Background
Methods
Data sources
Study population
Study variables
Sociodemographics
Spatial characteristics
Newborn characteristics
Institutional characteristics
Statistical analyses
Results
EDHS-2005 | EDHS-2008 | EDHS-2014 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All births N = 9823 | Institutional births N = 6517 | All births N = 7893 | Institutional births N = 5713 | All births N = 11,391 | Institutional births N = 9964 | |
% | % | % | % | % | % | |
Socio-demographic
| ||||||
Age at last birth, years | ||||||
≥ 35 | 11.7 | 11.4 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 10.5 | 10.2 |
30–34 | 18.2 | 18.3 | 16.6 | 16.4 | 19.1 | 18.8 |
25–29 | 29.2 | 30.3 | 30.6 | 31.2 | 32.9 | 33.2 |
19–24 | 36.0 | 35.1 | 36.8 | 36.3 | 33.8 | 34.1 |
≤ 18 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 3.7 | 3.7 |
Socioeconomic status | ||||||
Low | 28.4 | 18.7 | 24.6 | 16.6 | 16.7 | 13.8 |
Medium | 26.2 | 24.5 | 25.1 | 23.5 | 29.6 | 28.4 |
High | 45.4 | 56.8 | 50.1 | 60.0 | 53.7 | 57.9 |
Lifetime parity | ||||||
Multipara with ≥4 children | 27.5 | 21.7 | 23.7 | 19.2 | 23.1 | 20.7 |
Multipara with 2–3 children | 48.7 | 50.1 | 49.7 | 50.2 | 54.2 | 55.0 |
Primigravida | 23.8 | 28.2 | 26.6 | 30.6 | 22.7 | 24.3 |
FGMa
| ||||||
No | 3.9 | 4.9 | 4.7 | 5.7 | 8.6 | 9.2 |
Yes | 96.0 | 95.1 | 95.3 | 94.3 | 91.4 | 90.7 |
Missing
| 0.01 | |||||
BMI | ||||||
Normal 18.5–24.9 (low risk) | 25.7 | 22.3 | 28.7 | 25.5 | 19.8 | 19.3 |
Underweight <18.5 (high risk) | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Overweight ≥25 (high risk) | 72.7 | 76.2 | 70.1 | 73.4 | 79.0 | 79.6 |
Missing
| 1.0 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
Spatial
| ||||||
Residence | ||||||
Urban | 38.1 | 48.0 | 38.1 | 45.3 | 31.8 | 34.3 |
Rural | 61.9 | 52.0 | 61.9 | 54.7 | 68.2 | 65.7 |
Region | ||||||
Urban governorates | 14.8 | 19.7 | 16.4 | 20.4 | 10.8 | 11.8 |
Urban-Lower Egypt | 10.0 | 13.1 | 10.1 | 12.0 | 9.4 | 10.4 |
Rural-Lower Egypt | 31.1 | 32.2 | 34.3 | 35.4 | 39.0 | 40.2 |
Urban-Upper Egypt | 12.6 | 14.4 | 10.8 | 11.9 | 11.1 | 11.5 |
Rural-Upper Egypt | 30.1 | 19.4 | 27.3 | 18.8 | 28.8 | 25.2 |
Frontier governorates | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
Newborn characteristics
| ||||||
Birth weight | ||||||
Normal (2,500–3,999 g) | 30.5 | 39.0 | 35.1 | 43.5 | 49.4 | 52.6 |
High risk (<2,500, ≥4,000 g) | 8.7 | 10.8 | 8.1 | 10.1 | 13.5 | 14.1 |
Not weighted/Missing
| 60.8 | 50.2 | 56.8 | 46.3 | 37.1 | 33.3 |
Birth multiplicity | ||||||
Singleton birth | 97.6 | 97.0 | 97.9 | 97.4 | 97.8 | 97.6 |
