Introduction
Methods
Literature search
Inclusion criteria and selection process
Data extraction
Outcomes | |||||
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Cardiovascular function | |||||
Author, year | Mean age (years) | Protocol type | Cardio-respiratory fitness | Blood pressure values | Endurance parameters |
Lovell et al. (2010) [27] | 75.2 ± 0.8 | CET 50–70 % of VO2max
30–45 min/session 3 sessions/week, 16 weeks | Training group: ↑ in VO2max (from 22.6 ± 0.7 to 25.9 ± 0.9 ml/min/kg). ↔ in Control group. | ||
Vogel et al. (2011) [28] | 70.8 ± 5.2 | CET 5-min stages consisting of 4 min at VT1 and 1 min at 90 % of MTP 30 min/session 2 sessions/week, 9 weeks | ↑ in the VO2max (from 16.9 ± 3.6 to 19.7 ± 3.6 ml/min/kg) and (from 21.4 ± 5.8 to 23.3 ± 6.4 ml/min/kg), in older women and men, respectively. | ↑ in the VT1 (from 50.1 ± 11.5 to 64.1 ± 14.4 W) and (from 79.3 ± 25.1 to 96.1 ± 29.2 W) in older men and women respectively. ↓ in HR at pre-training VT1 (from 112 ± 18 to 105 ± 17 bpm) and (from 109 ± 19 to 103 ± 19 bpm) in older men and women respectively. ↓ in the lactate concentrations at pre-training MTP (from 4.5 ± 1.7 to 3.5 ± 1.0 mmol) and (from 5.5 ± 1.9 to 4.4 ± 19 mmol) in older men and women respectively. | |
Lovell et al. (2012) [29] | 75.2 ± 3.0 | CET 50 to 70 % VO2max
30 to 45 min/session week/week, 16 weeks | Training group: ↑ in VO2max (1.9 ± 0.1 to 2.2 ± 0.1 L/min). ↔ in Control group. | ||
Buchner et al. (2009) [30] | 75 | CET 75 % of HRR 30 to 35 min/session week/week, 24 to 26 weeks | Training group: ↑ in the VO2max (from 16.6 ± 4.9 to 18.1 ± 2.5 ml/min/kg). ↔ in control group. | ||
Babcock et al. (1994) [31] | 72 ± 4.4 | CET 20 to 50 % of VT2
40 min/session week/week, 24 weeks | Training group: ↑ in VO2max (from 1.8 ± 0.2 to 2.1 ± 0.1 L/min). ↔ in control group. | ↑ in VO2 at VT1 (from 1.2 ± 0.1 to 1.5 ± 0.2 L/min). ↔ in HR at VT1. ↔ in control group: | |
Malbut et al. (2002) [32] | 81 ± 2.28 | CET 13–15 of RPE 13 to 20 min/session 3 to 6 sessions/week, 24 weeks | ↑ in the VO2max of the women’s group (from 14.5 ± 2.5 to 16.2 ± 3.1 ml/kg/min). ↔ in the men’s group. | ↓ in HR at VO210 in the women’s group (from 108 ± 21 to 92 ± 15 bpm). ↓ in HR at VO210 in the men’s group (from 97 ± 11 to 89 ± 10 bpm). | |
Coker et al. (2006) [33] | 74 ± 1 | CET 50 or 75 % of VO2max
40 min/session 4 to 5 sessions/week, 12 weeks | ↑ in the VO2max for both the HI and MI groups (from 1.4 ± 0.3 to 1.6 ± 0.1 L/min). | ||
Coker et al. (2009) [34] | 71 ± 1 | CET 50 or 75 % of VO2max
40 min/session 4 to 5 sessions/week, 12 weeks | ↑ in the VO2max for both the HI and MI groups (from 1.4 ± 0.3 to 1.6 ± 0.1 L/min). | ||
Mangione et al. (1999) [35] | 71 ± 6.9 | CET 40 or 70 % HRR 25 min/session week/week, 10 week | ↔ in the VO2max in both high and low intensity groups. | ||
Harber et al. (2009) [40] | 71.1 | CET 60 % of Pmax
