Background
Methods
Trial design
Study setting and population
Study materials
Study protocol
Outcome measures
Statistics and data analysis
Results
Participant flow
Baseline data
IN Ketamine (n = 24) | IV Morphine (n = 24) | IM Morphine (n = 27) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Patient Age (95 % CI) | 37.9 (32.3–43.5) | 42.9 (38.0–47.8) | 37.7 (32.8–42.6) | 0.278 |
Gender | ||||
Male | 17 (70.8 %) | 18 (75.0 %) | 16 (59.3 %) | 0.455 |
Female | 7 (29.2 %) | 6 (25 %) | 11 (40.7 %) | 0.400 |
Pre-Analgesic VAS mm on a 100 mm VAS (95 % CI) | 90 mm (89.7–90.3) | 92 mm (91.7–92.3) | 91 mm (90.7–91.3) | 0.698 |
Dosages
Comparative efficacy
Time to onset Minutes (95 % CI) | Non-responders Patients (%) | Maximal pain reduction mm on a 100 mm VAS (95 % CI) | Time to max pain reduction Minutes (95 % CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
IN Ketamine (n = 24) | 14.3 (9.8–18.8) | 1 (4 %) | 56 mm VAS | 40.4 min (33.9–46.9) |
IV MO (n = 24) | 8.9 (6.6–11.2) | 1 (4 %) | 59 mm VAS | 33.4 min (26.2–40.6) |
IM MO (n = 27) | 26.0 (20.3–31.7) | 3 (11 %) | 48 mm VAS | 46.7 min (41.1–52.3) |
Aggregate | 16.7 (13.7–19.7) | 5 (6.8 %) | 54 mm VAS | 40.6 min (36.8–44.4) |
P value IN Ketamine vs. IV MO | 0.300 | 0.611 (DF = 2) | 0.300 (DF = 2) | 0.386 |
P value IN Ketamine vs. IM MO | 0.003 | 0.441 | ||
P value IV MO vs. IM MO | 0.000 | 0.019 |
Pharmacodynamics of pain relief
Patient satisfaction
Adverse effects
IN Ketamine (n = 24) | IV MO (n = 24) | IM MO (m = 27) | IN Ketamine v. IV MO | IN Ketamine vs. IM MO | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Difficulty Concentrating % | 58.3 % | 20.8 % | 22.2 % | 0.034 | 0.027 |
Dizziness % | 79.2 % | 50.0 % | 22.2 % | 0.092 | <0.000 |
Confusion % | 50.0 % | 12.5 % | 18.5 % | 0.027 | 0.061 |
Dry-Mouth % | 25.0 % | 79.2 % | 63.0 % | 0.002 | 0.027 |