 512 multicase families. Arthritis Rheum. 2003, 48: 906-916. 10.1002/art.10989.PubMed Jawaheer D, Seldin MF, Amos CI, Chen WV, Shigeta R, Etzel C, Damle A, Xiao X, Chen D, Lum RF, Monteiro J, Kern M, Criswell LA, Albani S, Nelson JL, Clegg DO, Pope R, Schroeder HW, Bridges SL, Pisetsky DS, Ward R, Kastner DL, Wilder RL, Pincus T, Callahan LF, Flemming D, Wener MH, Gregersen PK: Screening the genome for rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility genes: a replication study and combined analysis of 512 multicase families. Arthritis Rheum. 2003, 48: 906-916. 10.1002/art.10989.PubMed
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Frucht DM: IL-23: a cytokine that acts on memory T cells. Sci STKE. 2002, 2002: PE1-PubMed Frucht DM: IL-23: a cytokine that acts on memory T cells. Sci STKE. 2002, 2002: PE1-PubMed
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Mathur AN, Chang HC, Zisoulis DG, Stritesky GL, Yu Q, O'Malley JT, Kapur R, Levy DE, Kansas GS, Kaplan MH: Stat3 and Stat4 direct development of IL-17-secreting Th cells. J Immunol. 2007, 178: 4901-4907.PubMed Mathur AN, Chang HC, Zisoulis DG, Stritesky GL, Yu Q, O'Malley JT, Kapur R, Levy DE, Kansas GS, Kaplan MH: Stat3 and Stat4 direct development of IL-17-secreting Th cells. J Immunol. 2007, 178: 4901-4907.PubMed
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Bettelli E, Oukka M, Kuchroo VK: T(H)-17 cells in the circle of immunity and autoimmunity. Nat Immunol. 2007, 8: 345-350. 10.1038/ni0407-345.PubMed Bettelli E, Oukka M, Kuchroo VK: T(H)-17 cells in the circle of immunity and autoimmunity. Nat Immunol. 2007, 8: 345-350. 10.1038/ni0407-345.PubMed
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Kikly K, Liu L, Na S, Sedgwick JD: The IL-23/Th(17) axis: therapeutic targets for autoimmune inflammation. Curr Opin Immunol. 2006, 18: 670-675. 10.1016/j.coi.2006.09.008.PubMed Kikly K, Liu L, Na S, Sedgwick JD: The IL-23/Th(17) axis: therapeutic targets for autoimmune inflammation. Curr Opin Immunol. 2006, 18: 670-675. 10.1016/j.coi.2006.09.008.PubMed
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls. Nature. 2007, 447: 661-678. 10.1038/nature05911. Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls. Nature. 2007, 447: 661-678. 10.1038/nature05911.
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Murdoch C, Muthana M, Lewis CE: Hypoxia regulates macrophage functions in inflammation. J Immunol. 2005, 175: 6257-6263.PubMed Murdoch C, Muthana M, Lewis CE: Hypoxia regulates macrophage functions in inflammation. J Immunol. 2005, 175: 6257-6263.PubMed
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Ling S, Li Z, Borschukova O, Xiao L, Pumpens P, Holoshitz J: The rheumatoid arthritis shared epitope increases cellular susceptibility to oxidative stress by antagonizing an adenosine-mediated anti-oxidative pathway. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007, 9: R5-10.1186/ar2111.PubMedCentralPubMed Ling S, Li Z, Borschukova O, Xiao L, Pumpens P, Holoshitz J: The rheumatoid arthritis shared epitope increases cellular susceptibility to oxidative stress by antagonizing an adenosine-mediated anti-oxidative pathway. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007, 9: R5-10.1186/ar2111.PubMedCentralPubMed
107.
