Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Critical Care 2/2012

01.04.2012 | Review

Clinical review: Respiratory monitoring in the ICU - a consensus of 16

verfasst von: Laurent Brochard, Greg S Martin, Lluis Blanch, Paolo Pelosi, F Javier Belda, Amal Jubran, Luciano Gattinoni, Jordi Mancebo, V Marco Ranieri, Jean-Christophe M Richard, Diederik Gommers, Antoine Vieillard-Baron, Antonio Pesenti, Samir Jaber, Ola Stenqvist, Jean-Louis Vincent

Erschienen in: Critical Care | Ausgabe 2/2012

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Monitoring plays an important role in the current management of patients with acute respiratory failure but sometimes lacks definition regarding which 'signals' and 'derived variables' should be prioritized as well as specifics related to timing (continuous versus intermittent) and modality (static versus dynamic). Many new techniques of respiratory monitoring have been made available for clinical use recently, but their place is not always well defined. Appropriate use of available monitoring techniques and correct interpretation of the data provided can help improve our understanding of the disease processes involved and the effects of clinical interventions. In this consensus paper, we provide an overview of the important parameters that can and should be monitored in the critically ill patient with respiratory failure and discuss how the data provided can impact on clinical management.
Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Van de Louw A, Cracco C, Cerf C, Harf A, Duvaldestin P, Lemaire F, Brochard L: Accuracy of pulse oximetry in the intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med. 2001, 27: 1606-1613. 10.1007/s001340101064.PubMed Van de Louw A, Cracco C, Cerf C, Harf A, Duvaldestin P, Lemaire F, Brochard L: Accuracy of pulse oximetry in the intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med. 2001, 27: 1606-1613. 10.1007/s001340101064.PubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Hinkelbein J, Genzwuerker HV, Sogl R, Fiedler F: Effect of nail polish on oxygen saturation determined by pulse oximetry incritically ill patients. Resuscitation. 2007, 72: 82-91. 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.06.024.PubMed Hinkelbein J, Genzwuerker HV, Sogl R, Fiedler F: Effect of nail polish on oxygen saturation determined by pulse oximetry incritically ill patients. Resuscitation. 2007, 72: 82-91. 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.06.024.PubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Feiner JR, Severinghaus JW, Bickler PE: Dark skin decreases the accuracy of pulse oximeters at low oxygen saturation: theeffects of oximeter probe type and gender. Anesth Analg. 2007, 105: S18-23. 10.1213/01.ane.0000285988.35174.d9. tables,PubMed Feiner JR, Severinghaus JW, Bickler PE: Dark skin decreases the accuracy of pulse oximeters at low oxygen saturation: theeffects of oximeter probe type and gender. Anesth Analg. 2007, 105: S18-23. 10.1213/01.ane.0000285988.35174.d9. tables,PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Jensen LA, Onyskiw JE, Prasad NG: Meta-analysis of arterial oxygen saturation monitoring by pulse oximetry inadults. Heart Lung. 1998, 27: 387-408. 10.1016/S0147-9563(98)90086-3.PubMed Jensen LA, Onyskiw JE, Prasad NG: Meta-analysis of arterial oxygen saturation monitoring by pulse oximetry inadults. Heart Lung. 1998, 27: 387-408. 10.1016/S0147-9563(98)90086-3.PubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Moller JT, Johannessen NW, Espersen K, Ravlo O, Pedersen BD, Jensen PF, Rasmussen NH, Rasmussen LS, Pedersen T, Cooper JB: Randomized evaluation of pulse oximetry in 20,802 patients: II. Perioperativeevents and postoperative complications. Anesthesiology. 1993, 78: 445-453. 10.1097/00000542-199303000-00007.PubMed Moller JT, Johannessen NW, Espersen K, Ravlo O, Pedersen BD, Jensen PF, Rasmussen NH, Rasmussen LS, Pedersen T, Cooper JB: Randomized evaluation of pulse oximetry in 20,802 patients: II. Perioperativeevents and postoperative complications. Anesthesiology. 1993, 78: 445-453. 10.1097/00000542-199303000-00007.PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Eberhard P: The design, use, and results of transcutaneous carbon dioxide analysis: currentand future directions. Anesth Analg. 2007, 105: S48-S52. 10.1213/01.ane.0000278642.16117.f8.PubMed Eberhard P: The design, use, and results of transcutaneous carbon dioxide analysis: currentand future directions. Anesth Analg. 2007, 105: S48-S52. 10.1213/01.ane.0000278642.16117.f8.PubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Romero PV, Lucangelo U, Lopez AJ, Fernandez R, Blanch L: Physiologically based indices of volumetric capnography in patients receivingmechanical ventilation. Eur Respir J. 1997, 10: 1309-1315. 10.1183/09031936.97.10061309.PubMed Romero PV, Lucangelo U, Lopez AJ, Fernandez R, Blanch L: Physiologically based indices of volumetric capnography in patients receivingmechanical ventilation. Eur Respir J. 1997, 10: 1309-1315. 10.1183/09031936.97.10061309.PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat You B, Peslin R, Duvivier C, Vu VD, Grilliat JP: Expiratory capnography in asthma: evaluation of various shape indices. Eur Respir J. 1994, 7: 318-323. 10.1183/09031936.94.07020318.PubMed You B, Peslin R, Duvivier C, Vu VD, Grilliat JP: Expiratory capnography in asthma: evaluation of various shape indices. Eur Respir J. 1994, 7: 318-323. 10.1183/09031936.94.07020318.PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Lucangelo U, Bernabe F, Vatua S, Degrassi G, Villagra A, Fernandez R, Romero PV, Saura P, Borelli M, Blanch L: Prognostic value of different dead space indices in mechanically ventilatedpatients with acute lung injury and ARDS. Chest. 2008, 133: 62-71. 10.1378/chest.07-0935.PubMed Lucangelo U, Bernabe F, Vatua S, Degrassi G, Villagra A, Fernandez R, Romero PV, Saura P, Borelli M, Blanch L: Prognostic value of different dead space indices in mechanically ventilatedpatients with acute lung injury and ARDS. Chest. 2008, 133: 62-71. 10.1378/chest.07-0935.PubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Raurich JM, Vilar M, Colomar A, Ibanez J, Ayestaran I, Perez-Barcena J, Llompart-Pou JA: Prognostic value of the pulmonary dead-space fraction during the early andintermediate phases of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respir Care. 2010, 55: 282-287.PubMed Raurich JM, Vilar M, Colomar A, Ibanez J, Ayestaran I, Perez-Barcena J, Llompart-Pou JA: Prognostic value of the pulmonary dead-space fraction during the early andintermediate phases of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respir Care. 2010, 55: 282-287.PubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Lucangelo U, Blanch L: Dead space. Intensive Care Med. 2004, 30: 576-579. 10.1007/s00134-004-2194-8.PubMed Lucangelo U, Blanch L: Dead space. Intensive Care Med. 2004, 30: 576-579. 10.1007/s00134-004-2194-8.PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuwabara S, Duncalf D: Effect of anatomic shunt on physiologic deadspace-to-tidal volume ratio--a newequation. Anesthesiology. 1969, 31: 575-577. 10.1097/00000542-196912000-00012.PubMed Kuwabara S, Duncalf D: Effect of anatomic shunt on physiologic deadspace-to-tidal volume ratio--a newequation. Anesthesiology. 1969, 31: 575-577. 10.1097/00000542-196912000-00012.PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat McSwain SD, Hamel DS, Smith PB, Gentile MA, Srinivasan S, Meliones JN, Cheifetz IM: End-tidal and arterial carbon dioxide measurements correlate across all levels ofphysiologic dead space. Respir Care. 2010, 55: 288-293.PubMedCentralPubMed McSwain SD, Hamel DS, Smith PB, Gentile MA, Srinivasan S, Meliones JN, Cheifetz IM: End-tidal and arterial carbon dioxide measurements correlate across all levels ofphysiologic dead space. Respir Care. 2010, 55: 288-293.PubMedCentralPubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Galia F, Brimioulle S, Bonnier F, Vandenbergen N, Dojat M, Vincent JL, Brochard LJ: Use of maximum end-tidal CO(2) values to improve end-tidal CO(2) monitoringaccuracy. Respir Care. 2011, 56: 278-283. 10.4187/respcare.00837.PubMed Galia F, Brimioulle S, Bonnier F, Vandenbergen N, Dojat M, Vincent JL, Brochard LJ: Use of maximum end-tidal CO(2) values to improve end-tidal CO(2) monitoringaccuracy. Respir Care. 2011, 56: 278-283. 