Introduction
Materials and methods
Patients and synovial fluid samples
Diagnosis (patients; n = 27) | Median disease duration, months (range) | Actual age or median age, years (range) | Sex ratio (M/F) | Clinical details |
---|---|---|---|---|
ReA (n = 5) | 2.4 (1 to 6) | 32.4 (20 to 50) | 4:1 | |
1 | 22 | M | Sexually acquired ReA; Ct IgG positivea, Ct IgA positive serologyb | |
2 | 40 | F | Sexually acquired ReA; | |
3 | 20 | M | Sexually acquired ReA; Ct IgG positive serologya; Ct IgA positive serologyb; B27+d | |
4 | 50 | M | Sexually acquired ReA; Ct IgA positive serologyb; Ct positive PCRc; B27+d | |
5 | 30 | M | Sexually acquired ReA | |
UA (n = 9) | 25 (2 to 60) | 40 (22 to 59) | 5:4 | - |
RA (n = 7) | 66 (12 to 228) | 44 (39 to 53) | 2:5 | - |
OA (n = 6) | 14 (12 to 24) | 58 (44 to 70) | 5:1 | - |
Automated DNA extraction from synovial fluid and broad-range PCR amplification of 16S rRNA genes, cloning and sequencing of bacterial DNA
Data analysis
Results
PCR positivity by the broad-range PCR amplification system
Patient | Total number of bacterial DNA sequences | DNA sequences identified in each patient |
---|---|---|
ReA | ||
1 | 45 | 10 × Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, 7 × Shigella species, 6 × Propionibacterium acnes, 3 × Ralstonia species, 3 × Shigella sonnei, 3 × uncultured bacterium, 2 × Bradyrhizobium elkanii, 1 × uncultured γ proteobacterium, 1 × uncultured γ proteobacterium, 2 × uncultured Sphingobacterium species, 1 × Aranicola species, 1 × Agrobacterium species, 1 × Burkholderia species, 1 × Escherichia coli, 1 × Paenibacillus humicus, 1 × Pantoea ananatis, 1 × uncultured β proteobacterium. |
2 | 47 | 13 × Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, 4× Shigella species, 3 × Aranicola species, 3 × Ralstonia species, 2 × β proteobacterium, 2 × γ proteobacterium, 2 × uncultured β proteobacterium, 1 × Agrobacterium species,, 1 × Bacteroidetes bacterium, 1 × Escherichia coli, 1 × Escherichia species, 1 × Flavobacterium mizutaii, 1 × Pantoea ananatis, 1 × Paenibacillus humicus, 1 × Paenibacillus species, 1 × Propionibacterium acnes, 3 × Shigella sonnei 1 × Streptococcus mitis, 1 × swine manure bacterium, 1 × uncultured α proteobacterium, 1 × uncultured Bacteroidetes bacterium, 1 × uncultured Flavobacterium species, 1 × uncultured soil bacterium. |
3 | 42 | 10 × Shigella species, 9 × Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, 3 × Aranicola species, 3 × uncultured bacterium,, 2 × Escherichia species, 2 × Paenibacillus humicus, 2 × Streptococcus mitis, 1 × Achromobacter xylosoxidans, 1 × Bradyrhizobium elkanii, 1 × Bacteroidetes bacterium, 1 × Flavobacterium mizutaii, 1 × γ proteobacterium, 1 × Propionibacterium acnes, 1 × Shigella sonnei, 1 × Streptococcus mitis, 1 × uncultured Flavobacterium species, 1 × uncultured Methylococcaceae bacterium, 1 × uncultured Bacteroidetes bacterium |
