Introduction
Materials and methods
The German Pelvic Injury Register
The TraumaRegister DGU
Data collection and match code
Used definitions for initial resuscitation period, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), and sepsis
Statistical analysis
Results
Type of pelvic-ring fracture according Tile/OTA fracture classification | Pair-wise comparison | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Type A | Type B | Type C | Overall test | P value (A vs. C) | P value (B vs. C) | P value (A vs. B) | |
Blunt injury (%) | 97.9 (n = 393) | 97.4 (n = 76) | 99.1 (n = 116) | 99.3 (n = 145) | 0.426 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Age (years, mean ± SD) | 42.2 ± 19.2 (n = 402) | 40.9 ± 19.8 (n = 79) | 42.5 ± 18.6 (n = 118) | 42.9 ± 19.4 (n = 147) | 0.787 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Male patients (%) | 63.7 (n = 256) | 65.8 (n = 52) | 58.5 (n = 69) | 64.6 (n = 95) | 0.481 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
ISS (points, mean ± SD) | 25.9 ± 11.4 (n = 402) | 21.3 ± 9.0 (n = 79) | 27.6 ± 11.2 (n = 118) | 29.6 ± 10.9 (n = 147) | <0.001 | <0.001 | n.s. | <0.001 |
ISS ≥16 (%) | 85.6 (n = 344) | 74.7 (n = 59) | 90.8 (n = 107) | 97.4 (n = 143) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.030 | 0.005 |
AIS head ≥3 (%) | 23.3 (n = 344) | 30.4 (n = 24) | 26.3 (n = 31) | 17.0 (n = 25) | 0.048 | 0.027 | 0.071 | 0.627 |
AIS thorax ≥3 (%) | 54.4 (n = 344) | 50.6 (n = 40) | 59.3 (n = 70) | 52.4 (n = 77) | 0.397 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
AIS abdomen ≥3 (%) | 25.6 (n = 344) | 15.2 (n = 12) | 25.4 (n = 30) | 31.3 (n = 46) | 0.030 | 0.010 | 0.339 | 0.110 |
AIS extremities ≥3 (%) | 83.1 (n = 344) | 58.2 (n = 46) | 85.6 (n = 101) | 100.0 (n = 147) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.019 | <0.001 |
New-ISS (points, mean ± SD) | 29.5 ± 11.1 (n = 402) | 24.9 ± 9.1 (n = 79) | 30.9 ± 10.3 (n = 118) | 33.3 ± 11.3 (n = 118) | <0.001 | <0.001 | n.s. | <0.001 |
PTS (points, mean ± SD) | 32.4 ± 17.0 (n = 402) | 24.5 ± 14.9 (n = 79) | 33.4 ± 16.2 (n = 118) | 36.8 ± 17.7 (n = 147) | <0.001 | <0.001 | n.s. | <0.001 |
GCS on scene (points, mean ± SD) | 11.5 ± 4.5 (n = 284) | 12.3 ± 3.9 (n = 64) | 11.6 ± 4.0 (n = 77) | 11.9 ± 4.2 (n = 104) | 0.625 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Time from accident to hospital admission (minutes, mean ± SD) | 73.0 ± 36.1 (n = 210) | 73.7 ± 40.7 (n = 41) | 73. 9 ± 38.1 (n = 57) | 68.2 ± 29.5 (n = 92) | 0.714 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Time in the trauma room (minutes, mean ± SD) | 72.4 ± 40.8 (n = 353) | 78.4 ± 43.6 (n = 70) | 74.8 ± 45.1 (n = 98) | 68.0 ± 36.0 (n = 133) | 0.301 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Parameters of the initial resuscitation period
Type of pelvic ring fracture according Tile/OTA fracture classification | Pair-wise comparison | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Type A | Type B | Type C | Overall test | P value (A vs. C) | P value (B vs. C) | P value (A vs. B) | ||
Prehospital phase | Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg, mean ± SD) | 109 ± 31 (n = 227) | 120 ± 26 (n = 59) | 113 ± 31 (n = 73) | 100 ± 32 (n = 95) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.005 | n.s. |
Ratio of patients in shock in the field (systolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg) (%) | 19.4 (n = 227) | 11.9 (n = 7) | 16.4 (n = 12) | 26.3 (n = 25) | 0.065 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | |
Heart rate (beats/min., mean ± SD) | 99 ± 23 (n = 231) | 91 ± 18 (n = 62) | 101 ± 20 (n = 71) | 102 ± 27 (n = 98) | 0.006 | 0.003 | n.s. | 0.006 | |