Multiple birth | 2.4 | 3.0 | 2.1 | 2.6 | 2.2 | 2.4 |
Delivery mode | ||||||
Vaginal | 78.5 | 67.6 | 70.8 | 59.7 | 45.9 | 38.2 |
C-section | 21.5 | 32.4 | 29.2 | 40.3 | 54.1 | 61.8 |
Delivery mode in relation to the previousb
| ||||||
Primigravida | 66.0 | 69.0 | 69.0 | 70.5 | 66.2 | 66.8 |
Vaginal after caesarean | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 |
Repeated caesarean | 5.2 | 7.8 | 6.9 | 9.5 | 15.6 | 17.8 |
Repeated vaginal | 27.0 | 20.9 | 22.2 | 17.5 | 15.2 | 12.1 |
Caesarean after vaginal | 1.3 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 2.6 | 3.0 |
Institutional
| ||||||
Antenatal care visits | ||||||
No visits | 28.5 | 18.3 | 25.8 | 17.1 | 9.7 | 7.3 |
1–3 | 10.1 | 8.3 | 6.9 | 6.0 | 7.1 | 6.1 |
≥ 4 | 60.7 | 72.8 | 66.5 | 76.2 | 82.8 | 86.2 |
Don’t know/missing | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
Place of delivery | ||||||
Home | 33.6 | 0.0 | 27.6 | 0.0 | 12.5 | 0.0 |
Public sector | 26.9 | 40.6 | 27.2 | 37.6 | 25.2 | 28.8 |
Private sector | 39.5 | 59.4 | 45.2 | 62.4 | 62.3 | 71.2 |
Missing
| 4 | 3 |
EDHS-2005 N = 6517 | EDHS-2008 N = 5713 |
P-value
a
| EDHS-2014 N = 9964 |
P-value
b
| Absolute difference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C-section, % | C-section, % | C-section, % | (% in 2014–% in 2005 | |||
Socio-demographic
| ||||||
Age at last birth | ||||||
≥ 35 | 37.2 | 44.3 | 0.007 | 62.4 | <0.001 | 25.2 |
30–34 | 35.5 | 43.1 | <0.001 | 62.4 | <0.001 | 26.9 |
25–29 | 33.6 | 42.3 | <0.001 | 61.5 | <0.001 | 27.9 |
19–24 | 29.2 | 37.1 | <0.001 | 61.8 | <0.001 | 32.6 |
≤ 18 | 25.8 | 33.6 | 0.038 | 59.9 | <0.001 | 34.1 |
P-value
b
| <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.903 | |||
Socioeconomic status | ||||||
Low | 22.7 | 33.5 | <0.001 | 51.6 | <0.001 | 28.9 |
Medium | 29.2 | 35.2 | 0.001 | 57.9 | <0.001 | 28.7 |
High | 37.0 | 44.2 | <0.001 | 66.1 | <0.001 | 29.1 |
P-value
b
| <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Lifetime parity | ||||||
Multipara with ≥4 children | 27.3 | 33.3 | 0.001 | 52.2 | <0.001 | 24.9 |
Multipara with 2–3 children | 32.9 | 40.8 | <0.001 | 61.8 | <0.001 | 28.9 |
Primigravidas | 35.6 | 43.9 | <0.001 | 70.0 | <0.001 | 34.4 |
P-value
b
| <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
FGMc
| ||||||
No | 44.8 | 53.5 | 0.027 | 68.9 | <0.001 | 24.1 |
Yes | 31.8 | 39.5 | <0.001 | 61.1 | <0.001 | 29.3 |
P-value
b
| <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Missing
| 5 | 0 | 3 | |||
BMI | ||||||
Normal (18.5–24.9) | 26.2 | 36.3 | <0.001 | 57.6 | <0.001 | 31.4 |
High risk (<18.5, ≥25) | 34.2 | 41.6 | <0.001 | 62.8 | <0.001 | 28.6 |