4 | 49 | 11 × Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, 6 × γ proteobacterium, 5 × Shigella species, 5 × Shigella sonnei, 3 × Aranicola species, 3 × Comamonas testosteroni, 3 × uncultured bacterium, 2 × Escherichia species, 2× Propionibacterium acnes, 2 × uncultured Flavobacterium species, 2 × uncultured β proteobacterium, 1 × Alcaligenes faecalis, 1 × Flavobacterium mizutaii, 1 × Paenibacillus humicus 1 × Pelomonas saccharophila, 1 × Pseudomonas species. |
5 | 31 | 5 × Escherichia coli, 4 × Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, 3 × Escherichia coli, 2 × Pseudomonas species, 2 × Shigella species, 2 × Sphingomonas faeni, 1 × Alcaligenes faecalis, 1 × β proteobacterium, 1 × Comamonas testosteroni, 1 × Diaphorobacter species, 1 × Delftia acidovorans, 1 ×Flavobacterium mizutaii, 1 × γ proteobacterium, 1 × uncultured bacterium, 1 × uncultured β proteobacterium, 1 × Pantoea ananatis, 1 × Propionibacterium acnes, 1 × Ralstonia species, 1 × Shigella sonnei, |
UA | ||
6 | 47 | 13 × Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, 9 × Shigella species, 7 × γ proteobacterium, 2 × uncultured bacterium, 2 × uncultured Veillonella species, 1 × Alcaligenes faecalis, 1× Agrobacterium species, 1 × Escherichia species, 1 × Streptococcus thermophilus, 1 × Flavobacterium mizutaii, 1 × Propionibacterium acnes, 1 × uncultured β proteobacterium, 1 × uncultured bacterium, 1 × uncultured candidate division OP10 bacterium, 1 × Pantoea ananatis, 1 × Shigella sonnei, 1 × unidentiefied bacterium, 1 × uncultured Flavobacterium species, 1 × uncultured Sphingobacterium species. |
7 | 30 | 8 × Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, 3 × Shigella species, 2 × Comamonas testosteroni, 2 × Paenibacillus humicus, 2 × Ralstonia species, 2 × uncultured bacterium, 2 × uncultured β proteobacterium, 2 × uncultured Flavobacterium species, 1 × Burkholderia species, 1 × Bradyrhizobium elkanii, 1 × Bacteroidetes bacterium, 1 × Escherichia coli, 1 × Flavobacterium mizutaii, 1 × γ proteobacterium, 1 × Shigella sonnei |
8 | 43 | 15 × Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, 5 × Shigella species, 3 × Escherichia species, 3 × Paenibacillus humicus, 2 × uncultured bacterium, 2 × uncultured β proteobacterium, 1 × Alcaligenes faecalis, 1 × Aranicola species, 1 × Bradyrhizobium elkanii, 1 × Flavobacterium mizutaii, 1 × γ proteobacterium, 1 × Ralstonia species, 1 × Staphylococcus pasteuri, 1 × Streptococcus mitis, 1 × Streptococcus pneumoniae, 1 × Streptococcus species, 1 × uncultured candidate division OP10 bacterium, 1 × uncultured Streptococcus species, 1 × uncultured Veillonella species. |
9 | 38 | 11 × Aquabacterium commune, 8 × Shigella species, 3 × Aranicola species, 3 × Paenibacillus humicus, 2 × Alcaligenes faecalis, 2 uncultured bacterium, 1 × β proteobacterium, 1 × Comamonas testosteroni, 1× Escherichia species, 1 × Kocuria species, 1 × Pseudomonas species, 1 × Paracoccus species, 1 × Streptococcus thermophilus, 1 × Streptococcus species, 1 × uncultured β proteobacterium |