Zurück zum Zitat van der Helm-van Mil AH, Verpoort KN, Breedveld FC, Huizinga TW, Toes RE, de Vries RR: The HLA-DRB1 shared epitope alleles are primarily a risk factor for anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies and are not an independent risk factor for development of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 1117-1121. 10.1002/art.21739.PubMed van der Helm-van Mil AH, Verpoort KN, Breedveld FC, Huizinga TW, Toes RE, de Vries RR: The HLA-DRB1 shared epitope alleles are primarily a risk factor for anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies and are not an independent risk factor for development of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 1117-1121. 10.1002/art.21739.PubMed
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Klareskog L, Stolt P, Lundberg K, Kallberg H, Bengtsson C, Grunewald J, Ronnelid J, Harris HE, Ulfgren AK, Rantapaa-Dahlqvist S, Eklund A, Padyukov L, Alfredsson L: A new model for an etiology of rheumatoid arthritis: smoking may trigger HLA-DR (shared epitope)-restricted immune reactions to autoantigens modified by citrullination. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 38-46. 10.1002/art.21575.PubMed Klareskog L, Stolt P, Lundberg K, Kallberg H, Bengtsson C, Grunewald J, Ronnelid J, Harris HE, Ulfgren AK, Rantapaa-Dahlqvist S, Eklund A, Padyukov L, Alfredsson L: A new model for an etiology of rheumatoid arthritis: smoking may trigger HLA-DR (shared epitope)-restricted immune reactions to autoantigens modified by citrullination. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 38-46. 10.1002/art.21575.PubMed
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Mewar D, Coote A, Moore DJ, Marinou I, Keyworth J, Dickson MC, Montgomery DS, Binks MH, Wilson AG: Independent associations of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies and rheumatoid factor with radiographic severity of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006, 8: R128-10.1186/ar2017.PubMedCentralPubMed Mewar D, Coote A, Moore DJ, Marinou I, Keyworth J, Dickson MC, Montgomery DS, Binks MH, Wilson AG: Independent associations of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies and rheumatoid factor with radiographic severity of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006, 8: R128-10.1186/ar2017.PubMedCentralPubMed
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Linn-Rasker SP, van der Helm-van Mil AH, van Gaalen FA, Kloppenburg M, de Vries RR, le Cessie S, Breedveld FC, Toes RE, Huizinga TW: Smoking is a risk factor for anti-CCP antibodies only in rheumatoid arthritis patients who carry HLA-DRB1 shared epitope alleles. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006, 65: 366-371. 10.1136/ard.2005.041079.PubMedCentralPubMed Linn-Rasker SP, van der Helm-van Mil AH, van Gaalen FA, Kloppenburg M, de Vries RR, le Cessie S, Breedveld FC, Toes RE, Huizinga TW: Smoking is a risk factor for anti-CCP antibodies only in rheumatoid arthritis patients who carry HLA-DRB1 shared epitope alleles. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006, 65: 366-371. 10.1136/ard.2005.041079.PubMedCentralPubMed
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Pedersen M, Jacobsen S, Klarlund M, Pedersen BV, Wiik A, Wohlfahrt J, Frisch M: Environmental risk factors differ between rheumatoid arthritis with and without auto-antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptides. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006, 8: R133-10.1186/ar2022.PubMedCentralPubMed Pedersen M, Jacobsen S, Klarlund M, Pedersen BV, Wiik A, Wohlfahrt J, Frisch M: Environmental risk factors differ between rheumatoid arthritis with and without auto-antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptides. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006, 8: R133-10.1186/ar2022.PubMedCentralPubMed
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee HS, Irigoyen P, Kern M, Lee A, Batliwalla F, Khalili H, Wolfe F, Lum RF, Massarotti E, Weisman M, Bombardier C, Karlson EW, Criswell LA, Vlietinck R, Gregersen PK: Interaction between smoking, the shared epitope, and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide: a mixed picture in three large North American rheumatoid arthritis cohorts. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 1745-1753. 10.1002/art.22703.PubMed Lee HS, Irigoyen P, Kern M, Lee A, Batliwalla F, Khalili H, Wolfe F, Lum RF, Massarotti E, Weisman M, Bombardier C, Karlson EW, Criswell LA, Vlietinck R, Gregersen PK: Interaction between smoking, the shared epitope, and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide: a mixed picture in three large North American rheumatoid arthritis cohorts. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 1745-1753. 10.1002/art.22703.PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Recent developments in the immunobiology of rheumatoid arthritis
verfasst von
Anna K Andersson
Ching Li
Fionula M Brennan
Publikationsdatum
01.04.2008
Verlag
BioMed Central
Erschienen in
Arthritis Research & Therapy / Ausgabe 2/2008
Elektronische ISSN: 1478-6362
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/ar2370

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2008

Arthritis Research & Therapy 2/2008 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.