P-value
b
| <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Missing
| 69 | 41 | 80 | |||
Spatial
| ||||||
Residence | ||||||
Urban | 36.8 | 44.5 | <0.001 | 65.8 | <0.001 | 29.0 |
Rural | 28.4 | 36.9 | <0.001 | 59.7 | <0.001 | 31.3 |
P-value
b
| <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Region | ||||||
Urban governorates | 40.4 | 44.6 | 0.034 | 67.3 | <0.001 | 26.9 |
Urban-Lower Egypt | 42.0 | 48.8 | 0.008 | 73.6 | <0.001 | 31.6 |
Rural-Lower Egypt | 32.3 | 38.4 | <0.001 | 65.8 | <0.001 | 33.5 |
Urban-Upper Egypt | 27.6 | 41.2 | <0.001 | 57.8 | <0.001 | 30.2 |
Rural-Upper Egypt | 22.2 | 34.4 | <0.001 | 50.2 | <0.001 | 28.0 |
Frontier governorates | 24.7 | 28.9 | 0.550 | 51.6 | 0.002 | 26.9 |
P-value
b
| <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Newborn characteristics
| ||||||
Birth weight | ||||||
Normal (2,500–3,999) | 35.1 | 41.4 | <0.001 | 65.2 | <0.001 | 30.1 |
High risk (<2,500, ≥4,000) | 41.6 | 51.1 | 0.001 | 67.1 | <0.001 | 25.5 |
P-value
b
| 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.182 | |||
Not weighted/Missing
| 3272 | 2648 | 3317 | |||
Birth multiplicity | ||||||
Singleton birth | 32.0 | 40.1 | <0.001 | 61.5 | <0.001 | 29.5 |
Multiple birth | 48.0 | 50.0 | 0.709 | 75.2 | <0.001 | 27.2 |
P-value
b
| <0.001 | 0.016 | <0.001 | |||
Mode of delivery in relation to the previous birthd
| ||||||
Primigravidas mother | 32.9 | 40.8 | <0.001 | 61.4 | <0.001 | 28.5 |
Vaginal after caesarean | – | – | – | – | – | |
Repeated caesarean | – | – | – | – | – | |
Repeated vaginal | – | – | – | – | – | |
C-section after vaginal | – | – | – | – | – | |
Institutional
| ||||||
Antenatal care visits | ||||||
No visits | 18.8 | 30.1 | <0.001 | 42.4 | <0.001 | 23.6 |
1–3 | 26.7 | 34.1 | 0.019 | 48.6 | <0.001 | 21.9 |
≥ 4 | 36.4 | 43.3 | <0.001 | 64.4 | <0.001 | 28.0 |
P-value
b
| <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Don’t know/missing
| 40 | 41 | 36 | |||
Place of delivery | ||||||
Public sector | 29.4 | 35.4 | <0.001 | 48.5 | <0.001 | 19.1 |
Private sector | 34.4 | 43.2 | <0.001 | 67.0 | <0.001 | 32.6 |
P-value
b
| <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Among all mothers | OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | ||
Survey round (Ref: EDHS-2005) | ||||
EDHS-2008 | 1.41 (1.31–1.52)***
| 1.39 (1.25–1.54)***
| ||
EDHS-2014 | 3.37 (3.20–3.60)***
| 3.46 (3.15–3.80)***
| ||
Place of delivery | Public sector | Private sector | ||
Survey round (Ref: EDHS-2005) | OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) |
EDHS-2008 | 1.32 (1.16–1.49)***