20 to 40 min/session week/week, 12 weeks | ↑ in the VO2max (from 1623 ± 423 to 1856 ± 480 ml/min). | ||
Perini et al. (2002) [41] | 73.9 ± 3.5 | CET 40 to 100 % of Pmax
60 min/session week/week, 8 weeks | ↑ in the VO2max (from 19.3 ± 5.2 to 22.7 ± 4.9 ml/min/kg). | ↓ in resting SBP (from 167 to 140 mmHg for men and from 148 to 130 mmHg for women). ↓ in resting DBP (from 88 to 78 mmHg for men and from 80 to 72 mmHg for women). ↔ in SBP and DBP on recovery time. | |
Haber et al. (1984) [42] | 71.1 | CET 60 % of Pmax
20 to 40 min/session week/week, 12 weeks | ↑ in the VO2max (from 1623 ± 423 to 1856 ± 480 ml/min). | ↑ in the maximum work load (from 111 ± 36 to 129 ± 29 W). | |
Temfemo et al. (2011) [43] | 73 ± 5 | CET HRtarget corresponding to the VT1
45 min/session week/week, 8 weeks | ↑ in the VO2max (from 13.2 ± 1.7 to 15.3 ± 2.1 ml/min/kg). | ↑ in the VT1 (from 9.2 ± 1.8 to 10.8 ± 2.2 ml/min/kg). | |
Charifi et al. (2003) [44] | 73 ± 3 | CET 9*4 min 65 to 75 % VO2max
9*1 min 85 to 95 % VO2max
45 min/session 4 sessions/week, 14 weeks | ? in the VO2max (from 28.8 ± 5.9 to 32.7 ± 5.4 ml/min/kg). | ||
Charifi et al. (2004) [45] | 73 ± 3 | CET 9*4 min 65 to 75 % VO2max
9*1 min 85 to 95 % VO2max
45 min/session 4 sessions/week, 14 weeks | ↑ in the VO2max (from 28.8 ± 5.9 to 32.7 ± 5.4 ml/min/kg). | ||
Sial et al. (1998) [46] | 74 ± 2 | CET 70 to 85 % HRmax 30 to 45 min/session 3 to 5 sessions/week, 16 weeks | ↑ in the VO2max (from 1.5 ± 0.2 to 1.8 ± 0.3 l/min). | ||
Pichot et al. (2005) [47] | 73.5 ± 4.2 | CET 9*4 min 65 % HRmax 9*1 min 85 % HRmax 45 min/session 4 sessions/week, 14 weeks | ↑ in the VO2max (from 26.8 ± 4.4 to 31.8 ± 5.1 ml/min/kg). | ↔ in SBP and DBP. | |
Bell et al. (2001) [48] | 77 ± 7 | CET 75 to 85 % VO2max
40 min/session 4 sessions/week, 9 weeks | ↑ in the VO2max (1.05 ± 0.17 l/min to 1.22 ± 0.22 l/min) in trained leg. ↔ in untrained leg. | ||
Nickel et al. (2011) [36] | 71 ± 7 | CET 50 % of HRR 30 min/session 1 session/day, 1 day | ↓ in the SBP, 15 min after exercise compared to the non-exercise day (121 ± 12 vs. 131 ± 16 mmHg; p < 0.05). ↓ in the DBP, 24 h after exercise compared to the non-exercise day (72 ± 8 vs. 69 ± 7 mmHg; p < 0.05). | ||
Schocken et al. (1983) [49] | 72 | CET 70 to 85 % HRmax
25 to 30 min/session week/week, 12 weeks | ↔ in SBP and DBP after training program. | ↑ in the maximum work load (from 690 ± 151 to 758 ± 141 Kpm/min). | |
Finucane et al. (2010) [37] | 71.4 | CET 50 to 70 % Pmax
60 min/session week/week, 12 weeks | ↔ in SBP and DBP in training and control group. | ↑ in the maximum work load (from 143.9 ± 48.9 to 167.7 ± 49.7 W). ↔ in control group. | |
Morris et al. (2003) [38] | 70.4 ± 1.2 | CET 50 and 70 % of VO2max
60 min/session 1 sessions/week, 8 weeks | ↓ in HR and oxygen uptake after IEx compared to CEx at the same relative intensity (p < 0.01). |
Outcomes | |||||