10 | 41 | 13 × Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, 4 × Shigella species, 3 × γ proteobacterium, 3 × Shigella sonnei, 1 × Aranicola species, 1 × Alcaligenes faecalis, 1× Aeromonas species, 1× Burkholderia species, 1 × Bradyrhizobium elkanii, 1 × Comamonas testosteroni, 1 × Capnocytophaga sputigena 1 × Enterococcus faecium, 1× Escherichia species, 1 × Enterobacter hormaechei, 1 × Pseudomonas poae, 1 × Pantoea ananatis, 1 × Paenibacillus humicus, 1 × Rhodococcus species, 1 × Ralstonia species, 1 uncultured bacterium, 1 × uncultured γ proteobacterium, 1 × uncultured Flavobacterium species. |
11 | 36 | 6 × Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, 5 × Shigella species, 4 × γ proteobacterium, 4 × Ralstonia species, 3 × Escherichia coli, 2 × Bradyrhizobium elkanii, 2 × Comamonas testosteroni, 2 × uncultured bacterium, 1 × Achromobacter xylosoxidans, 1 × Alcaligenes faecalis, 1 × Bacteroidetes bacterium, 1 × Flavobacterium mizutaii, 1 × Rhizobium radiobacter, 1 × Rhodococcus species, 1 × uncultured β proteobacterium, 1 × uncultured organism. |
12 | 22 | 4 × Shigella species, 4 × Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, 3 × Alcaligenes faecalis, 2 × Shigella sonnei, 2 × uncultured β proteobacterium, 2 × uncultured bacterium, 1 × Aminobacter aminovorans, 1 × Achromobacter xylosoxidans, 1 × Paenibacillus humicus, 1 × Ralstonia species, 1 × uncultured organism. |
13 | 37 | 12 × Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, 3 × Shigella species, 3 × uncultured bacterium, 2 × Bacillus niacini, 2 × Ralstonia species, 1 × β proteobacterium, 1 × Bradyrhizobium japonicum, 1 × Burkholderia cepacia, 1 × Corynebacterium durum, 1 × Comamonas testosteroni, 1 × Flavobacterium mizutaii, 1 × γ proteobacterium, 1 × uncultured β proteobacterium, 1 × uncultured Sphingobacterium species, 1 × Mycobacterium aubagnense, 1 × Shigella sonnei., 1 × Sphingomonas species, 1 × Sphingomonas species, 1 × Pseudomonas poae, 1 × Pantoea ananatis. |
14 | 36 | 10 × Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, 7 × Ralstonia species, 3 × Comamonas testosteroni, 3 × uncultured bacterium, 2 × γ proteobacterium, 1 × Escherichia species, 1 × Flavobacterium mizutaii, 1 × Methylomicrobium species, 1 × Paenibacillus humicus, 1 × Pantoea ananatis, 1 × Photorhabdus luminescens, 1 × Streptococcus pneumoniae, 1 × uncultured Sphingobacterium species, 1 × uncultured Flavobacterium species, 1 × uncultured β proteobacterium, 1 × uncultured Firmicutes bacterium. |
RA | ||
15 | 24 | 10 × Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, 3 × uncultured Flavobacterium species, 2 × Comamonas testosteroni, 2 × uncultured bacterium, 1 × Aranicola species, 1 × Flavobacterium mizutaii, 1 × Paenibacillus humicus, 1 × Shigella species, 1 × Staphylococcus cohnii, 1 × Sphingobacterium thalpophilum, 1 × uncultured Sphingobacterium species. |
16 | 13 | 5 × uncultured β proteobacterium, 4 × uncultured Flavobacterium species, 2 × uncultured Sphingobacterium species, 1 × Comamonas testosterone, 1 × uncultured bacterium. |
17 | 8 | 3 × Escherichia species, 2 × uncultured bacterium, 1 × Alcaligenes faecalis, 1 × Comamonas testosteroni, 1 × Shigella species. |