10.4187/respcare.00837.PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Kline JA, Israel EG, Michelson EA, O'Neil BJ, Plewa MC, Portelli DC: Diagnostic accuracy of a bedside D-dimer assay and alveolar dead-space measurementfor rapid exclusion of pulmonary embolism: a multicenter study. JAMA. 2001, 285: 761-768. 10.1001/jama.285.6.761.PubMed Kline JA, Israel EG, Michelson EA, O'Neil BJ, Plewa MC, Portelli DC: Diagnostic accuracy of a bedside D-dimer assay and alveolar dead-space measurementfor rapid exclusion of pulmonary embolism: a multicenter study. JAMA. 2001, 285: 761-768. 10.1001/jama.285.6.761.PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Verschuren F, Heinonen E, Clause D, Roeseler J, Thys F, Meert P, Marion E, El Gariani A, Col J, Reynaert M, Liistro G: Volumetric capnography as a bedside monitoring of thrombolysis in major pulmonaryembolism. Intensive Care Med. 2004, 30: 2129-2132. 10.1007/s00134-004-2444-9.PubMed Verschuren F, Heinonen E, Clause D, Roeseler J, Thys F, Meert P, Marion E, El Gariani A, Col J, Reynaert M, Liistro G: Volumetric capnography as a bedside monitoring of thrombolysis in major pulmonaryembolism. Intensive Care Med. 2004, 30: 2129-2132. 10.1007/s00134-004-2444-9.PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Tusman G, Suarez-Sipmann F, Bohm SH, Pech T, Reissmann H, Meschino G, Scandurra A, Hedenstierna G: Monitoring dead space during recruitment and PEEP titration in an experimentalmodel. Intensive Care Med. 2006, 32: 1863-1871. 10.1007/s00134-006-0371-7.PubMed Tusman G, Suarez-Sipmann F, Bohm SH, Pech T, Reissmann H, Meschino G, Scandurra A, Hedenstierna G: Monitoring dead space during recruitment and PEEP titration in an experimentalmodel. Intensive Care Med. 2006, 32: 1863-1871. 10.1007/s00134-006-0371-7.PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Beydon L, Uttman L, Rawal R, Jonson B: Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on dead space and its partitions inacute lung injury. Intensive Care Med. 2002, 28: 1239-1245. 10.1007/s00134-002-1419-y.PubMed Beydon L, Uttman L, Rawal R, Jonson B: Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on dead space and its partitions inacute lung injury. Intensive Care Med. 2002, 28: 1239-1245. 10.1007/s00134-002-1419-y.PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Aboab J, Niklason L, Uttman L, Kouatchet A, Brochard L, Jonson B: CO2 elimination at varying inspiratory pause in acute lung injury. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2007, 27: 2-6. 10.1111/j.1475-097X.2007.00699.x.PubMed Aboab J, Niklason L, Uttman L, Kouatchet A, Brochard L, Jonson B: CO2 elimination at varying inspiratory pause in acute lung injury. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2007, 27: 2-6. 10.1111/j.1475-097X.2007.00699.x.PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernard GR, Artigas A, Brigham KL, Carlet J, Falke K, Hudson L, Lamy M, Legall JR, Morris A, Spragg R: The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS. Definitions, mechanisms,relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994, 149: 818-824. 10.1164/ajrccm.149.3.7509706.PubMed Bernard GR, Artigas A, Brigham KL, Carlet J, Falke K, Hudson L, Lamy M, Legall JR, Morris A, Spragg R: The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS. Definitions, mechanisms,relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994, 149: 818-824. 10.1164/ajrccm.149.3.7509706.PubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Aboab J, Louis B, Jonson B, Brochard L: Relation between PaO2/FIO2 ratio and FIO2: a mathematical description. Intensive Care Med. 2006, 32: 1494-1497. 10.1007/s00134-006-0337-9.PubMed Aboab J, Louis B, Jonson B, Brochard L: Relation between PaO2/FIO2 ratio and FIO2: a mathematical description. Intensive Care Med. 2006, 32: 1494-1497. 10.1007/s00134-006-0337-9.PubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Gowda MS, Klocke RA: Variability of indices of hypoxemia in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 1997, 25: 41-45. 10.1097/00003246-199701000-00010.PubMed Gowda MS, Klocke RA: Variability of indices of hypoxemia in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 1997, 25: 41-45. 10.1097/00003246-199701000-00010.PubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Whiteley JP, Gavaghan DJ, Hahn CE: Variation of venous admixture, SF6 shunt, PaO2, and the PaO2/FIO2 ratio withFIO2. Br J Anaesth. 2002, 88: 771-778. 10.1093/bja/88.6.771.PubMed Whiteley JP, Gavaghan DJ, Hahn CE: Variation of venous admixture, SF6 shunt, PaO2, and the PaO2/FIO2 ratio withFIO2. Br J Anaesth. 2002, 88: 771-778. 10.1093/bja/88.6.771.PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Britos M, Smoot E, Liu KD, Thompson BT, Checkley W, Brower RG: The value of positive end-expiratory pressure and FiO2 criteria in the definitionof the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2011, 39: 2025-2030. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31821cb774.PubMedCentralPubMed Britos M, Smoot E, Liu KD, Thompson BT, Checkley W, Brower RG: The value of positive end-expiratory pressure and FiO2 criteria in the definitionof the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2011, 39: 2025-2030. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31821cb774.PubMedCentralPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Di Marco F, Devaquet J, Lyazidi A, Galia F, da Costa NP, Fumagalli R, Brochard L: Positive end-expiratory pressure-induced functional recruitment in patients withacute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2010, 38: 127-132. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181b4a7e7.PubMed Di Marco F, Devaquet J, Lyazidi A, Galia F, da Costa NP, Fumagalli R, Brochard L: Positive end-expiratory pressure-induced functional recruitment in patients withacute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2010, 38: 127-132. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181b4a7e7.PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Mekontso Dessap A, Boissier F, Leon R, Carreira S, Campo FR, Lemaire F, Brochard L: Prevalence and prognosis of shunting across patent foramen ovale during acuterespiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2010, 38: 1786-1792. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181eaa9c8.PubMed Mekontso Dessap A, Boissier F, Leon R, Carreira S, Campo FR, Lemaire F, Brochard L: Prevalence and prognosis of shunting across patent foramen ovale during acuterespiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2010, 38: 1786-1792. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181eaa9c8.PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Willson DF, Thomas NJ, Markovitz BP, Bauman LA, DiCarlo JV, Pon S, Jacobs BR, Jefferson LS, Conaway MR, Egan EA: Effect of exogenous surfactant (calfactant) in pediatric acute lung injury: arandomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005, 293: 470-476. 10.1001/jama.293.4.470.PubMed Willson DF, Thomas NJ, Markovitz BP, Bauman LA, DiCarlo JV, Pon S, Jacobs BR, Jefferson LS, Conaway MR, Egan EA: Effect of exogenous surfactant (calfactant) in pediatric acute lung injury: arandomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005, 293: 470-476. 10.1001/jama.293.4.470.PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Nuckton TJ, Alonso JA, Kallet RH, Daniel BM, Pittet JF, Eisner MD, Matthay MA: Pulmonary dead-space fraction as a risk factor for death in the acute respiratorydistress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2002, 346: 1281-1286. 10.1056/NEJMoa012835.PubMed Nuckton TJ, Alonso JA, Kallet RH, Daniel BM, Pittet JF, Eisner MD, Matthay MA: Pulmonary dead-space fraction as a risk factor for death in the acute respiratorydistress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2002, 346: 1281-1286. 10.1056/NEJMoa012835.PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Gattinoni L, Bombino M, Pelosi P, Lissoni A, Pesenti A, Fumagalli R, Tagliabue M: Lung structure and function in different stages of severe adult respiratorydistress syndrome. JAMA. 1994, 271: 1772-1779. 10.1001/jama.1994.03510460064035.PubMed Gattinoni L, Bombino M, Pelosi P, Lissoni A, Pesenti A, Fumagalli R, Tagliabue M: Lung structure and function in different stages of severe adult respiratorydistress syndrome. JAMA. 1994, 271: 1772-1779. 