Background
Methods
Animals
Experimental design
Gonadosomatic index (GSI) and relative weight of organs
Biochemical assays
Sperm motility and viability
Tissue histology and morphometry
Daily sperm production
Hormonal analysis
Statistical analysis
Results
Bodyweight, GSI, absolute, and relative weights of reproductive organs
Parameters | Groups | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 0.5 μg/L | 5 μg/L | 50 μg/L | |
Initial body weight (g) | 30.50 ± 0.57 | 30.00 ± 0.56 | 30.63 ± 0.53 | 31.25 ± 0.70 |
Final body weight (g) | 537.25 ± 1.19 | 536.37 ± 2.26 | 536.13 ± 3.26 | 545.25 ± 1.51* |
Paired testis (g) | 3.66 ± 0.08 | 3.59 ± 0.06 | 3.52 ± 0.03 | 3.50 ± 0.02 |
GSI | 0.68 ± 0.02 | 0.67 ± 0.01 | 0.66 ± 0.01 | 0.64 ± 0.01* |
Absolute paired epididymis weight (g) | 1.42 ± 0.01 | 1.41 ± 0.01 | 1.39 ± 0.02 | 1.36 ± 0.01 |
Relative epididymis weight (mg/g) | 2.64 ± 0.02 | 2.62 ± 0.02 | 2.60 ± 0.03 | 2.50 ± 0.02*** |
Absolute seminal vesicle weight (g) | 1.89 ± 0.02 | 1.87 ± 0.02 | 1.81 ± 0.01* | 1.79 ± 0.02** |
Relative seminal vesicle weight (mg/g) | 3.52 ± 0.04 | 3.48 ± 0.05 | 3.39 ± 0.05 | 3.29 ± 0.04** |
Absolute prostate weight (g) | 1.40 ± 0.02 | 1.43 ± 0.02 | 1.45 ± 0.02 | 1.45 ± 0.03 |
Relative prostate weight (mg/g) | 2.61 ± 0.04 | 2.66 ± 0.05 | 2.69 ± 0.03 | 2.67 ± 0.06 |
Effect of chronic BPS exposure on antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress biomarkers
Parameters | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Groups | CAT (U/mg protein) | SOD (U/mg protein) | POD (U/mg protein) | LPO (U/mg protein) | ROS (U/g tissue) |
Control | 6.17 ± 0.18 | 31.84 ± 1.08 | 5.86 ± 0.04 | 6.97 ± 0.13 | 97.32 ± 0.77 |
BPS 0.5 μg/L | 6.11 ± 0.20 | 31.26 ± 1.22 | 5.72 ± 0.10 | 7.06 ± 0.12 | 99.14 ± 2.62 |
BPS 5 μg/L | 5.58 ± 0.11* | 30.48 ± 0.73 | 5.57 ± 0.09* | 7.46 ± 0.19 | 104.54 ± 2.57 |
BPS 50 μg/L | 5.04 ± 0.11*** | 28.36 ± 0.43* | 5.10 ± 0.05** | 8.08 ± 0.17** | 119.52 ± 3.02** |
Effect of chronic BPS exposure on plasma testosterone, LH, FSH, and estradiol concentrations
Hormones | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Groups | Testosterone (ng/ml) | Estradiol (pg/ml) | LH (ng/ml) | FSH (mIU/ml) |
Control | 12.36 ± 0.38 | 2.71 ± 0.24 | 1.84 ± 0.10 | 0.79 ± 0.04 |
BPS 0.5 μg/L | 11.77 ± 0.37 | 3.52 ± 0.31 | 1.54 ± 0.12 | 0.68 ± 0.09 |
BPS 5 μg/L | 10.56 ± 0.52** | 3.69 ± 0.32* | 1.55 ± 0.05 | 0.57 ± 0.07 |
BPS 50 μg/L | 9.76 ± 0.25*** | 4.11 ± 0.13** | 1.45 ± 0.10* | 0.48 ± 0.03* |
Treatments | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | Control | BPS 0. 5 (μg/L) | BPS 5 (μg/L) | BPS 50 (μg/L) |
Viable sperm (%) | 93.49 ± 1.93 | 93.23 ± 2.13 | 92.92 ± 1.16 | 89.11 ± 1.19 |