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Metabolic outcomes | |||||
Author, year | Mean age (years) | Protocol type | Body composition | Metabolic disorders | Endocrine function |
Lovell et al. (2010) [27] | 75.2 ± 0.8 | CET 50–70 % of VO2max
30–45 min/session 3 sessions/week, 16 weeks | Training group: ↓ in body mass (from 78 ± 4.1 to 76 ± 4.2 kg). ↓ in % of body fat (from 29.2 ± 1 to 27.7 ± 1 %). ↔ in fat-free mass. ↔ in Control group. | ||
Finucane et al. (2010) [37] | 71.4 | CET 50 to 70 % Pmax
60 min/session 3 sessions/week, 12 weeks | Training group: ↓ in weight loss (77.2 ± 16.1 to 77.0 ± 16.2 kg). ↓ in BMI (27.4 ± 4.9 to 27.3 ± 4.8 kg/m2). ↓ in waist circumference (98.6 ± 14.2 to 97.8 ± 13.8 cm). ↓ in intrahepatic lipid (3.7 ± 1.8 to 2.4 ± 1.0 %). ↔ in fat-free mass. ↔ in Control group. | ↓ in fasting glucose, oral glucose insulin sensitivity and HbA1c in both groups. | |
Harber et al. (2009) [40] | 71.1 | CET 60 % of Pmax
20 to 40 min/session 3 sessions/week, 12 weeks | ↓ in fat mass (from 27.6 ± 4.3 to 26.4 ± 4.1 kg). ↓ in % of body fat (from 40.7 ± 3.4 39.8 ± 3.5 %). ↑ in fat-free mass (from 39.2 ± 1.4 to 39.6 ± 1.4 kg). ↔ in body weight and BMI. | ||
Coker et al. (2006) [33] | 74 ± 1 | CET 50 or 75 % of VO2max
40 min/session 4 to 5 sessions/week, 12 weeks | ↔ in body weight and in % of body in MI and HI groups. | ↑ in ISGD (5.0 ± 0.6 to 6.4 ± 0.5 mg/kg FFM/min) in HI group. ↔ in MI group. ↑ in non-oxidative glucose disposal in HI group (4.6 ± 0.6 to 6.0 ± 0.8 mg/kg FFM/min). ↔ in MI group. | |
Coker et al. (2009) [34] | 71 ± 1 | CET 50 or 75 % of VO2max
40 min/session 4 to 5 sessions/week, 12 weeks | ↔ in body weight, BMI, and % of fat in MI and HI groups. | ↔ in plasma adiponectin in MI and HI groups. | |
Lovell et al. (2012) [29] | 75.2 ± 3.0 | CET 50 to 70 % VO2max
30 to 45 min/session 3 sessions/week, 16 weeks | Training group: ↑ in the testosterone (16.9 ± 1.5 to 19.3 ± 1.8 nmol/L). ↑ in FT concentration (58.3 ± 4.9 to 67.2 ± 5.7 pmol/L). ↔ in GH, IGF-1 and SHBG concentration. ↔ in control group. | ||
Sial et al. (1998) [46] | 74 ± 2 | CET 70 to 85 % HRmax
30 to 45 min/session 3 to 5 sessions/week, 16 weeks | ↑ in fat free mass (from 49.4 ± 4.1 to 50.4 ± 4.6 kg). | ↑ in the average rate of fat oxidation (from 1.6 ± 17 to 2.21 ± 28 µmol/min). ↓ in the average rate of carbohydrate oxidation (from 3.9 ± 483 to 3.2 ± 461 µmol/min). ↓ in the glucose Ra (from 1.1 ± 69 to 1.0 ± 95 µmol/min). ↔ in Ra and FFA rate of disappearance during exercise. | |
Zmuda et al. (1996) [50] | 70 ± 4 | CET 50 to 80 % HRR 60 min/session 1 session/day, 1 day | ↑ in the serum testosterone, SHBG and total serum protein (39 %, 19 %, and 13 %, respectively; p < 0.01). ↑ in the FT (from 0.1 ± 0.04 to 0.2 ± 0.04). ↔ in the LH concentrations. | ||
Perini et al. (2002) [41] | 73.9 ± 3.5 | CET 40 to 100 % of Pmax
