Introduction
Reference | Year | Years of study; population | AKI | AKI mortality | Criterion of AKI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Davies, et al. [8] | 1979 | 1958–1979; >1,064 patients admitted | 28 (<2.6%) | 24 (86%) | Renal replacement therapy |
Davies, et al. [9] | 1994 | 1991; 18 burn units | 15 (<1%) | 12 (80%) | Renal replacement therapy |
Leblanc, et al. [10] | 1997 | 1987–1994; 970 patients admitted | 16 (1.6%) | 13 (82%) | Renal replacement therapy |
Holm, et al. [11] | 1999 | 1994–1998; 328 patients, 34% TBSA% | 48 (15%) | 41 (85%) | Renal replacement therapy |
Tremblay, et al. [12] | 2000 | 1995–1998; 353 patients admitted | 12 (3.4%) | 6 (50%) | Renal replacement therapy |
Schiavon, et al. [13] | 1988 | 1988; 20 patients, 44% TBSA% | 4 (20%) | 4 (100%) | Serum creatinine raised >133 μmol/L above value on admission |
0 | Renal replacement therapy | ||||
Saffle, et al. [7] | 1993 | 1987–1990; 529 patients, 16% TBSA% | 50 (10%) | 23 (46%) | Thermal Injury Organ Failure Score (moderate: serum creatinine >222 μmol/L) |
4 (0.8%) | 4 (100%) | Renal replacement therapy | |||
Sheridan, et al. [14] | 1998 | 1989–1994; 56 patients who died | 37 (68%) | - | Serum BUN ≥100 and creatinine ≥3.5 or urine output ≤500 mL/day |
Jeschke, et al. [15] | 1998 | 1966–1997; 5,000 children admitted | 60 (1.2%) | 44 (73%) | Oliguria (<0.5 mL/kg per hour for >36 hours), serum urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio <20, serum creatinine >177 μmol/L |
34 (0.7) | 28 (82%) | Renal replacement therapy | |||
Chrysopoulo, et al. [16] | 1999 | 1981–1998; 1,404 patients, TBSA% >30% | 76 (5.4%) | 67 (88%) | Three of these four: oliguria (<350 mL/36 hours), BUN/creatinine ratio <20, serum creatinine >177 μmol/L, and dialysis |
67 (4.8%) | 61 (91%) | Renal replacement therapy | |||
Kim, et al. [17] | 2003 | 2000; 147 patients, 60% TBSA% | 28 (19%) | 28 (100%) | Serum creatinine >177 μmol/L |
3 (2.0%) | 3 (100%) | Renal replacement therapy | |||
Mustonen and Vuola [22] | 2008 | 1988–2001; 238 patients, 31% TBSA% | 93 (39.1%) | 41 (44%) | Serum creatinine >120 μmol/L |
32 (13%) | 20 (62%) | Renal replacement therapy | |||
Cumming, et al. [6] | 2001 | 1998–1999; 85 patients, 30% TBSA% | 3 (3.5%) | MODS (3–4: serum creatinine >350 μmol/L) | |
Cooper, et al. [18] | 2006 | 1999–2001; 42 patients, 35% TBSA% | 3 (7.1%) | MODS (3–4: serum creatinine >350 μmol/L) or oliguria | |
Coca, et al. [19] | 2007 | 1998–2003; 304 patients, 27% TBSA% | 81 (27%) | 23 (28%) | RIFLE |
(73%) | Renal replacement therapy | ||||
Lopes, et al. [20] | 2007 | 2004–2006; 126 patients, 24% TBSA% | 45 (36%) | 21 (47%) | RIFLE |
11 (8.7%) | Renal replacement therapy |
Materials and methods
Treatment of burns and supportive intensive care
Classification of acute kidney injury
Classification of organ dysfunction
Additional data acquisition
Statistics
Results
Incidence
No AKI (n = 96) | AKI (n = 31) | P value | Adjusted | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 35.9 (31.8 to 40.1) | 55.1 (47.4 to 62.7) | <0.001 | |
Total body surface area, percentage burned | 35.8 (33.0 to 38.5) | 47.2 (38.3 to 56.1) | 0.001 | |
Full thickness burns, percentage | 13.6 (10.9 to 16.4) | 32.0 (24.0 to 40.0) | <0.001 | |
Gender, female/male | 22/74 | 10/21 | 0.30 | |
Mortality | 7 (7.3%) | 11 (35.5%) | <0.001 | |
Multiple organ failure | 3 (3.1%) | 24 (77.4%) | <0.001 | |
Mechanical ventilation | 51 (53.1%) | 30 (96.8%) | <0.001 | |
Length of stay for survivors, days | 39.9 (32.5 to 47.3) | 67.3 (46.0 to 88.6) | 0.004 | |
Baseline laboratory variables | ||||