| 1.35 (1.13–1.61)** | 1.45 (1.33–1.60)***
| 1.42 (1.25–1.62)***
|
EDHS-2014 | 2.26 (2.02–2.53)***
| 2.67 (2.27–3.13)** | 2.88 (3.58–4.21)***
| 4.19 (3.73–4.70)***
|
Characteristics | EDHS-2005 | EDHS-2008 | EDHS-2014 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | |
Socio-demographic
| ||||||
Age at last birth (Ref: ≥35 yrs) | ||||||
30–34 | 0.93 (0.77–1.12) | 0.77 (0.57–1.04) | 0.93 (0.77–1.12) | 0.83 (0.61–1.11) | 1.00 (0.86–1.17) | 0.77 (0.61–0.95)*
|
25–29 | 0.85 (0.71–1.01) | 0.47 (0.35–0.65)***
| 0.85 (0.71–1.01) | 0.72 (0.55–0.95)**
| 0.97 (0.84–1.11) | 0.54 (0.44–0.66)***
|
19–24 | 0.70 (0.59–0.83)***
| 0.31 (0.22–0.42)***
| 0.70 (0.59–0.83)***
| 0.41 (0.31–0.55)***
| 0.98 (0.85–1.13) | 0.41 (0.31–0.55)***
|
≤ 18 | 0.58 (0.44–0.78)***
| 0.26 (0.16–0.50)***
| 0.63 (0.47–0.85)***
| 0.37 (0.23–0.60)***
| 0.90 (0.71–1.15) | 0.33 (0.23–0.47)***
|
Socioeconomic status (Ref: low) | ||||||
Medium | 1.40 (1.18–1.67)***
| 1.55 (1.07–2.24)*
| 1.08 (0.91–1.29) | 0.79 (0.58–1.07) | 1.29 (1.13–1.47)***
| 0.98 (0.80–1.21) |
High | 2.0 (1.72–2.32)***
| 1.78 (1.25–2.54)**
| 1.57 (1.35–1.83)***
| 0.77 (0.57–1.04) | 1.83 (1.63–2.07)***
| 0.97 (0.85–1.12) |
Lifetime parity (Ref: multipara with ≥4 children) | ||||||
Multipara with 2–3 children | 1.31 (1.14–1.50)***
| 1.06 (0.81–1.38) | 1.38 (1.19–1.59)***
| 1.41 (1.08–1.84)*
| 2.13 (1.89–2.41)***
| 1.52 (1.27–1.81)***
|
Primigravidas | 1.47 (1.23–1.71)***
| 2.91 (2.11–4.00)***
| 1.57 (1.34–1.83)***
| 3.88 (2.83–5.33)***
| 1.48 (1.34–1.64)***
| 5.57 (4.46–6.97)***
|
FGMa (Ref: no) | ||||||
Yes | 0.57 (0.46–0.72)***
| 0.69 (0.51–0.94)*
| 0.57 (0.45–0.71)***
| 0.61 (0.44–0.84)**
| 0.71 (0.61–0.82)***
| 0.93 (0.76–1.13) |
BMI (Ref: normal 18.5–24.9) | ||||||
High risk (<18.5, ≥25) | 1.46 (1.28–1.67)***
| 1.27 (1.02–1.59)*
| 1.26 (1.11–1.42)***
| 1.38 (1.13–1.77)**
| 1.25 (1.13–1.38)***
| 1.44 (1.24–1.69)***
|
Spatial
| ||||||
Residence (Ref: urban) | ||||||
Rural | 0.68 (0.61–0.76)***
| 0.78 (0.09–6.56) | 0.73 (0.66–0.81)***
| 0.66 (0.12–3.52) | 0.77 (0.71–0.84)***
| 0.73 (0.19–2.68) |
Region (Ref: urban governorates) | ||||||
Urban-Lower Egypt | 2.07 (1.20–3.56)**
| 0.94 (0.73–1.21) | 1.93 (1.19–3.15)**
| 1.08 (0.81–1.43) | 1.93 (1.26–2.96)**
| 1.16 (0.91–1.47) |
Rural-Lower Egypt | 2.21 (1.27–3.83)**
| 0.99 (0.12–8.35) | 2.29 (1.39–3.75)**
| 1.40 (0.26–7.61) | 2.62 (1.70–4.04)***
| 1.08 (0.29–4.00) |
Urban-Upper Egypt | 1.45 (0.85–2.49) | 0.50 (0.38–0.67) | 1.49 (0.92–2.41) | 0.90 (0.68–1.17) | 1.81 (1.19–2.74)**
| 0.62 (0.49–0.77)***
|
Rural-Upper Egypt | 1.17 (0.67–2.03) | 0.90 (0.10–7.66) | 1.68 (1.02–2.76)*