10.1001/jama.1994.03510460064035.PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Doyle RL, Szafl arski N, Modin GW, Wiener-Kronish JP, Matthay MA: Identification of patients with acute lung injury. Predictors of mortality. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995, 152: 1818-1824. 10.1164/ajrccm.152.6.8520742.PubMed Doyle RL, Szafl arski N, Modin GW, Wiener-Kronish JP, Matthay MA: Identification of patients with acute lung injury. Predictors of mortality. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995, 152: 1818-1824. 10.1164/ajrccm.152.6.8520742.PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Monchi M, Bellenfant F, Cariou A, Joly LM, Thebert D, Laurent I, Dhainaut JF, Brunet F: Early predictive factors of survival in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Amultivariate analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998, 158: 1076-1081. 10.1164/ajrccm.158.4.9802009.PubMed Monchi M, Bellenfant F, Cariou A, Joly LM, Thebert D, Laurent I, Dhainaut JF, Brunet F: Early predictive factors of survival in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Amultivariate analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998, 158: 1076-1081. 10.1164/ajrccm.158.4.9802009.PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Sakka SG, Klein M, Reinhart K, Meier-Hellmann A: Prognostic value of extravascular lung water in critically ill patients. Chest. 2002, 122: 2080-2086. 10.1378/chest.122.6.2080.PubMed Sakka SG, Klein M, Reinhart K, Meier-Hellmann A: Prognostic value of extravascular lung water in critically ill patients. Chest. 2002, 122: 2080-2086. 10.1378/chest.122.6.2080.PubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Brown LM, Liu KD, Matthay MA: Measurement of extravascular lung water using the single indicator method inpatients: research and potential clinical value. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2009, 297: L547-L558. 10.1152/ajplung.00127.2009.PubMedCentralPubMed Brown LM, Liu KD, Matthay MA: Measurement of extravascular lung water using the single indicator method inpatients: research and potential clinical value. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2009, 297: L547-L558. 10.1152/ajplung.00127.2009.PubMedCentralPubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Monnet X, Anguel N, Osman D, Hamzaoui O, Richard C, Teboul JL: Assessing pulmonary permeability by transpulmonary thermodilution allowsdifferentiation of hydrostatic pulmonary edema from ALI/ARDS. Intensive Care Med. 2007, 33: 448-453. 10.1007/s00134-006-0498-6.PubMed Monnet X, Anguel N, Osman D, Hamzaoui O, Richard C, Teboul JL: Assessing pulmonary permeability by transpulmonary thermodilution allowsdifferentiation of hydrostatic pulmonary edema from ALI/ARDS. Intensive Care Med. 2007, 33: 448-453. 10.1007/s00134-006-0498-6.PubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Jonson B, Richard JC, Straus C, Mancebo J, Lemaire F, Brochard L: Pressure-volume curves and compliance in acute lung injury: evidence ofrecruitment above the lower inflection point. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999, 159: 1172-1178. 10.1164/ajrccm.159.4.9801088.PubMed Jonson B, Richard JC, Straus C, Mancebo J, Lemaire F, Brochard L: Pressure-volume curves and compliance in acute lung injury: evidence ofrecruitment above the lower inflection point. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999, 159: 1172-1178. 10.1164/ajrccm.159.4.9801088.PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Richard JC, Brochard L, Vandelet P, Breton L, Maggiore SM, Jonson B, Clabault K, Leroy J, Bonmarchand G: Respective effects of end-expiratory and end-inspiratory pressures on alveolarrecruitment in acute lung injury. Crit Care Med. 2003, 31: 89-92. 10.1097/00003246-200301000-00014.PubMed Richard JC, Brochard L, Vandelet P, Breton L, Maggiore SM, Jonson B, Clabault K, Leroy J, Bonmarchand G: Respective effects of end-expiratory and end-inspiratory pressures on alveolarrecruitment in acute lung injury. Crit Care Med. 2003, 31: 89-92. 10.1097/00003246-200301000-00014.PubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Lu Q, Vieira SR, Richecoeur J, Puybasset L, Kalfon P, Coriat P, Rouby JJ: A simple automated method for measuring pressure-volume curves during mechanicalventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999, 159: 275-282. 10.1164/ajrccm.159.1.9802082.PubMed Lu Q, Vieira SR, Richecoeur J, Puybasset L, Kalfon P, Coriat P, Rouby JJ: A simple automated method for measuring pressure-volume curves during mechanicalventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999, 159: 275-282. 10.1164/ajrccm.159.1.9802082.PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Matamis D, Lemaire F, Harf A, Brun-Buisson C, Ansquer JC, Atlan G: Total respiratory pressure-volume curves in the adult respiratory distresssyndrome. Chest. 1984, 86: 58-66. 10.1378/chest.86.1.58.PubMed Matamis D, Lemaire F, Harf A, Brun-Buisson C, Ansquer JC, Atlan G: Total respiratory pressure-volume curves in the adult respiratory distresssyndrome. Chest. 1984, 86: 58-66. 10.1378/chest.86.1.58.PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Roupie E, Dambrosio M, Servillo G, Mentec H, el Atrous S, Beydon L, Brun-Buisson C, Lemaire F, Brochard L: Titration of tidal volume and induced hypercapnia in acute respiratory distresssyndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995, 152: 121-128. 10.1164/ajrccm.152.1.7599810.PubMed Roupie E, Dambrosio M, Servillo G, Mentec H, el Atrous S, Beydon L, Brun-Buisson C, Lemaire F, Brochard L: Titration of tidal volume and induced hypercapnia in acute respiratory distresssyndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995, 152: 121-128. 10.1164/ajrccm.152.1.7599810.PubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Crotti S, Mascheroni D, Caironi P, Pelosi P, Ronzoni G, Mondino M, Marini JJ, Gattinoni L: Recruitment and derecruitment during acute respiratory failure: a clinicalstudy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001, 164: 131-140. 10.1164/ajrccm.164.1.2007011.PubMed Crotti S, Mascheroni D, Caironi P, Pelosi P, Ronzoni G, Mondino M, Marini JJ, Gattinoni L: Recruitment and derecruitment during acute respiratory failure: a clinicalstudy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001, 164: 131-140. 10.1164/ajrccm.164.1.2007011.PubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Pelosi P, Goldner M, McKibben A, Adams A, Eccher G, Caironi P, Losappio S, Gattinoni L, Marini JJ: Recruitment and derecruitment during acute respiratory failure: an experimentalstudy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001, 164: 122-130. 10.1164/ajrccm.164.1.2007010.PubMed Pelosi P, Goldner M, McKibben A, Adams A, Eccher G, Caironi P, Losappio S, Gattinoni L, Marini JJ: Recruitment and derecruitment during acute respiratory failure: an experimentalstudy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001, 164: 122-130. 10.1164/ajrccm.164.1.2007010.PubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Owens RL, Hess DR, Malhotra A, Venegas JG, Harris RS: Effect of the chest wall on pressure-volume curve analysis of acute respiratorydistress syndrome lungs. Crit Care Med. 2008, 36: 2980-2985. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318186afcb.PubMed Owens RL, Hess DR, Malhotra A, Venegas JG, Harris RS: Effect of the chest wall on pressure-volume curve analysis of acute respiratorydistress syndrome lungs. Crit Care Med. 2008, 36: 2980-2985. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318186afcb.PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Demory D, Arnal JM, Wysocki M, Donati S, Granier I, Corno G, Durand-Gasselin J: Recruitability of the lung estimated by the pressure volume curve hysteresis inARDS patients. Intensive Care Med. 2008, 34: 2019-2025. 10.1007/s00134-008-1167-8.PubMed Demory D, Arnal JM, Wysocki M, Donati S, Granier I, Corno G, Durand-Gasselin J: Recruitability of the lung estimated by the pressure volume curve hysteresis inARDS patients. Intensive Care Med. 2008, 34: 2019-2025. 10.1007/s00134-008-1167-8.PubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Maggiore SM, Jonson B, Richard JC, Jaber S, Lemaire F, Brochard L: Alveolar derecruitment at decremental positive end-expiratory pressure levels inacute lung injury: comparison with the lower inflection point, oxygenation, andcompliance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001, 164: 795-801. 