Background
The American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC) is a major tertiary referral center in the Middle East. For several reasons including conflict-related deficiencies in healthcare services, a significant number of Iraqi patients seek cancer care at AUBMC [1]. Breast cancer is reportedly the most common primary tumor diagnosed in Iraqi females, with around 3000 cases registered in 2009 [2]. We have recently reviewed the literature regarding BRCA mutations reported in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region [3], we found a certain number of mutations specific to each country. Very limited information is however available regarding BRCA mutations in the Iraqi population.
The aim of our study is to review the data from patients of Iraqi origin referred to our institution for BRCA genetic testing. As far as we are aware, this is the first report of whole BRCA1 and BRCA 2 genes sequencing performed in this population.
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Methods
After Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval, we retrospectively reviewed all cases of Iraqi patients who presented for BRCA mutation testing at the Medical Genetics Unit at AUBMC between January 2012 and October 2018. All data were collected from medical charts available at our institution.
QiaAmp DNA Mini kit was used to extract DNA from blood samples. BRCA1 and 2 genes were amplified using exon-specific primers designed via Primer 3. PCR efficiency was confirmed by amplification on agarose gel 2%. The amplicons were then enzymatically purified using Exonuclease I and Shrimp Alkaline Phosphatase, sequenced and loaded on the Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystem ABI 3500). Obtained sequences were analyzed using Seqscape® v2.7 software and compared to the corresponding reference sequences ([4, 5]). ClinVar was used to determine the significance of the variations found [6].
Results
A total of 42 unrelated Iraqi women were referred for genetic testing performed at AUBMC. The mean age was 47.2 (27–69) years with 10.4 standard deviation. All of the 42 women had a diagnosis of breast cancer, 14 had a positive first-degree family history of breast or ovarian cancer (Table 1). Patients with a diagnosis of breast cancer without a positive first-degree family history were referred for testing for high-risk features in line with National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines [7].
Table 1
Patients’ demographics
Variable | Number |
|---|---|
Number of patients | 42 |
Mean age (years) | 47.2 (Range 27–69) |
Breast or ovarian cancer family history | 14 |
Breast cancer personal history | 42 |
Two disease causing variants (c.224_227delAAAG and c.5431C > T) in BRCA1 and one (c.5576_5579delTTAA) in BRCA2 was observed in the present study (Table 2) (Additional files 1, 2 and 3). Three variants of unknown significance (VUS) in BRCA1 (c.536A > G, c.1458 T > G, c.1648A > C) were observed in two patients whereas one patient had one VUS in BRCA2 (c.1075G > A) (Table 3) (Additional files 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10).
Table 2
Pathogenic BRCA gene mutations detected in the cohort
Gene | Nucleotide Change | AA change | Nomenclature protein | Population previously reported in |
|---|---|---|---|---|
BRCA1
| c.224_227delAAAG | p.Glu75Valfs | 343del4 | Kurdish Jewish |
BRCA1
| c.5431C > T | p.Gln1811Ter | Q1811X | Greek |
BRCA2
| c.5576_5579delTTAA | p.Ile1859Lysfs | 5804del4 | Lebanese Chinese |
Table 3
BRCA VUS detected in the cohort
Gene | Nucleotide Change | AA change | Nomenclature protein | Number of patients with mutation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
BRCA1
| c.536A > G | p.Tyr179Cys | Y179C | 2 |
c.1458 T > G | p.Phe486Leu | F486 L | ||
c.1648A > C | p.Asn550His | N550H (benign) | ||
BRCA2
| c.1075G > A | p.Glu359Lys | E359K | 1 |
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Discussion
Of the 958 Iraqi patients referred to AUBMC in the past 3 years for treatment of cancer, 14.5% presented for diagnosis, treatment or consultation exclusively for breast cancer [1].
Patients from Iraq receiving cancer care in Lebanon are not covered by third-party insurance resulting in considerable financial constraints related to diagnostic tests and treatment. For this reason, and decreased availability of genetic counseling, we suspect significant underutilization of BRCA testing for eligible patients.
We conducted a literature review of previously reported mutations in BRCA1 and 2 genes detected in patients of Iraqi origin. Very few data have been published on BRCA findings in the Iraqi population and of the studies available, none has conducted whole BRCA1 and 2 genes sequencing.
In 1997, a study investigating the presence of 5 specific BRCA mutations in Ashkenazi and non-Ashkenazi Jewish females with breast or ovarian cancer identified the presence of the Ashkenazi Jewish common mutation BRCA1 185delAG, for the first time in an Iraqi patient with no known Ashkenazi ancestry [8] The BRCA1 185delAG has been identified in several other ethnic groups [9]. One other study used PCR amplification with 3 specific primer pairs to investigate the prevalence of 3 specific mutations (BRCA1 185delAG, BRCA1 5382insC and BRCA2 6174delT) in a cohort of Patients in the Hilla region of Iraq however these results have not been validated [10].
In the present study 3 BRCA pathogenic variants were detected by whole gene sequencing performed for clinical reasons. The BRCA2 c.5576_5579delTTAA, which was previously identified in one patient of Lebanese origin [11], is also reportedly a founder mutation in the Chinese population [12]. The BRCA1 c.224_227delAAAG found in our study was previously identified in in 2 out of 53 patients with breast cancer of Kurdish Jewish descent [13].
The third pathogenic variant found in our cohort, BRCA1 c.5431C > T has been documented in 3 unrelated patients with breast cancer of Greek origin [14]. It has not to date been reported in the Middle East region.
Conclusion
In a cohort of high-risk patients for hereditary breast or ovarian cancer of Iraqi origins referred for BRCA testing at our institution, one out of three identified pathogenic variants has not previously been reported in the Middle East region. Because of the heterogeneity of the variants reported to date in the different populations that have been studied in the region, a unified and affordable, panel that would target specific variants cannot be recommended at this stage. Further studies utilizing whole-gene sequencing approaches are required to formulate evidence-based guidelines for BRCA and other cancer related genetic analyses in the region.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
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Ethics approval and consent to participate
The Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the American University of Beirut Medical Center has approved this research. Due to the retrospective nature of data collection, a waiver of written consent was granted.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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