OA | ||
18 | 18 | 4 × Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, 4 × Shigella species, 2 × Flavobacterium mizutaii, 2 × uncultured Flavobacterium species, 2 × uncultured Sphingobacterium species, 1 × Acinetobacter junii, 1 × Escherichia coli O157, 2 × uncultured bacterium. |
19 | 16 | 5 × Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, 3 × Shigella species, 3 × uncultured bacterium, 1 × Alcaligenes faecalis, 1 × Comamonas testosteroni, 1 × Flavobacterium mizutaii, 1 × Paenibacillus humicus, 1 × Ralstonia species. |
20 | 17 | 4 × Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, 3 × Shigella species, 3 × uncultured bacterium, 1 × Achromobacter xylosoxidans, 1 × Alcaligenes faecalis, 1 × Bacillus cereus, 1 × Escherichia species, 1 × Rothia mucilaginosa, 2 × uncultured β proteobacterium |
Bacterium-derived DNA identified in SF samples | Number of patients in whom bacterial DNAs were detected | Accession numbera | Length of the sequenceb | % Similarityc |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bacteria identified in ReA and UA patients (n = 69) | ||||
Bacteria previously detected in arthritis
| ||||
Aeromonas species | (1 UA) | [EMBL:AF099027] | 1400 | 97.77 |
Burkholderiaspecies | (1 ReA + 1 UA) | [EMBL:AY769903] | 1391 | 99.13 |
Burkholderiaspecies | (1 UA) | [EMBL:AY134849] | 1388 | 99.71 |
Burkholderia cepacia
| (1 UA) | [EMBL:AY946010] | 1390 | 99.89 |
Escherichia coli
| (1 ReA) | [EMBL:CP000243] | 1400 | 99.14 |
Escherichia coli
| (2 ReA) | [EMBL:U00096] | 1400 | 100.00 |
Escherichia coli
| (1 ReA + 2 UA) | [EMBL:V00348] | 1400 | 99.50 |
Methylomicrobiumspecies | (1 UA) | [EMBL:AF194538] | 1380 | 98.83 |
Propionibacterium acnes
| (5 ReA + 1 UA) | [EMBL:AB108477] | 1386 | 99.05 |
Pseudomonas species | (1 ReA) | [EMBL:DQ213044] | 1386 | 99.06 |
Pseudomonas species | (1 ReA) | [EMBL:AY014811] | 1395 | 99.06 |
Pseudomonas species | (1 UA) | [EMBL:AM409368] | 1396 | 99.21 |
Paracoccus species | (1 UA) | [EMBL:AY745834] | 1320 | 98.92 |
Rhodococcus species | (2 UA) | [EMBL:AF420412] | 1374 | 97.29 |
Shigella sonnei
| (5 ReA + 5 UA) | [EMBL:CP000038] | 1400 | 99.71 |
Shigella sonnei
| (1 UA) | [EMBL:X96964] | 1389 | 99.78 |
Sphingomonas species | (1 UA) | [EMBL:AB110635] | 1341 | 99.85 |
Sphingomonas species | (1 UA) | [EMBL:AF385529] | 1341 | 100.00 |
Streptococcus species | (1 UA) | [EMBL:AF316593] | 1400 | 98.55 |
Streptococcus species | (1 UA) | [EMBL:AF385523] | 1400 | 99.28 |
Streptococcus mitis
| (1 ReA) | [EMBL:AJ295848] | 1400 | 97.92 |
Streptococcus mitis
| (1 ReA) | [EMBL:AJ617805] | 1322 | 98.71 |
Streptococcus mitis
| (1 ReA) | [EMBL:AF003929] | 1396 | 99.36 |
Streptococcus mitis
| (1 ReA + 1 UA) | [EMBL:AY518677] | 1404 | 99.86 |
Streptococcus pneumoniae
| (2 UA) | [EMBL:AM157442] | 1400 | 98.64 |
Streptococcus thermophilus
| (2 UA) | [EMBL:AY188354] | 1397 | 99.57 |
Bacteria not previously detected in arthritis but detected in human infection
| ||||