10.1164/ajrccm.164.5.2006071.PubMed Maggiore SM, Jonson B, Richard JC, Jaber S, Lemaire F, Brochard L: Alveolar derecruitment at decremental positive end-expiratory pressure levels inacute lung injury: comparison with the lower inflection point, oxygenation, andcompliance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001, 164: 795-801. 10.1164/ajrccm.164.5.2006071.PubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Grasso S, Terragni P, Mascia L, Fanelli V, Quintel M, Herrmann P, Hedenstierna G, Slutsky AS, Ranieri VM: Airway pressure-time curve profile (stress index) detects tidalrecruitment/hyperinflation in experimental acute lung injury. Crit Care Med. 2004, 32: 1018-1027. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000120059.94009.AD.PubMed Grasso S, Terragni P, Mascia L, Fanelli V, Quintel M, Herrmann P, Hedenstierna G, Slutsky AS, Ranieri VM: Airway pressure-time curve profile (stress index) detects tidalrecruitment/hyperinflation in experimental acute lung injury. Crit Care Med. 2004, 32: 1018-1027. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000120059.94009.AD.PubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Grasso S, Stripoli T, De Michele M, Bruno F, Moschetta M, Angelelli G, Munno I, Ruggiero V, Anaclerio R, Cafarelli A, Driessen B, Fiore T: ARDSnet ventilatory protocol and alveolar hyperinflation: role of positiveend-expiratory pressure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007, 176: 761-767. 10.1164/rccm.200702-193OC.PubMed Grasso S, Stripoli T, De Michele M, Bruno F, Moschetta M, Angelelli G, Munno I, Ruggiero V, Anaclerio R, Cafarelli A, Driessen B, Fiore T: ARDSnet ventilatory protocol and alveolar hyperinflation: role of positiveend-expiratory pressure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007, 176: 761-767. 10.1164/rccm.200702-193OC.PubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Formenti P, Graf J, Santos A, Gard KE, Faltesek K, Adams AB, Dries DJ, Marini JJ: Non-pulmonary factors strongly influence the stress index. Intensive Care Med. 2011, 37: 594-600. 10.1007/s00134-011-2133-4.PubMed Formenti P, Graf J, Santos A, Gard KE, Faltesek K, Adams AB, Dries DJ, Marini JJ: Non-pulmonary factors strongly influence the stress index. Intensive Care Med. 2011, 37: 594-600. 10.1007/s00134-011-2133-4.PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Jaber S, Jung B, Matecki S, Petrof BJ: Clinical review: Ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction - human studiesconfirm animal model findings!. Crit Care. 2011, 15: 206-10.1186/cc10023.PubMedCentralPubMed Jaber S, Jung B, Matecki S, Petrof BJ: Clinical review: Ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction - human studiesconfirm animal model findings!. Crit Care. 2011, 15: 206-10.1186/cc10023.PubMedCentralPubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Jaber S, Petrof BJ, Jung B, Chanques G, Berthet JP, Rabuel C, Bouyabrine H, Courouble P, Koechlin-Ramonatxo C, Sebbane M, Similowski T, Scheuermann V, Mebazaa A, Capdevila X, Mornet D, Mercier J, Lacampagne A, Philips A, Matecki S: Rapidly progressive diaphragmatic weakness and injury during mechanicalventilation in humans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011, 183: 364-371. 10.1164/rccm.201004-0670OC.PubMed Jaber S, Petrof BJ, Jung B, Chanques G, Berthet JP, Rabuel C, Bouyabrine H, Courouble P, Koechlin-Ramonatxo C, Sebbane M, Similowski T, Scheuermann V, Mebazaa A, Capdevila X, Mornet D, Mercier J, Lacampagne A, Philips A, Matecki S: Rapidly progressive diaphragmatic weakness and injury during mechanicalventilation in humans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011, 183: 364-371. 10.1164/rccm.201004-0670OC.PubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Polkey MI, Duguet A, Luo Y, Hughes PD, Hart N, Hamnegard CH, Green M, Similowski T, Moxham J: Anterior magnetic phrenic nerve stimulation: laboratory and clinicalevaluation. Intensive Care Med. 2000, 26: 1065-1075. 10.1007/s001340051319.PubMed Polkey MI, Duguet A, Luo Y, Hughes PD, Hart N, Hamnegard CH, Green M, Similowski T, Moxham J: Anterior magnetic phrenic nerve stimulation: laboratory and clinicalevaluation. Intensive Care Med. 2000, 26: 1065-1075. 10.1007/s001340051319.PubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Sinderby C: Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA). Minerva Anestesiol. 2002, 68: 378-380.PubMed Sinderby C: Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA). Minerva Anestesiol. 2002, 68: 378-380.PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Georgopoulos D, Prinianakis G, Kondili E: Bedside waveforms interpretation as a tool to identify patient-ventilatorasynchronies. Intensive Care Med. 2006, 32: 34-47. 10.1007/s00134-005-2828-5.PubMed Georgopoulos D, Prinianakis G, Kondili E: Bedside waveforms interpretation as a tool to identify patient-ventilatorasynchronies. Intensive Care Med. 2006, 32: 34-47. 10.1007/s00134-005-2828-5.PubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Leung P, Jubran A, Tobin MJ: Comparison of assisted ventilator modes on triggering, patient effort, anddyspnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997, 155: 1940-1948. 10.1164/ajrccm.155.6.9196100.PubMed Leung P, Jubran A, Tobin MJ: Comparison of assisted ventilator modes on triggering, patient effort, anddyspnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997, 155: 1940-1948. 10.1164/ajrccm.155.6.9196100.PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Thille AW, Cabello B, Galia F, Lyazidi A, Brochard L: Reduction of patient-ventilator asynchrony by reducing tidal volume duringpressure-support ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 2008, 34: 1477-1486. 10.1007/s00134-008-1121-9.PubMed Thille AW, Cabello B, Galia F, Lyazidi A, Brochard L: Reduction of patient-ventilator asynchrony by reducing tidal volume duringpressure-support ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 2008, 34: 1477-1486. 10.1007/s00134-008-1121-9.PubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Thille AW, Rodriguez P, Cabello B, Lellouche F, Brochard L: Patient-ventilator asynchrony during assisted mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 2006, 32: 1515-1522. 10.1007/s00134-006-0301-8.PubMed Thille AW, Rodriguez P, Cabello B, Lellouche F, Brochard L: Patient-ventilator asynchrony during assisted mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 2006, 32: 1515-1522. 10.1007/s00134-006-0301-8.PubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Parthasarathy S, Tobin MJ: Effect of ventilator mode on sleep quality in critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002, 166: 1423-1429. 10.1164/rccm.200209-999OC.PubMed Parthasarathy S, Tobin MJ: Effect of ventilator mode on sleep quality in critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002, 166: 1423-1429. 10.1164/rccm.200209-999OC.PubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Tassaux D, Gainnier M, Battisti A, Jolliet P: Impact of expiratory trigger setting on delayed cycling and inspiratory muscleworkload. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005, 172: 1283-1289. 10.1164/rccm.200407-880OC.PubMed Tassaux D, Gainnier M, Battisti A, Jolliet P: Impact of expiratory trigger setting on delayed cycling and inspiratory muscleworkload. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005, 172: 1283-1289. 10.1164/rccm.200407-880OC.PubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Cabello B, Mancebo J: Work of breathing. Intensive Care Med. 2006, 32: 1311-1314. 10.1007/s00134-006-0278-3.PubMed Cabello B, Mancebo J: Work of breathing. Intensive Care Med. 2006, 32: 1311-1314. 10.1007/s00134-006-0278-3.PubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Mancebo J, Albaladejo P, Touchard D, Bak E, Subirana M, Lemaire F, Harf A, Brochard L: Airway occlusion pressure to titrate positive end-expiratory pressure in patientswith dynamic hyperinflation. Anesthesiology. 2000, 93: 81-90. 10.1097/00000542-200007000-00016.PubMed Mancebo J, Albaladejo P, Touchard D, Bak E, Subirana M, Lemaire F, Harf A, Brochard L: Airway occlusion pressure to titrate positive end-expiratory pressure in patientswith dynamic hyperinflation. Anesthesiology. 2000, 93: 81-90. 