Plasma creatinine, μmol/L | 81.3 (76.4 to 86.1) | 82.3 (72.0 to 92.5) | 0.85 | 0.87 |
Platelet count, × 109/L | 238 (218 to 259) | 278 (231 to 326) | 0.08 | 0.14 |
Plasma bilirubin, μmol/L | 18.9 (15.5 to 22.3) | 24.0 (17.3 to 30.6) | 0.13 | 0.21 |
Worst laboratory value during the first week | ||||
Lowest platelet count, × 109/L | 120 (106 to 133) | 68 (48 to 87) | <0.001 | 0.001 |
Plasma bilirubin, μmol/L | 19.9 (16.7 to 23.0) | 37.4 (26.1 to 48.6) | <0.001 | 0.001 |
Risk (n = 15) | Injury (n = 10) | Failure (n = 6) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 47.7 (36.1 to 59.2) | 56.9 (42.7 to 71.1) | 70.5 (55.1 to 85.9) | 0.07 |
Total body surface area, percentage burned | 45.6 (32.5 to 58.7) | 56.5 (37.1 to 75.9) | 35.8 (17.8 to 53.9) | 0.25 |
Full thickness burns, percentage | 32.4 (19.9 to 44.8) | 36.0 (17.2 to 54.9) | 24.3 (14.4 to 34.3) | 0.60 |
Gender, female/male | 6/9 | 2/8 | 2/4 | 0.58 |
Mortality | 2 | 4 | 5 | 0.01 |
Dialysis | - | - | 4 | |
Recovery | 13 | 5a | 2b | 0.04 |
Multiple organ failure | 9 | 9 | 6 | 0.07 |
Lowest mean arterial pressure, mm Hg | 56.0 (53.2 to 58.8) | 62.2 (56.1 to 68.3) | 57.2 (52.4 to 61.9) | 0.06 |
Adrenergic drugs on days 1–3c | 11 | 5 | 5 | 0.31 |
Mechanical ventilation | 15 | 9 | 6 | 0.34d |
Length of stay for survivors, days | 69.2 (40.0 to 98.3) | 66.8 (17.2 to 116.4) | 46 | 0.90 |
Early AKI (n = 17) | Late AKI (n = 14) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 48.9 (39.7 to 58.1) | 62.6 (49.7 to 75.5) | 0.07 |
Total body surface area, percentage burned | 53.3 (41.0 to 65.6) | 39.8 (26.4 to 53.2) | 0.13 |
Full thickness burns, percentage | 39.4 (28.1 to 50.7) | 23.0 (12.2 to 33.8) | 0.04 |
Multiple organ failure | 14 | 10 | 0.47 |
Sepsis | 15 | 12 | 0.83 |
Lowest value of MAP for days 1–3, mm Hg | 57.5 (54.9 to 60.2) | 59.1 (54.3 to 63.9) | 0.53 |
Plasma myoglobin for days 1–2, μg/L | 1,167 (-484 to 2,820) | 220 (103 to 337) | 0.24 |
Mechanical ventilation | 17 | 13 | - |
Length of stay, days | 45.7 (27.8 to 63.6) | 60.6 (27.9 to 93.4) | 0.37 |
Early AKI | Late AKI | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Failure/Injury/Risk (all patients) | 3/5/9 (17) | 3/5/6 (14) | 95% CI | OR |
Age of <60/≥60 years | 13/4 | 5/9 | 1.22 to 28.0 | 5.85 |
TBSA% of ≥50%/<50% | 10/7 | 3/11 | 1.06 to 26.0 | 5.20 |
FTB% of ≥25%/<25% | 12/5 | 4/10 | 1.26 to 28.5 | 6.00 |
Gender, male/female | 12/5 | 9/5 | 0.29 to 6.04 | 1.33 |
Mortality (non-survivors) | 6 | 5 | 0.22 to 4.30 | 0.98 |
Dialysis | 3 | 1 | 0.26 to 30.27 | 2.79 |
MOF before AKI | 13 | 10 | 0.26 to 6.52 | 1.30 |
Sepsis before AKI | 11 | 8a | 0.32 to 5.88 | 1.38 |
MOF and sepsis both before AKI | 8 | 8 | 0.16 to 2.77 | 0.67 |
MAP episode <60 mm Hg on days 1–3 | 10 | 9 | 0.18 to 3.41 | 0.79 |
Adrenergic drugs on days 1–3 | 14 | 7 | 0.91 to 23.79 | 4.67 |
Recovery and mortality
Factors of importance in the development of acute kidney injury
Predisposing factors
Sepsis
Potentially nephrotoxic exposures
Relation to other organs
Discussion
Incidence and occurrence
Recovery or mortality
Pathophysiology of renal dysfunction in burns
Sepsis
Predisposing factors
Method
Conclusion
Key messages
-
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common, develops soon after the burn, and is paralleled by multiple organ dysfunction.
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Cardiovascular dysfunction together with AKI was associated with a higher mortality.
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The prognosis for minor dysfunction remains good and survivors recover from AKI, whereas renal failure still carries a high mortality.