Agrobacteriumspecies | (2 ReA + 1 UA) | [EMBL:AY775177] | 1344 | 99.40 |
Bradyrhizobium elkanii
| (2 ReA + 4 UA) | [EMBL:AY904749] | 1347 | 99.40 |
Capnocytophaga sputigena
| (1 UA) | [EMBL:AF133536] | 1378 | 98.96 |
Corynebacterium durum
| (1 UA) | [EMBL:AF537593] | 1391 | 99.58 |
Delftia acidovorans
| (1 ReA) | [EMBL:AB020186] | 1309 | 97.63 |
Enterococcus faecium
| (1 UA) | [EMBL:EF533988] | 1396 | 99.42 |
Enterobacter hormaechei
| (1 UA) | [EMBL:AY995561] | 1400 | 99.70 |
Kocuriaspecies | (1 UA) | [EMBL:AY864652] | 1387 | 99.85 |
Mycobacterium aubagnense
| (1 UA) | [EMBL:AY859683] | 1372 | 99.27 |
Pantoea ananatis
| (3 ReA + 4 UA) | [EMBL:DQ133546] | 1400 | 98.80 |
Photorhabdus luminescens
| (1 UA) | [EMBL:AY444555] | 1333 | 99.85 |
Pseudomonas poae
| (2 UA) | [EMBL:AJ492829] | 1386 | 98.99 |
Rhizobium radiobacter
| (1 UA) | [EMBL:AJ389902] | 1300 | 99.67 |
Staphylococcus pasteuri
| (1 UA) | [EMBL:AJ717376] | 1411 | 99.86 |
Bacteria not previously detected in humans
| ||||
Aquabacterium commune
| (1 UA) | [EMBL:AF035054] | 1416 | 99.70 |
Aminobacter aminovorans
| (1 UA) | [EMBL:AJ011759] | 1344 | 98.72 |
Bacillus niacini
| (1 UA) | [EMBL:AB021194] | 1400 | 99.14 |
Bradyrhizobium japonicum
| (1 UA) | [EMBL:AB072418] | 1200 | 97.81 |
Diaphorobacterspecies | (1 ReA) | [EMBL:DQ294626] | 1387 | 99.78 |
Pelomonas saccharophila
| (1 ReA) | [EMBL:AB021407] | 1381 | 99.42 |
Paenibacillusspecies | (1 ReA) | [EMBL:AM162345] | 1385 | 99.35 |
Sphingomonas faeni
| (1 ReA) | [EMBL:AJ429239] | 1340 | 97.82 |
Uncultured bacteria
| ||||
Bacteroidetes bacterium | (2 UA + 1 ReA) | [EMBL:AY395022] | 1394 | 96.11* |
Bacteroidetes bacterium | (1 ReA) | [EMBL:DQ195837] | 1300 | 98.39 |
β Proteobacterium | (2 ReA + 2 UA) | [EMBL:AY162033] | 1396 | 99.57 |
γ Proteobacterium | (4 ReA + 6 UA) | [EMBL:AY162042] | 1399 | 99.00 |
γ Proteobacterium | (1 ReA + 4 UA) | [EMBL:AY162068] | 1400 | 99.50 |
swine manure bacterium | (1 ReA) | [EMBL:AY167969 ] | 1395 | 99.21 |
Uncultured α proteobacterium | (1 ReA) | [EMBL:AF445680] | 1342 | 97.00 |
Uncultured Bacteroidetes bacterium | (2 ReA) | [EMBL:AY921801] | 1384 | 97.04 |
Uncultured bacterium | (2 UA) | [EMBL:AY958813] | 1388 | 99.88 |
Uncultured β proteobacterium | (1 ReA + 1 UA) | [EMBL:AF445700] | 1372 | 99.78 |
Uncultured β proteobacterium | (1 UA) | [EMBL:DQ316806] | 1391 | 97.46 |
Uncultured candidate division OP10 bacterium | (2 UA) | [EMBL:AF418946] | 1362 | 90.29* |
Uncultured Firmicutes bacterium | (1 UA) | [EMBL:EF071401] | 1400 | 99.57 |
Uncultured γ Proteobacterium | (1 UA) | [EMBL:AF324537] | 1396 | 99.96 |
Uncultured γ Proteobacterium | (1 ReA) | [EMBL:AJ318146] | 1400 | 97.63 |
Uncultured γ Proteobacterium | (1 ReA) | [EMBL:AY770720] | 1393 | 96.91* |
Uncultured Methylococcaceae bacterium | (1 ReA) | [EMBL:EF019533] | 1398 | 97.55 |
Uncultured organism | (2 UA) | [EMBL:DQ395839] | 1392 | 99.85 |
Uncultured soil bacterium | (1 ReA) | [EMBL:DQ297948] | 1340 | 99.85 |
Uncultured Streptococcus species | (1 UA) | [EMBL:AY256519] | 1400 | 99.21 |