10.1097/00000542-200007000-00016.PubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Vassilakopoulos T: Understanding wasted/ineffective efforts in mechanically ventilated COPD patientsusing the Campbell diagram. Intensive Care Med. 2008, 34: 1336-1339. 10.1007/s00134-008-1095-7.PubMed Vassilakopoulos T: Understanding wasted/ineffective efforts in mechanically ventilated COPD patientsusing the Campbell diagram. Intensive Care Med. 2008, 34: 1336-1339. 10.1007/s00134-008-1095-7.PubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Jubran A, Grant BJ, Laghi F, Parthasarathy S, Tobin MJ: Weaning prediction: esophageal pressure monitoring complements readinesstesting. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005, 171: 1252-1259. 10.1164/rccm.200503-356OC.PubMed Jubran A, Grant BJ, Laghi F, Parthasarathy S, Tobin MJ: Weaning prediction: esophageal pressure monitoring complements readinesstesting. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005, 171: 1252-1259. 10.1164/rccm.200503-356OC.PubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Mancebo J, Amaro P, Lorino H, Lemaire F, Harf A, Brochard L: Effects of albuterol inhalation on the work of breathing during weaning frommechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991, 144: 95-100. 10.1164/ajrccm/144.1.95.PubMed Mancebo J, Amaro P, Lorino H, Lemaire F, Harf A, Brochard L: Effects of albuterol inhalation on the work of breathing during weaning frommechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991, 144: 95-100. 10.1164/ajrccm/144.1.95.PubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Alberti A, Gallo F, Fongaro A, Valenti S, Rossi A: P0.1 is a useful parameter in setting the level of pressure supportventilation. Intensive Care Med. 1995, 21: 547-553. 10.1007/BF01700158.PubMed Alberti A, Gallo F, Fongaro A, Valenti S, Rossi A: P0.1 is a useful parameter in setting the level of pressure supportventilation. Intensive Care Med. 1995, 21: 547-553. 10.1007/BF01700158.PubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Field S, Sanci S, Grassino A: Respiratory muscle oxygen consumption estimated by the diaphragm pressure-timeindex. J Appl Physiol. 1984, 57: 44-51.PubMed Field S, Sanci S, Grassino A: Respiratory muscle oxygen consumption estimated by the diaphragm pressure-timeindex. J Appl Physiol. 1984, 57: 44-51.PubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Nava S, Bruschi C, Fracchia C, Braschi A, Rubini F: Patient-ventilator interaction and inspiratory effort during pressure supportventilation in patients with different pathologies. Eur Respir J. 1997, 10: 177-183. 10.1183/09031936.97.10010177.PubMed Nava S, Bruschi C, Fracchia C, Braschi A, Rubini F: Patient-ventilator interaction and inspiratory effort during pressure supportventilation in patients with different pathologies. Eur Respir J. 1997, 10: 177-183. 10.1183/09031936.97.10010177.PubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Sassoon CS, Light RW, Lodia R, Sieck GC, Mahutte CK: Pressure-time product during continuous positive airway pressure, pressure supportventilation, and T-piece during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991, 143: 469-475. 10.1164/ajrccm/143.3.469.PubMed Sassoon CS, Light RW, Lodia R, Sieck GC, Mahutte CK: Pressure-time product during continuous positive airway pressure, pressure supportventilation, and T-piece during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991, 143: 469-475. 10.1164/ajrccm/143.3.469.PubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Talmor D, Sarge T, Malhotra A, O'Donnell CR, Ritz R, Lisbon A, Novack V, Loring SH: Mechanical ventilation guided by esophageal pressure in acute lung injury. N Engl J Med. 2008, 359: 2095-2104. 10.1056/NEJMoa0708638.PubMedCentralPubMed Talmor D, Sarge T, Malhotra A, O'Donnell CR, Ritz R, Lisbon A, Novack V, Loring SH: Mechanical ventilation guided by esophageal pressure in acute lung injury. N Engl J Med. 2008, 359: 2095-2104. 10.1056/NEJMoa0708638.PubMedCentralPubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Vieillard-Baron A, Jardin F: Esophageal pressure in acute lung injury. N Engl J Med. 2009, 360: 832-PubMed Vieillard-Baron A, Jardin F: Esophageal pressure in acute lung injury. N Engl J Med. 2009, 360: 832-PubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Chiumello D, Carlesso E, Cadringher P, Caironi P, Valenza F, Polli F, Tallarini F, Cozzi P, Cressoni M, Colombo A, Marini JJ, Gattinoni L: Lung stress and strain during mechanical ventilation for acute respiratorydistress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008, 178: 346-355. 10.1164/rccm.200710-1589OC.PubMed Chiumello D, Carlesso E, Cadringher P, Caironi P, Valenza F, Polli F, Tallarini F, Cozzi P, Cressoni M, Colombo A, Marini JJ, Gattinoni L: Lung stress and strain during mechanical ventilation for acute respiratorydistress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008, 178: 346-355. 10.1164/rccm.200710-1589OC.PubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Bellani G, Guerra L, Musch G, Zanella A, Patroniti N, Mauri T, Messa C, Pesenti A: Lung regional metabolic activity and gas volume changes induced by tidalventilation in patients with acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011, 183: 1193-1199. 10.1164/rccm.201008-1318OC.PubMedCentralPubMed Bellani G, Guerra L, Musch G, Zanella A, Patroniti N, Mauri T, Messa C, Pesenti A: Lung regional metabolic activity and gas volume changes induced by tidalventilation in patients with acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011, 183: 1193-1199. 10.1164/rccm.201008-1318OC.PubMedCentralPubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Marini JJ: Spontaneously regulated versus controlled ventilation of acute lung injury/acuterespiratory distress syndrome. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2011, 17: 24-29. 10.1097/MCC.0b013e328342726e.PubMed Marini JJ: Spontaneously regulated versus controlled ventilation of acute lung injury/acuterespiratory distress syndrome. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2011, 17: 24-29. 10.1097/MCC.0b013e328342726e.PubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Kallet RH, Alonso JA, Luce JM, Matthay MA: Exacerbation of acute pulmonary edema during assistaed mechanical ventilationusing a low tidal volume, lung protective strategy. Chest. 1999, 116: 1826-1832. 10.1378/chest.116.6.1826.PubMed Kallet RH, Alonso JA, Luce JM, Matthay MA: Exacerbation of acute pulmonary edema during assistaed mechanical ventilationusing a low tidal volume, lung protective strategy. Chest. 1999, 116: 1826-1832. 10.1378/chest.116.6.1826.PubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Lemaire F, Teboul JL, Cinotti L, Giotto G, Abrouk F, Steg G, Macquin-Mavier I, Zapol WM: Acute left ventricular dysfunction during unsuccessful weaning from mechanicalventilation. Anesthesiology. 1988, 69: 171-179. 10.1097/00000542-198808000-00004.PubMed Lemaire F, Teboul JL, Cinotti L, Giotto G, Abrouk F, Steg G, Macquin-Mavier I, Zapol WM: Acute left ventricular dysfunction during unsuccessful weaning from mechanicalventilation. Anesthesiology. 1988, 69: 171-179. 10.1097/00000542-198808000-00004.PubMed
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Permutt S: Circulatory effects of weaning from mechanical ventilation: the importance oftransdiaphragmatic pressure. Anesthesiology. 1988, 69: 157-160. 10.1097/00000542-198808000-00002.PubMed Permutt S: Circulatory effects of weaning from mechanical ventilation: the importance oftransdiaphragmatic pressure. Anesthesiology. 1988, 69: 157-160. 10.1097/00000542-198808000-00002.PubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Malbrain ML, Chiumello D, Pelosi P, Wilmer A, Brienza N, Malcangi V, Bihari D, Innes R, Cohen J, Singer P, Japiassu A, Kurtop E, De Keulenaer BL, Daelemans R, Del Turco M, Cosimini P, Ranieri M, Jacquet L, Laterre PF, Gattinoni L: Prevalence of intra-abdominal hypertension in critically ill patients: amulticentre epidemiological study. Intensive Care Med. 2004, 30: 822-829. 10.1007/s00134-004-2169-9.PubMed Malbrain ML, Chiumello D, Pelosi P, Wilmer A, Brienza N, Malcangi V, Bihari D, Innes R, Cohen J, Singer P, Japiassu A, Kurtop E, De Keulenaer BL, Daelemans R, Del Turco M, Cosimini P, Ranieri M, Jacquet L, Laterre PF, Gattinoni L: Prevalence of intra-abdominal hypertension in critically ill patients: amulticentre epidemiological study. Intensive Care Med. 2004, 30: 822-829. 10.1007/s00134-004-2169-9.PubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Falke KJ, Pontoppidan H, Kumar A, Leith DE, Geffin B, Laver MB: Ventilation with end-expiratory pressure in acute lung disease. J Clin Invest. 1972, 51: 2315-2323. 10.1172/JCI107042.PubMedCentralPubMed Falke KJ, Pontoppidan H, Kumar A, Leith DE, Geffin B, Laver MB: Ventilation with end-expiratory pressure in acute lung disease. J Clin Invest. 1972, 51: 2315-2323. 10.1172/JCI107042.PubMedCentralPubMed