Oxygen saturation (%, mean ± SD) | 93 ± 10 (n = 230) | 94 ± 6 (n = 53) | 92 ± 8 (n = 65) | 91 ± 13 (n = 81) | 0.578 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | |
Infusion volume (crystalloids + colloids) (ml, mean ± SD) | 1,464 ± 1,032 (n = 258) | 1,072 ± 881 (n = 67) | 1,608 ± 1,096 (n = 79) | 1,596 ± 1,017 (n = 112) | <0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.953 | <0.001 | |
Emergency department (ED) | Systolic blood pressure on ED arrival (mm Hg, mean ± SD) | 115 ± 27 (n = 304) | 123 ± 25 (n = 69) | 115 ± 23 (n = 103) | 111 ± 31 (n = 132) | 0.013 | 0.004 | n.s. | n.s. |
Ratio of patients in shock on ED arrival (systolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg) (%) | 12.2 (n = 304) | 4.3 (n = 3) | 8.7 (n = 9) | 18.9 (n = 25) | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.039 | 0.366 | |
Heart rate (beats/min., mean ± SD) | 91 ± 21 (n = 297) | 87 ± 19 (n = 68) | 92 ± 20 (n = 100) | 93 ± 22 (n = 129) | 0.143 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | |
Infusion volume ED to ICU (crystalloids + colloids) (ml, mean ± SD) | 2,884 ± 2,471 (n = 290) | 1,991 ± 1,975 (n = 67) | 2,645 ± 2,438 (n = 103) | 3,587 ± 2,565 (n = 120) | <0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.118 | |
Packed red blood cell concentrates ED to ICU (PRBC) (units, mean ± SD) | 3.4 ± 7.2 (n = 344) | 2.1 ± 5.7 (n = 42) | 3.0 ± 6.2 (n = 54) | 4.5 ± 8.5 (n = 83) | <0.001 | < 0.001 | n.s. | 0.005 | |
Fresh frozen plasma ED to ICU (FFP) (units, mean ± SD) | 3.0 ± 6.6 (n = 344) | 1.7 ± 4.9 (n = 37) | 2.7 ± 6.3 (n = 52) | 3.8 ± 7.5 (n = 73) | 0.010 | 0.003 | n.s. | n.s. | |
Total initial resuscitation period | Total infusion volume during the initial resuscitation period (crystalloids + colloids) (ml, mean ± SD) | 4,626 ± 3,079 (n = 222) | 3,173 ± 2,613 (n = 57) | 4,677 ± 2,976 (n = 72) | 5,476 ± 3,121 (n = 93) | <0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.061 | <0.001 |
ICU parameters
Type of pelvic-ring fracture according to Tile/OTA fracture classification | Pair-wise comparison | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Type A | Type B | Type C | Overall test | P value (A vs. C) | P value (B vs. C) | P value (A vs. B) | |
Multiple-organ-dysfunction syndrome (%) | 25.8 (n = 326) | 22.1 (n = 17) | 19.6 (n = 22) | 32.9 (n = 45) | 0.042 | n.s. | 0.014 | n.s. |
Sepsis (%) | 5.2 (n = 325) | 3.9 (n = 3) | 2.7 (n = 3) | 8.1 (n = 11) | 0.137 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Days on ventilation (days, mean ± SD) | 6.4 ± 10.1 (n = 344) | 4.3 ± 6.7 (n = 79) | 6.0 ± 10.4 (n = 118) | 7.7 ± 11.2 (n = 147) | 0.039 | 0.016 | n.s. | n.s. |
ICU length of stay (days, mean ± SD) | 11.5 ± 11.8 (n = 344) | 9.4 ± 9.9 (n = 79) | 10.6 ± 11.2 (n = 118) | 13.3 ± 12.9 (n = 147) | 0.031 | 0.016 | n.s. | n.s. |
Discussion
Conclusions
Key messages
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Massive fluid resuscitation in the initial resuscitation period still reflects recent practice in multiple-trauma patients with pelvic disruptions.
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Low-volume resuscitation seems not yet accepted in practice in managing this special patient entity.
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Increased pelvic-ring instability was related to increased fluid/transfusion requirements in the initial resuscitation period, as well as higher-severity injury score, the presence of shock and complications, and higher mortality rate.
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Mechanically unstable pelvic-ring fractures type B/C, according Tile/OTA classification, should be considered in future trauma algorithms.