60 min/session 3 sessions/week, 8 weeks | ↔ in body weight and fat mass. |
Outcomes | ||||
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Functional status | ||||
Author, year | Mean age (years) | Protocol type | Muscle strength | Physical performance |
Lovell et al. (2010) [27] | 75.2 ± 0.8 | CET 50-70 % of VO2max
30–45 min/session 3 sessions/week, 16 weeks | ↑ in leg strength (from 45.8 ± 7.9 to 54.0 ± 8.0 kg). ↑ in peak power (from 144 ± 5 to 168 ± 6 W). ↑ in upper leg muscle mass (from 10.2 ± 5.3 to 11.0 ± 5.4 kg). ↑ in total-leg muscle mass (from 12.04 ± 4.8 to 12.9 ± 5.1 kg). | |
Lovell et al. (2012) [29] | 75.2 ± 3.0 | CET 50 to 70 % VO2max
30 to 45 min/session 3 sessions/week, 16 weeks | ↑ in peak power (148 ± 5 to 168 ± 6 W). ↑ in leg strength (45.8 ± 7.3 to 54.0 ± 8.0 kg). | |
Harber et al. (2009) [40] | 71.1 | CET 60 % of Pmax
20 to 40 min/session 3 sessions/week, 12 weeks | ↑ in the quadriceps muscle volume (from 587 ± 55 to 654 ± 60 cm3). ↑ in the knee extensor power (from 199 ± 25 to 261 ± 27 cm3). ↑ in normalized power (from 5.8 ± 0.8 to 6.5 ± 0.8 W/cm2). ↑ in the knee extensor power (from 4.9 ± 0.4 to 5.9 ± 0.5 Nm/cm2). | |
Buchner et al. (2009) [30] | 75 | CET 75 % of HRR 30 to 35 min/session 3 sessions/week, 24 to 26 weeks | ↑ in strength at the knee extension (from 88 ± 30 to 97 ± 13 Nm). ↔ in the strength of the other muscles. | ↔ in gait and balance test. |
Perini et al. (2002) [41] | 73.9 ± 3.5 | CET 40 to 100 % of Pmax
60 min/session 3 sessions/week, 8 weeks | ↔ in the maximal isometric quadriceps muscle strength, and the maximal isometric quadriceps endurance. | |
Denison et al. (2013) | 71.4 | CET 50 to 70 % HRmax
60 min/session 3 sessions/week, 12 weeks | ↔ in maximum grip strength in training and control groups. | Training group: ↓ in the 6 m TUG performance (from 11.0 ± 2.0 to 10.2 ± 1.6 s) in the training group compared to control group. ↔ in 3 m walk, one-legged balance and chair rise. ↔ in control group. |
Malbut et al. (2002) [32] | 81 ± 2.28 | CET 13–15 of RPE 13 to 20 min/session 3 to 6 sessions/week, 24 weeks | ↔ in isometric knee extensor strength, isometric elbow flexor strength and lower limb extensor power. | |
Mangione et al. (1999) [35] | 71 ± 6.9 | CET 40 or 70 % HRR 25 min/session 3 sessions/week, 10 week | ↓ in the chair rise time (from 23.3 ± 9.1 to 19.1 ± 6.6 s). ↑ in the 6-min walk test (from 489.6 ± 109.1 to 533.8 ± 105.0 m). |
Outcomes | |||
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Author, year | Mean age (years) | Protocol type | Cognition function |
Palleschi et al. (1996) [39] | 74.0 ± 1.5 | CET 70 % of HRmax
20 min/session 3 sessions/week, 3 months | ↑ in the test of attentional matrix (35.9 ± 3.8 to 43.9 ± 6.3). ↑ in the verbal span test (2.8 ± 0.6 to 3.8 ± 0.6). ↑ in the supraverbal span test (7.4 ± 0.9 to 12.6 ± 2.6). ↑ in the MMSEP (19.4 ± 1.1 to 21.7 ± 1.3). |