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Olegard C, Sondergaard S, Houltz E, Lundin S, Stenqvist O: Estimation of functional residual capacity at the bedside using standardmonitoring equipment: a modified nitrogen washout/washin technique requiring asmall change of the inspired oxygen fraction. Anesth Analg. 2005, 101: 206-212. 10.1213/01.ANE.0000165823.90368.55.PubMed Olegard C, Sondergaard S, Houltz E, Lundin S, Stenqvist O: Estimation of functional residual capacity at the bedside using standardmonitoring equipment: a modified nitrogen washout/washin technique requiring asmall change of the inspired oxygen fraction. Anesth Analg. 2005, 101: 206-212. 10.1213/01.ANE.0000165823.90368.55.PubMed
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Chiumello D, Cressoni M, Chierichetti M, Tallarini F, Botticelli M, Berto V, Mietto C, Gattinoni L: Nitrogen washout/washin, helium dilution and computed tomography in the assessmentof end expiratory lung volume. Crit Care. 2008, 12: R150-10.1186/cc7139.PubMedCentralPubMed Chiumello D, Cressoni M, Chierichetti M, Tallarini F, Botticelli M, Berto V, Mietto C, Gattinoni L: Nitrogen washout/washin, helium dilution and computed tomography in the assessmentof end expiratory lung volume. Crit Care. 2008, 12: R150-10.1186/cc7139.PubMedCentralPubMed
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Patroniti N, Saini M, Zanella A, Weismann D, Isgro S, Bellani G, Foti G, Pesenti A: Measurement of end-expiratory lung volume by oxygen washin-washout in controlledand assisted mechanically ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med. 2008, 34: 2235-2240. 10.1007/s00134-008-1218-1.PubMed Patroniti N, Saini M, Zanella A, Weismann D, Isgro S, Bellani G, Foti G, Pesenti A: Measurement of end-expiratory lung volume by oxygen washin-washout in controlledand assisted mechanically ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med. 2008, 34: 2235-2240. 10.1007/s00134-008-1218-1.PubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Ibanez J, Raurich JM: Normal values of functional residual capacity in the sitting and supinepositions. Intensive Care Med. 1982, 8: 173-177. 10.1007/BF01725734.PubMed Ibanez J, Raurich JM: Normal values of functional residual capacity in the sitting and supinepositions. Intensive Care Med. 1982, 8: 173-177. 10.1007/BF01725734.PubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Bikker IG, van Bommel J, Reis Miranda D, Bakker J, Gommers D: End-expiratory lung volume during mechanical ventilation: a comparison withreference values and the effect of positive end-expiratory pressure in intensivecare unit patients with different lung conditions. Crit Care. 2008, 12: R145-10.1186/cc7125.PubMedCentralPubMed Bikker IG, van Bommel J, Reis Miranda D, Bakker J, Gommers D: End-expiratory lung volume during mechanical ventilation: a comparison withreference values and the effect of positive end-expiratory pressure in intensivecare unit patients with different lung conditions. Crit Care. 2008, 12: R145-10.1186/cc7125.PubMedCentralPubMed
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Reis Miranda D, Gommers D: Precise use of medical terminology. Crit Care Med. 2006, 34: 1854-1855. Reis Miranda D, Gommers D: Precise use of medical terminology. Crit Care Med. 2006, 34: 1854-1855.
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Dellamonica J, Lerolle N, Sargentini C, Beduneau G, Di Marco F, Mercat A, Richard JC, Diehl JL, Mancebo J, Rouby JJ, Lu Q, Bernardin G, Brochard L: PEEP-induced changes in lung volume in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Twomethods to estimate alveolar recruitment. Intensive Care Med. 2011, 37: 1595-1604. 10.1007/s00134-011-2333-y.PubMed Dellamonica J, Lerolle N, Sargentini C, Beduneau G, Di Marco F, Mercat A, Richard JC, Diehl JL, Mancebo J, Rouby JJ, Lu Q, Bernardin G, Brochard L: PEEP-induced changes in lung volume in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Twomethods to estimate alveolar recruitment. Intensive Care Med. 2011, 37: 1595-1604. 10.1007/s00134-011-2333-y.PubMed
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Remerand F, Dellamonica J, Mao Z, Ferrari F, Bouhemad B, Jianxin Y, Arbelot C, Lu Q, Ichai C, Rouby JJ: Multiplane ultrasound approach to quantify pleural effusion at the bedside. Intensive Care Med. 2010, 36: 656-664. 10.1007/s00134-010-1769-9.PubMed Remerand F, Dellamonica J, Mao Z, Ferrari F, Bouhemad B, Jianxin Y, Arbelot C, Lu Q, Ichai C, Rouby JJ: Multiplane ultrasound approach to quantify pleural effusion at the bedside. Intensive Care Med. 2010, 36: 656-664. 10.1007/s00134-010-1769-9.PubMed
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Reissig A, Copetti R, Kroegel C: Current role of emergency ultrasound of the chest. Crit Care Med. 2011, 39: 839-845. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318206d6b8.PubMed Reissig A, Copetti R, Kroegel C: Current role of emergency ultrasound of the chest. Crit Care Med. 2011, 39: 839-845. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318206d6b8.PubMed
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouhemad B, Liu ZH, Arbelot C, Zhang M, Ferarri F, Le Guen M, Girard M, Lu Q, Rouby JJ: Ultrasound assessment of antibiotic-induced pulmonary reaeration inventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med. 2010, 38: 84-92. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181b08cdb.PubMed Bouhemad B, Liu ZH, Arbelot C, Zhang M, Ferarri F, Le Guen M, Girard M, Lu Q, Rouby JJ: Ultrasound assessment of antibiotic-induced pulmonary reaeration inventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med. 2010, 38: 84-92. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181b08cdb.PubMed
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouhemad B, Brisson H, Le-Guen M, Arbelot C, Lu Q, Rouby JJ: Bedside ultrasound assessment of positive end-expiratory pressure-induced lungrecruitment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011, 183: 341-347. 10.1164/rccm.201003-0369OC.PubMed Bouhemad B, Brisson H, Le-Guen M, Arbelot C, Lu Q, Rouby JJ: Bedside ultrasound assessment of positive end-expiratory pressure-induced lungrecruitment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011, 183: 341-347. 10.1164/rccm.201003-0369OC.PubMed
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Puybasset L, Cluzel P, Chao N, Slutsky AS, Coriat P, Rouby JJ: A computed tomography scan assessment of regional lung volume in acute lunginjury. The CT Scan ARDS Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998, 158: 1644-1655. 10.1164/ajrccm.158.5.9802003.PubMed Puybasset L, Cluzel P, Chao N, Slutsky AS, Coriat P, Rouby JJ: A computed tomography scan assessment of regional lung volume in acute lunginjury. The CT Scan ARDS Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998, 158: 1644-1655. 10.1164/ajrccm.158.5.9802003.PubMed
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Pelosi P, Rocco PR, de Abreu MG: Use of computed tomography scanning to guide lung recruitment and adjustpositive-end expiratory pressure. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2011, 17: 268-274. 10.1097/MCC.0b013e328344ddbc.PubMed Pelosi P, Rocco PR, de Abreu MG: Use of computed tomography scanning to guide lung recruitment and adjustpositive-end expiratory pressure. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2011, 17: 268-274. 10.1097/MCC.0b013e328344ddbc.PubMed
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Lindgren S, Odenstedt H, Olegard C, Sondergaard S, Lundin S, Stenqvist O: Regional lung derecruitment after endotracheal suction during volume-orpressure-controlled ventilation: a study using electric impedance tomography. Intensive Care Med. 2007, 33: 172-180. 10.1007/s00134-006-0425-x.PubMed Lindgren S, Odenstedt H, Olegard C, Sondergaard S, Lundin S, Stenqvist O: Regional lung derecruitment after endotracheal suction during volume-orpressure-controlled ventilation: a study using electric impedance tomography. Intensive Care Med. 2007, 33: 172-180. 10.1007/s00134-006-0425-x.PubMed
