Background
Antenatal care
Methods
Description of the group ANC model
Module | Topic |
---|---|
ANC Visit 1 | Introduction to Group ANC and Topics |
ANC Visit 2 | Self- Care and Preventing Problems During Pregnancy |
ANC Visit 3 | Danger Signs |
ANC Visit 4 | Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness |
ANC Visit 5 | Preventing Problems After Your Baby is Born |
ANC Visit 6 | Family Planning and Exclusive Breastfeeding |
ANC Visit 7 | Preventing and Recognizing Newborn Problems |
Study setting
Study design
Sample
Measures
Study data collection
Data analysis
Results
Group (N = 100) | Individual (N = 83) |
p value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age at last birthday | |||
Mean (SD) | 28.8 (5.8) | 26.7 (5.4) |
0.02*
|
Religious following | |||
Missing | 2 | 2 | |
None | 2 (2.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
Christian | 66 (67.3%) | 43 (53.1%) |
0.04*
|
Muslim | 30 (30.6%) | 38 (46.9%) | |
Marital status | |||
Married | 73 (73.0%) | 57 (68.7%) | 0.52 |
Single | 27 (27.0%) | 26 (31.3%) | |
Ever attended school | |||
Missing | 1 | 0 | |
No | 13 (13.1%) | 13 (15.7%) | 0.63 |
Yes | 86 (86.9%) | 70 (84.3%) | |
Highest level of school attended | |||
Missing | 13 | 15 | |
Primary | 21 (24.1%) | 13 (19.1%) | |
Jr. High school | 36 (41.4%) | 34 (50.0%) | 0.68 |
Sr. High school | 18 (20.7%) | 11 (16.2%) | |
Tertiary | 12 (13.8%) | 10 (14.7%) | |
Able to read | |||
Missing | 1 | 0 | |
No | 25 (25.3%) | 29 (34.9%) | 0.15 |
Yes | 74 (74.7%) | 54 (65.1%) | |
Able to write | |||
Missing | 0 | 1 | |
No | 24 (24.0%) | 29 (35.4%) | 0.09 |
Yes | 76 (76.0%) | 53 (64.6%) | |
Number of pregnancies | |||
Mean (SD) | 3.2 (1.7) | 2.9 (1.5) | |
Range | (1.0–7.0) | (1.0–7.0) | 0.20 |
Primigravida | 17 (17%) | 15 (18%) | |
Number of living children | |||
Mean (SD) | 1.6 (1.5) | 1.3 (1.3) | 0.22 |
Range | (0.0–5.0) | (0.0–5.0) | |
Travel time to district hospital | |||
Mean (SD) | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.3) | 0.9 |
Range | (1.0–3.0) | (1.0–2.0) | |
Type of transportation to hospital | |||
Missing | 7 | 6 | |
Car | 5 (5.4%) | 2 (2.6%) | |
Walk | 14 (15.1%) | 16 (20.8%) | 0.46 |
Taxi | 17 (18.3%) | 18 (23.4%) | |
Tro-tro (mass transit) | 57 (61.3%) | 41 (53.2%) |
Improved self-care knowledge to prevent problems
Topic | Group (n = 100) | Individual (n = 83) |
p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Midwife talked about nutrition | 100 (100%) | 78 (94%) | 0.01** |
Midwife talked about warning signs | 100 (100%) | 82 (98.8%) | 0.27 |
Instructed to rest to prevent problems | 62 (62%) | 31 (37.3%) | 0. 01** |
Instructed to sleep under a mosquito net | 91 (91%) | 78 (94%) | 0.45 |
Instructed to eat an extra meal daily | 97 (97%) | 72 (86.7%) | 0.01** |
Instructed to drink plenty of fluids | 96 (96%) | 60 (72.3%) | <0. 01** |
Instructed to watch for problems & report to clinic | 38 (38%) | 15 (18.3%) | 0.01** |
Instructed to take iron tablets to prevent problems | 96 (96%) | 75 (90.4%) | 0.13 |
Birth preparedness and complication readiness
Topic | Group (n = 100) | Individual (n = 83) |
p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Arranged emergency transport | 98 (98%) | 69 (83.1%) | 0.01** |
Arranged money to prepare for delivery | 99 (99%) | 67 (80.7%) | <0.01** |
ANC care influenced place of delivery | 62 (62%) | 28 (33.7%) | 0. 01** |
Talked with midwife about where to deliver | 51 (51.5%) | 20 (24.7%) | 0. 01** |
Arranged layette for baby | 92 (92%) | 76 (91.6%) | 0.92 |
Obtained supplies for delivery | 95 (95%) | 79 (95.2%) | 0.96 |
Knew Danger Signs | |||
Vaginal bleeding | 99 (99%) | 81 (97.6%) | 0.46 |
Fever | 24 (24.0%) | 15 (18.1%) | 0.33 |
Pain in breast or abdomen | 46 (46%) | 24 (28.9%) | 0.02* |
Swollen face or hands | 72 (72%) | 61 (73.5%) | 0.82 |
Headache/blurred vision | 91 (91%) | 64 (77.1%) | 0.01** |
Reduced or no fetal movement | 17 (17%) | 14 (16.9%) | 0.98 |
Breastfeeding knowledge
Topic | Group (n = 100) | Individual (n = 83) |
p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Start to breastfeed as soon as possible after delivery | 90 (90%) | 55 (66.3%) | <0. 01** |
Breastfeed every 2–4 h during day | 79 (79%) | 53 (63.9%) | 0.02* |
Breastfeed at least once a night | 16 (16%) | 1 (1.2%) | <0. 01** |
Breastfeed until baby is at least 6 months old | 90 (90%) | 63 (75.9%) | <0.01** |
Do not give water to your baby | 94 (94%) | 75 (90.4%) | 0.36 |
Do not give supplemental feedings | 84 (84%) | 72 (86.7%) | 0.61 |
Newborn and postpartum self-care knowledge
Topic | Group (n = 100) | Individual (n = 83) |
p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Knows excessive bleeding postpartum is a danger sign | 94 (94%) | 60 (72%) | <0.01** |
Knows fever postpartum is a danger sign | 10 (10%) | 3 (3.6%) | 0.09 |
Midwife discussed newborn problems during antenatal care | 81 (82.7%) | 19 (23.5%) | <0. 01** |
Plans to use family planning | 58 (63.0%) | 24 (31.6%) | <0. 01** |
Medical record review
Newborn Outcomes | Group (n = 100) | Individual (n = 83) |
p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Apgar at 1 min Mean (SD) | 7.7 (1.5) | 7.6 (1.2) | 0.65 |
Apgar at 5 min Mean (SD) | 9.2 (1.8) | 9.0 (1.2) | 0.52 |
Birth weight in grams Mean (SD) | 3103 (491.1) | 3073 (487.9) | 0.68 |
Low birth weight (<2500 g) | 6 (6%) | 6 (7.2%) | 0.74 |
Respiratory distress | 4 (4%) | 4 (4.9%) | 0.8 |
Sepsis | 1 (1%) | 1 (1.3%) | 0.86 |
Maternal Outcomes | |||
Number of ANC visits Mean (SD) | 7.4 (1.3) | 6.4 (2.0) | <0. 01** |
Caesarean section | 17 (17%) | 12 (14.5%) | 0.64 |
Hgb immediately before delivery Mean (SD) | 11.5 (1.2) | 11.6 (1.1) | 0.91 |
Pre-eclampsia | 2 (2%) | 1 (1.2%) | 0.67 |
Postpartum hemorrhage | 1 (1%) | 2 (2.4%) | 0.46 |