| 1.27 (0.23–6.92) | 1.28 (0.84–1.97) | 0.74 (0.20–2.75) |
Frontier governorates | 0.87 (0.51–1.51) | 0.47 (0.18–1.22) | 1.26 (0.77–2.05) | 0.56 (0.25–1.25) | 0.95 (0.62–1.44) | 0.69 (0.33–2.74) |
Newborn characteristics
| ||||||
Birth weight (Ref: high risk <2,500, ≥4,000) | ||||||
Normal 2,500–3,999 | 0.75 (0.64–0.90)**
| 0.76 (0.63–0.91)**
| 0.67 (0.56–0.81)***
| 0.65 (0.54–0.79)***
| 0.92 (0.81–1.04) | 0.86 (0.75–0.98)*
|
Birth multiplicity (Ref: multiple) | ||||||
Singleton | 0.51 (0.38–0.68)***
| 0.44 (0.30–0.65)**
| 0.67 (0.48–0.92)*
| 0.50 (0.32–0.781)**
| 0.52 (0.39–0.70)***
| 0.46 (0.32–0.66)***
|
Previous birth c-sectionb (Ref: no) | ||||||
Yes | 66.3 (44.3–99.2)***
| 113 (58.4–218)***
| 61.4 (39.6–95.1)***
| 114.4 (55.3–236)***
| 69.4 (47.9–100)***
| 123.3 (71.9–211)***
|
Primigravidas | 1.87 (1.64–2.10)***
| 2.76 (2.23–3.41)***
| 1.90 (47.9–100)***
| 2.83 (2.30–3.49)***
| 2.64 (2.38–2.91)***
| 3.82 (3.27–4.46)***
|
Institutional
| ||||||
ANC (Ref: no visits) | ||||||
1–3 visits | 1.56 (1.24–2.00)***
| 1.58 (1.01–2.47)**
| 1.20 (0.93–1.56) | 1.18 (0.76–1.85) | 1.28 (1.04–1.60)*
| 0.87 (0.61–1.24) |
≥ 4 visits | 2.48 (2.11–2.90)***
| 1.64 (1.21–2.23)**
| 1.77 (1.52–2.06)***
| 1.51 (1.17–1.94)**
| 2.45 (2.10–2.90)***
| 1.31 (1.01–1.70)*
|
Place of delivery (Ref: public) | ||||||
Private sector | 1.26 (1.13–1.40)***
| 1.36 (1.14–1.62)**
| 1.39 (1.26–1.55)***
| 1.40 (1.17–1.66)***
| 2.16 (1.98–2.36)***
| 1.96 (1.72–2.23)***
|
EDHS-2005 | EDHS-2008 | EDHS-2014 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Public | Private | Public | Private | Public | Private | |
aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | ||||
Socio-demographic
| ||||||
Age at last birth (Ref: ≥35 yrs) | ||||||
30–34 | 0.23 (0.09–0.62)**
| 0.59 (0.41–0.87)**
| 0.70 (0.43–1.15) | 0.93 (0.63–1.36) | 0.75 (0.51–1.10) | 0.79 (0.61–1.07) |
25–29 | 0.33 (0.19–0.54)***
| 0.40 (0.28–0.56)***
| 0.89 (0.57–1.40) | 0.66 (0.46–0.93)*
| 0.52 (0.36–0.74)***
| 0.56 (0.44–0.72)***
|
19–24 | 0.71 (0.44–1.14) | 0.31 (0.21–0.45)***
| 0.37 (0.23–0.61)***
| 0.44 (0.30–0.64)***
| 0.39 (0.27–0.57)***
| 0.43 (0.33–0.56)***
|
≤ 18 | 1.23 (0.77–1.98) | 0.28 (0.15–0.53)***
| 0.27 (0.11–0.67)**
| 0.43 (0.24–0.79)**
| 0.16 (0.07–0.35)***
| 0.40 (0.26–0.63)***
|
Socioeconomic status (Ref: low) | ||||||
Medium | 1.31 (0.76–2.27) | 1.71 (1.04–2.83)*
| 1.23 (0.74–2.06) | 0.59 (0.39–0.88)**
| 0.86 (0.60–1.22) | 1.07 (0.83–1.38) |
High | 1.51 (0.90–2.55) | 2.04 (1.26–3.29)**
| 1.25 (0.76–2.05) | 0.61 (0.42–0.88)**
| 1.11 (0.78–1.59) | 0.97 (0.76–1.25) |