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Fagerberg A, Stenqvist O, Aneman A: Electrical impedance tomography applied to assess matching of pulmonaryventilation and perfusion in a porcine experimental model. Crit Care. 2009, 13: R34-10.1186/cc7741.PubMedCentralPubMed Fagerberg A, Stenqvist O, Aneman A: Electrical impedance tomography applied to assess matching of pulmonaryventilation and perfusion in a porcine experimental model. Crit Care. 2009, 13: R34-10.1186/cc7741.PubMedCentralPubMed
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Costa EL, Borges JB, Melo A, Suarez-Sipmann F, Toufen C, Bohm SH, Amato MB: Bedside estimation of recruitable alveolar collapse and hyperdistension byelectrical impedance tomography. Intensive Care Med. 2009, 35: 1132-1137. 10.1007/s00134-009-1447-y.PubMed Costa EL, Borges JB, Melo A, Suarez-Sipmann F, Toufen C, Bohm SH, Amato MB: Bedside estimation of recruitable alveolar collapse and hyperdistension byelectrical impedance tomography. Intensive Care Med. 2009, 35: 1132-1137. 10.1007/s00134-009-1447-y.PubMed
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Bikker IG, Leonhardt S, Reis MD, Bakker J, Gommers D: Bedside measurement of changes in lung impedance to monitor alveolar ventilationin dependent and non-dependent parts by electrical impedance tomography during apositive end-expiratory pressure trial in mechanically ventilated intensive careunit patients. Crit Care. 2010, 14: R100-10.1186/cc9036.PubMedCentralPubMed Bikker IG, Leonhardt S, Reis MD, Bakker J, Gommers D: Bedside measurement of changes in lung impedance to monitor alveolar ventilationin dependent and non-dependent parts by electrical impedance tomography during apositive end-expiratory pressure trial in mechanically ventilated intensive careunit patients. Crit Care. 2010, 14: R100-10.1186/cc9036.PubMedCentralPubMed
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Bikker IG, Preis C, Egal M, Bakker J, Gommers D: Electrical impedance tomography measured at two thoracic levels can visualize theventilation distribution changes at the bedside during a decremental positiveend-expiratory pressure (PEEP) trial. Crit Care. 2011, 15: R193-10.1186/cc10354.PubMedCentralPubMed Bikker IG, Preis C, Egal M, Bakker J, Gommers D: Electrical impedance tomography measured at two thoracic levels can visualize theventilation distribution changes at the bedside during a decremental positiveend-expiratory pressure (PEEP) trial. Crit Care. 2011, 15: R193-10.1186/cc10354.PubMedCentralPubMed
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Vincent JL, Rhodes A, Perel A, Martin CS, Rocca GD, Vallet B, Pinsky MR, Hofer CK, Teboul JL, de Boode WP, Walley KR, Maggiorini M, Singer M: Update on hemodynamic monitoring: a consensus of 16. Crit Care. 2011, 15: 229-10.1186/cc10291.PubMedCentralPubMed Vincent JL, Rhodes A, Perel A, Martin CS, Rocca GD, Vallet B, Pinsky MR, Hofer CK, Teboul JL, de Boode WP, Walley KR, Maggiorini M, Singer M: Update on hemodynamic monitoring: a consensus of 16. Crit Care. 2011, 15: 229-10.1186/cc10291.PubMedCentralPubMed
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Jubran A, Mathru M, Dries D, Tobin MJ: Continuous recordings of mixed venous oxygen saturation during weaning frommechanical ventilation and the ramifications thereof. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998, 158: 1763-1769. 10.1164/ajrccm.158.6.9804056.PubMed Jubran A, Mathru M, Dries D, Tobin MJ: Continuous recordings of mixed venous oxygen saturation during weaning frommechanical ventilation and the ramifications thereof. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998, 158: 1763-1769. 10.1164/ajrccm.158.6.9804056.PubMed
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouhemad B, Ferrari F, Leleu K, Arbelot C, Lu Q, Rouby JJ: Echocardiographic Doppler estimation of pulmonary artery pressure in criticallyill patients with severe hypoxemia. Anesthesiology. 2008, 108: 55-62. 10.1097/01.anes.0000296067.02462.34.PubMed Bouhemad B, Ferrari F, Leleu K, Arbelot C, Lu Q, Rouby JJ: Echocardiographic Doppler estimation of pulmonary artery pressure in criticallyill patients with severe hypoxemia. Anesthesiology. 2008, 108: 55-62. 10.1097/01.anes.0000296067.02462.34.PubMed
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Caille V, Amiel JB, Charron C, Belliard G, Vieillard-Baron A, Vignon P: Echocardiography: a help in the weaning process. Crit Care. 2010, 14: R120-10.1186/cc9076.PubMedCentralPubMed Caille V, Amiel JB, Charron C, Belliard G, Vieillard-Baron A, Vignon P: Echocardiography: a help in the weaning process. Crit Care. 2010, 14: R120-10.1186/cc9076.PubMedCentralPubMed
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Mekontso-Dessap A, de Prost N, Girou E, Braconnier F, Lemaire F, Brun-Buisson C, Brochard L: B-type natriuretic peptide and weaning from mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 2006, 32: 1529-1536. 10.1007/s00134-006-0339-7.PubMed Mekontso-Dessap A, de Prost N, Girou E, Braconnier F, Lemaire F, Brun-Buisson C, Brochard L: B-type natriuretic peptide and weaning from mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 2006, 32: 1529-1536. 10.1007/s00134-006-0339-7.PubMed
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Grasso S, Leone A, De Michele M, Anaclerio R, Cafarelli A, Ancona G, Stripoli T, Bruno F, Pugliese P, Dambrosio M, Dalfi no L, Di Serio F, Fiore T: Use of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide to detect acute cardiacdysfunction during weaning failure in difficult-to-wean patients with chronicobstructive pulmonary disease. Crit Care Med. 2007, 35: 96-105. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000250391.89780.64.PubMed Grasso S, Leone A, De Michele M, Anaclerio R, Cafarelli A, Ancona G, Stripoli T, Bruno F, Pugliese P, Dambrosio M, Dalfi no L, Di Serio F, Fiore T: Use of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide to detect acute cardiacdysfunction during weaning failure in difficult-to-wean patients with chronicobstructive pulmonary disease. Crit Care Med. 2007, 35: 96-105. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000250391.89780.64.PubMed
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Quesnel C, Piednoir P, Gelly J, Nardelli L, Lecon V, Lasocki S, Bouadma L, Philip I, Elbim C, Mentre F, Crestani B, Dehoux M: Alveolar fibrocyte percentage is an independent predictor of poor outcome inpatients with acute lung injury. Crit Care Med. 2012, 40: 21-28. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31822d718b.PubMed Quesnel C, Piednoir P, Gelly J, Nardelli L, Lecon V, Lasocki S, Bouadma L, Philip I, Elbim C, Mentre F, Crestani B, Dehoux M: Alveolar fibrocyte percentage is an independent predictor of poor outcome inpatients with acute lung injury. Crit Care Med. 2012, 40: 21-28. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31822d718b.PubMed
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Storre JH, Steurer B, Kabitz HJ, Dreher M, Windisch W: Transcutaneous PCO2 monitoring during initiation of noninvasive ventilation. Chest. 2007, 132: 1810-1816. 10.1378/chest.07-1173.PubMed Storre JH, Steurer B, Kabitz HJ, Dreher M, Windisch W: Transcutaneous PCO2 monitoring during initiation of noninvasive ventilation. Chest. 2007, 132: 1810-1816. 10.1378/chest.07-1173.PubMed
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Vignaux L, Vargas F, Roeseler J, Tassaux D, Thille AW, Kossowsky MP, Brochard L, Jolliet P: Patient-ventilator asynchrony during non-invasive ventilation for acuterespiratory failure: a multicenter study. Intensive Care Med. 2009, 35: 840-846. 10.1007/s00134-009-1416-5.PubMed Vignaux L, Vargas F, Roeseler J, Tassaux D, Thille AW, Kossowsky MP, Brochard L, Jolliet P: Patient-ventilator asynchrony during non-invasive ventilation for acuterespiratory failure: a multicenter study. Intensive Care Med. 2009, 35: 840-846. 10.1007/s00134-009-1416-5.PubMed
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Unroe M, MacIntyre N: Evolving approaches to assessing and monitoring patient-ventilatorinteractions. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2010, 16: 261-268. 10.1097/MCC.0b013e328338661e.PubMed Unroe M, MacIntyre N: Evolving approaches to assessing and monitoring patient-ventilatorinteractions. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2010, 16: 261-268. 10.1097/MCC.0b013e328338661e.PubMed