Motile sperm (%) | 77.87 ± 1.28 | 78.19 ± 1.77 | 73.86 ± 2.13 | 72.93 ± 1.06* |
DSP (× 106) | 52.03 ± 0.78 | 50.60 ± 0.89 | 49.66 ± 0.93 | 47.26 ± 0.36** |
Caput/carpus epididymis sperm number (× 106/g organ) | 307.65 ± 6.22 | 299.76 ± 5.26 | 287.27 ± 4.54* | 287.35 ± 4.10* |
Cauda epididymis sperm number (× 106/g organ) | 595.23 ± 15.26 | 597.84 ± 12.99 | 567.52 ± 13.21 | 549.05 ± 7.05* |
Sperm parameters, DSP, and number of sperm in different parts of epididymis after chronic exposure to different concentrations of BPS
Histological changes and planimetry of testicular tissue in adult male exposed to different concentrations of BPS for 48 weeks
Groups | Parameters | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area of seminiferous tubules (%) | Area of interstitium (%) | Seminiferous tubule diameter (μm) | Epithelial height (μm) | Spermatogonia (n) | Spermatocytes (n) | Spermatids (n) | |
Control | 84.67 ± 1.62 | 15.33 ± 1.67 | 179.96 ± 1.35 | 73.11 ± 1.55 | 63.40 ± 1.12 | 75.48 ± 1.30 | 258.52 ± 1.92 |
0.5 μg/L | 84.55 ± 1.03 | 15.45 ± 1.03 | 179.88 ± 1.65 | 73.62 ± 1.72 | 61.80 ± 0.92 | 75.20 ± 1.35 | 258.24 ± 2.68 |
5 μg/L | 83.01 ± 1.22 | 16.99 ± 1.22 | 176.73 ± 2.05 | 68.06 ± 0.97* | 61.26 ± 1.51 | 70.08 ± 1.14** | 251.36 ± 1.54* |
50 μg/L | 80.34 ± 0.73* | 19.66 ± 0.73* | 173.25 ± 2.33* | 68.11 ± 0.85* | 59.44 ± 1.22 | 68.32 ± 1.07*** | 246.32 ± 1.87*** |
Number of different cells types in seminiferous tubules of testis of adult rats exposed to different concentrations of BPS for 48 weeks
Planimetry and morphological changes in the caput region of the epididymis of rats exposed to different concentrations of BPS for 48 weeks
Groups | Caput epididymis | Cauda epididymis | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tubular diameter (μm) | Lumen diameter (μm) | Epithelial height (μm) | Epithelium (%) | Lumen (%) | Tubular diameter (μm) | Lumen diameter (μm) | Epithelial height (μm) | Epithelium (%) | Lumen (%) | |
Control | 361.66 ± 1.55 | 293.12 ± 3.17 | 32.12 ± 1.66 | 31.45 ± 1.44 | 68.55 ± 1.44 | 438.13 ± 2.63 | 411.33 ± 2.88 | 27.28 ± 1.27 | 32.16 ± 2.09 | 67.84 ± 2.08 |
0.5 μg/L | 357.91 ± 2.83 | 292.34 ± 3.30 | 33.26 ± 1.49 | 32.06 ± 1.27 | 67.95 ± 1.27 | 439.66 ± 2.93 | 410.22 ± 3.16 | 27.11 ± 1.91 | 31.14 ± 2.18 | 68.86 ± 2.18 |
5 μg/L | 353.72 ± 3.21 | 285.23 ± 2.54 | 29.55 ± 2.14 | 31.47 ± 1.71 | 68.53 ± `1.71 | 433.11 ± 2.67 | 408.51 ± 2.94 | 25.34 ± 1.29 | 30.67 ± 1.88 | 69.33 ± 1.88 |
50 μg/L | 353.38 ± 1.33* | 286.13 ± 2.71 | 30.31 ± 1.82 | 31.85 ± 1.46 | 68.15 ± 1.46 | 436.21 ± 2.39 | 407.88 ± 4.36 | 25.15 ± 1.34 | 29.33 ± 2.63 | 70.67 ± 2.63 |