Uncultured Veillonella species | (2 UA) | [EMBL:AM157449] | 1400 | 99.37 |
Bacteria identified in control group (RA and OA patients; n = 10)
| ||||
Bacteria previously detected in arthritis (in joint)
| ||||
Acinetobacter junii
| (1 OA) | [EMBL:AB101444] | 1387 | 99.28 |
Bacillus cereus
| (1 OA) | [EMBL:AB247137] | 1399 | 98.36 |
Rothia mucilaginosa
| (1 OA) | [EMBL:DQ409140] | 1375 | 98.69 |
Staphylococcus cohnii
| (1 RA) | [EMBL:AJ717378] | 1399 | 99.57 |
Bacteria not previously detected in arthritis but detected in human infection
| ||||
Escherichia coli O157
| (1 OA) | [EMBL:AE005174] | 1394 | 97.56 |
Bacteria not previously detected in humans
| ||||
Sphingobacterium thalpophilum
| (1 RA) | [EMBL:AJ43817] | 1388 | 94.02* |
Uncultured bacteria
| ||||
Uncultured bacterium | (1 OA) | [EMBL:DQ800655] | 1394 | 97.99 |
Uncultured bacterium | (1 RA) | [EMBL:AY958855] | 1388 | 99.78 |
Uncultured bacterium | (1 RA) | [EMBL:AY958896] | 1380 | 99.57 |
Uncultured bacterium | (1 RA + 1 OA) | [EMBL:DQ818800] | 1398 | 99.57 |
Common bacteria
d
(n = 20)
| ||||
Bacteria previously detected in arthritis
| ||||
Achromobacter xylosoxidans
| (1 ReA + 2 UA+ 1 OA) | [EMBL:AF439314] | 1389 | 99.50 |
Alcaligenes faecalis
| (2 ReA + 6 UA + 2 OA + 1 RA) | [EMBL:AY548384] | 1395 | 99.70 |
Comamonas testosterone
| (1 ReA + 4 UA +1 OA + 3 RA) | [EMBL:AB007996] | 1390 | 99.35 |
Comamonas testosterone
| (2 ReA + 3 UA + 1 OA) | [EMBL:M11224] | 1390 | 98.05 |
Escherichia species | (3 ReA + 5 UA + 1 OA + 1 RA) | [EMBL:DQ337503] | 1400 | 99.86 |
Flavobacterium mizutaii
| (4 ReA + 6 UA + 2 OA + 1 RA) | [EMBL:AJ438175] | 1385 | 94.00* |
Shigella species | (5 ReA + 8 UA + 3 OA + 2 RA) | [EMBL:DQ337523] | 1399 | 99.70 |
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
| (5 ReA + 8 UA + 3 OA + 1 RA) | [EMBL:AJ293470] | 1396 | 99.75 |
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
| (5 ReA + 8 UA + 3 OA + 1 RA) | [EMBL:AB294557] | 1396 | 99.86 |
Bacteria not previously detected in arthritis but detected in human infection
| ||||
Aranicolaspecies | (4 ReA + 3 UA + 1 RA) | [EMBL:AM398227] | 1400 | 99.64 |
Ralstonia species | (3 ReA + 7 UA + 1 OA) | [EMBL:AB045276] | 1387 | 99.86 |
Bacteria not previously detected in humans
| ||||
Paenibacillus humicus
| (4 ReA + 6 UA +1 OA + 1 RA) | [EMBL:AM411528] | 1399 | 98.60 |
Uncultured bacteria
| ||||
Uncultured bacterium | (4 ReA + 4 UA + 1 OA) | [EMBL:DQ818781] | 1394 | 98.90 |
Uncultured bacterium | (5 ReA + 4 UA + 2 OA + 2 RA) | [EMBL:AY838480] | 1389 | 94.00* |
Uncultured bacterium | (2 ReA + 3 UA + 1 OA + 2 RA) | [EMBL:AB076874] | 1389 | 94.00* |
Uncultured bacterium | (1 ReA +1 OA) | [EMBL:AY838458] | 1382 | 99.64 |
Uncultured bacterium | (1 UA + 1 OA) | [EMBL:DQ824599] | 1398 | 99.57 |
Uncultured β proteobacterium | (4 ReA + 6 UA + 1 OA + 1 RA) | [EMBL:DQ366010] | 1384 | 99.71 |
Uncultured Flavobacterium species | (3 ReA + 5 UA + 1 OA + 2 RA) | [EMBL:DQ366085] | 1300 | 97.20 |
Uncultured Sphingobacterium species | (1 ReA + 3 UA + 1 OA + 2 RA) | [EMBL:AB076874] | 1389 | 94.16* |