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Antonelli M, Conti G, Moro ML, Esquinas A, Gonzalez-Diaz G, Confalonieri M, Pelaia P, Principi T, Gregoretti C, Beltrame F, Pennisi MA, Arcangeli A, Proietti R, Passariello M, Meduri GU: Predictors of failure of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in patientswith acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: a multi-center study. Intensive Care Med. 2001, 27: 1718-1728. 10.1007/s00134-001-1114-4.PubMed Antonelli M, Conti G, Moro ML, Esquinas A, Gonzalez-Diaz G, Confalonieri M, Pelaia P, Principi T, Gregoretti C, Beltrame F, Pennisi MA, Arcangeli A, Proietti R, Passariello M, Meduri GU: Predictors of failure of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in patientswith acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: a multi-center study. Intensive Care Med. 2001, 27: 1718-1728. 10.1007/s00134-001-1114-4.PubMed
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Pelosi P, Ferguson ND, Frutos-Vivar F, Anzueto A, Putensen C, Raymondos K, Apezteguia C, Desmery P, Hurtado J, Abroug F, Elizalde J, Tomicic V, Cakar N, Gonzalez M, Arabi Y, Moreno R, Esteban A: Management and outcome of mechanically ventilated neurologic patients. Crit Care Med. 2011, 39: 1482-1492. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31821209a8.PubMed Pelosi P, Ferguson ND, Frutos-Vivar F, Anzueto A, Putensen C, Raymondos K, Apezteguia C, Desmery P, Hurtado J, Abroug F, Elizalde J, Tomicic V, Cakar N, Gonzalez M, Arabi Y, Moreno R, Esteban A: Management and outcome of mechanically ventilated neurologic patients. Crit Care Med. 2011, 39: 1482-1492. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31821209a8.PubMed
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Minardi J, Crocco TJ: Management of traumatic brain injury: first link in chain of survival. Mt Sinai J Med. 2009, 76: 138-144. 10.1002/msj.20105.PubMed Minardi J, Crocco TJ: Management of traumatic brain injury: first link in chain of survival. Mt Sinai J Med. 2009, 76: 138-144. 10.1002/msj.20105.PubMed
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Esteban A, Anzueto A, Frutos F, Alia I, Brochard L, Stewart TE, Benito S, Epstein SK, Apezteguia C, Nightingale P, Arroliga AC, Tobin MJ: Characteristics and outcomes in adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a28-day international study. JAMA. 2002, 287: 345-355. 10.1001/jama.287.3.345.PubMed Esteban A, Anzueto A, Frutos F, Alia I, Brochard L, Stewart TE, Benito S, Epstein SK, Apezteguia C, Nightingale P, Arroliga AC, Tobin MJ: Characteristics and outcomes in adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a28-day international study. JAMA. 2002, 287: 345-355. 10.1001/jama.287.3.345.PubMed
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Zygun DA, Kortbeek JB, Fick GH, Laupland KB, Doig CJ: Non-neurologic organ dysfunction in severe traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med. 2005, 33: 654-660. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000155911.01844.54.PubMed Zygun DA, Kortbeek JB, Fick GH, Laupland KB, Doig CJ: Non-neurologic organ dysfunction in severe traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med. 2005, 33: 654-660. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000155911.01844.54.PubMed
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Lowe GJ, Ferguson ND: Lung-protective ventilation in neurosurgical patients. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2006, 12: 3-7. 10.1097/01.ccx.0000198055.29600.4b.PubMed Lowe GJ, Ferguson ND: Lung-protective ventilation in neurosurgical patients. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2006, 12: 3-7. 10.1097/01.ccx.0000198055.29600.4b.PubMed
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Namen AM, Ely EW, Tatter SB, Case LD, Lucia MA, Smith A, Landry S, Wilson JA, Glazier SS, Branch CL, Kelly DL, Bowton DL, Haponik EF: Predictors of successful extubation in neurosurgical patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001, 163: 658-664. 10.1164/ajrccm.163.3.2003060.PubMed Namen AM, Ely EW, Tatter SB, Case LD, Lucia MA, Smith A, Landry S, Wilson JA, Glazier SS, Branch CL, Kelly DL, Bowton DL, Haponik EF: Predictors of successful extubation in neurosurgical patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001, 163: 658-664. 10.1164/ajrccm.163.3.2003060.PubMed
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Steiner LA, Balestreri M, Johnston AJ, Czosnyka M, Coles JP, Chatfi eld DA, Smielewski P, Pickard JD, Menon DK: Sustained moderate reductions in arterial CO2 after brain trauma time-course ofcerebral blood flow velocity and intracranial pressure. Intensive Care Med. 2004, 30: 2180-2187. 10.1007/s00134-004-2463-6.PubMed Steiner LA, Balestreri M, Johnston AJ, Czosnyka M, Coles JP, Chatfi eld DA, Smielewski P, Pickard JD, Menon DK: Sustained moderate reductions in arterial CO2 after brain trauma time-course ofcerebral blood flow velocity and intracranial pressure. Intensive Care Med. 2004, 30: 2180-2187. 10.1007/s00134-004-2463-6.PubMed
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Deem S: Management of acute brain injury and associated respiratory issues. Respir Care. 2006, 51: 357-367.PubMed Deem S: Management of acute brain injury and associated respiratory issues. Respir Care. 2006, 51: 357-367.PubMed
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Bratton SL, Chestnut RM, Ghajar J, McConnell Hammond FF, Harris OA, Hartl R, Manley GT, Nemecek A, Newell DW, Rosenthal G, Schouten J, Shutter L, Timmons SD, Ullman JS, Videtta W, Wilberger JE, Wright DW: Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. XIV.Hyperventilation. J Neurotrauma. 2007, 24 (Suppl 1): S87-S90.PubMed Bratton SL, Chestnut RM, Ghajar J, McConnell Hammond FF, Harris OA, Hartl R, Manley GT, Nemecek A, Newell DW, Rosenthal G, Schouten J, Shutter L, Timmons SD, Ullman JS, Videtta W, Wilberger JE, Wright DW: Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. XIV.Hyperventilation. J Neurotrauma. 2007, 24 (Suppl 1): S87-S90.PubMed
116.
Zurück zum Zitat Stocchetti N, Maas AI, Chieregato A, van der Plas AA: Hyperventilation in head injury: a review. Chest. 2005, 127: 1812-1827. 10.1378/chest.127.5.1812.PubMed Stocchetti N, Maas AI, Chieregato A, van der Plas AA: Hyperventilation in head injury: a review. Chest. 2005, 127: 1812-1827. 10.1378/chest.127.5.1812.PubMed
117.
Zurück zum Zitat Caricato A, Conti G, Della CF, Mancino A, Santilli F, Sandroni C, Proietti R, Antonelli M: Effects of PEEP on the intracranial system of patients with head injury andsubarachnoid hemorrhage: the role of respiratory system compliance. J Trauma. 2005, 58: 571-576. 10.1097/01.TA.0000152806.19198.DB.PubMed Caricato A, Conti G, Della CF, Mancino A, Santilli F, Sandroni C, Proietti R, Antonelli M: Effects of PEEP on the intracranial system of patients with head injury andsubarachnoid hemorrhage: the role of respiratory system compliance. J Trauma. 2005, 58: 571-576. 10.1097/01.TA.0000152806.19198.DB.PubMed
118.
Zurück zum Zitat Young N, Rhodes JK, Mascia L, Andrews PJ: Ventilatory strategies for patients with acute brain injury. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2010, 16: 45-52. 10.1097/MCC.0b013e32833546fa.PubMed Young N, Rhodes JK, Mascia L, Andrews PJ: Ventilatory strategies for patients with acute brain injury. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2010, 16: 45-52. 10.1097/MCC.0b013e32833546fa.PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Clinical review: Respiratory monitoring in the ICU - a consensus of 16
verfasst von
Laurent Brochard
Greg S Martin
Lluis Blanch
Paolo Pelosi
F Javier Belda
Amal Jubran
Luciano Gattinoni
Jordi Mancebo
V Marco Ranieri
Jean-Christophe M Richard
Diederik Gommers
Antoine Vieillard-Baron
Antonio Pesenti
Samir Jaber
Ola Stenqvist
Jean-Louis Vincent
Publikationsdatum
01.04.2012
Verlag
BioMed Central
Erschienen in
Critical Care / Ausgabe 2/2012
Elektronische ISSN: 1364-8535
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/cc11146

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2012

Critical Care 2/2012 Zur Ausgabe

Update AINS

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.