Lifetime parity (Ref: ≥4) | ||||||
2–3 | 1.54 (1.05–2.26)*
| 1.04 (0.76–1.41) | 1.41 (0.95–2.07) | 2.20 (1.60–3.03)***
| 1.41 (1.05–1.89)*
| 1.82 (1.51–2.21)***
|
Primigravidas | 2.21 (1.37–3.58)**
| 1.62 (1.12–2.34)*
| 1.50 (0.92–2.44) | 3.73 (2.56–5.42)***
| 1.72 (1.18–2.50)**
| 3.76 (2.94–4.80)***
|
FGMa (Ref: no) | ||||||
Yes | 0.77 (0.41–1.45) | 0.68 (0.48–0.97)*
| 0.51 (0.24–1.06) | 0.62 (0.43–0.89)*
| 0.81 (0.55–1.20) | 0.95 (0.75–1.20) |
BMI (Ref: normal 18.5–24.9) | ||||||
High risk (<18.5, ≥25) | 1.14 (0.78–1.67) | 1.34 (1.01–1.77)*
| 1.24 (0.88–1.76) | 1.52 (1.19–1.92)**
| 1.78 (1.32–2.40)***
| 1.33 (1.11–1.60)**
|
Spatial
| ||||||
Residence (Ref: urban) | ||||||
Rural | 0.82 (0.60–10.9) | 0.70 (0.01–36.73) | 0.95 (0.10–8.69) | 0.52 (0.04–7.05) | 0.56 (0.08–4.04) | 1.0 (0.14–6.96) |
Region (Ref: urban governorates) | ||||||
Urban-Lower Egypt | 1.14 (0.73–1.79) | 0.91 (0.66–1.24) | 0.95 (0.57–1.62) | 1.13 (0.79–1.60) | 1.04 (0.69–1.56) | 1.19 (0.88–1.60) |
Rural-Lower Egypt | 1.06 (0.08–14.7) | 1.07 (0.02–56.6) | 1.29 (0.14–12.19) | 1.56 (0.11–21.4) | 1.55 (0.21–11.4) | 0.74 (0.11–5.14) |
Urban-Upper Egypt | 0.34 (0.19–0.58)***
| 0.61 (0.43–0.86)**
| 0.96 (0.59–1.54) | 0.89 (0.64–1.24) | 0.62 (0.42–0.91)*
| 0.60 (0.45–0.80)**
|
Rural-Upper Egypt | 0.67 (0.05–9.46) | 1.18 (0.02–63.2) | 1.27 (0.14–11.9) | 1.32 (0.09–18.2) | 1.04 (0.14–7.67) | 0.51 (0.07–3.54) |
Frontier governorates | 0.81 (0.24–2.71) | 0.25 (0.05–1.23) | 0.56 (0.18–1.77) | 0.62 (0.19–1.91) | 0.72 (0.19–2.75) | 0.68 (0.27–1.73) |
Newborn characteristics
| ||||||
Birth weight (Ref: high risk <2,500, ≥4,000) | ||||||
Normal (2,500–3,999) | 0.63 (0.47–0.84)**
| 0.79 (0.62–0.99)*
| 0.46 (0.34–0.62)***
| 0.81 (0.64–1.04) | 0.83 (0.66–1.05) | 0.83 (0.65–1.04) |
Birth multiplicity (Ref: multiple) | ||||||
Singleton | 0.39 (0.20–0.75)**
| 0.46 (0.28–0.77)**
| 1.0 (0.47–0.2.11) | 0.33 (0.18–0.60)***
| 0.57 (0.32–1.03) | 0.41 (0.26–0.66)***
|
Previous birth C-sectionb (Ref: no) | ||||||
Yes | 53.6 (25.8–120.4)***
| 263.3 (82.2–843)***
| 66.5 (25.1–176)***
| 236.5 (73.1–765)***
| 95.4 (41.7–218)***
| 145.3 (71.0–297)***
|
Primigravidas | 2.61 (1.81–3.70)***
| 2.85 (2.19–3.72)***
| 1.84 (1.27–2.70)**
| 3.56 (2.76–4.60)***
| 2.48 (1.86–3.32)***
| 4.52 (3.75–5.45)***
|
Institutional
| ||||||
ANC (Ref: no visits) | ||||||
1–3 | 0.92 (0.46–1.84) | 2.33 (1.27–4.28)**
| 0.72 (0.30–1.74) | 1.33 (0.77–2.29) | 1.04 (0.58–1.84) | 0.78 (0.49–1.24) |
≥ 4 | 1.59 (1.03–2.44)*
| 1.71 (1.11–2.63)*
| 1.89 (1.29–2.77)**
| 1.29 (0.91–1.81) | 1.44 (0.98–2.10) | 1.21 (0.84–1.74) |