Background
Case presentation
Pathological and autopsy findings
Review of literature
Patient | Ref. | Age | Sex | Underlying condition | Outcome of skin lesions/follow-up |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | our pat. | 73 | f | ACC of the liver | death ten weeks after first skin lesion |
2 | [53] | 55 | m | metastatic pancreatic NEC | n.r. |
3 | [54] | 38 | m | acute pancreatitis | resolution |
4 | [7] | 63 | m | acute pancreatitis | resolution |
5 | [55] | 81 | f | hemosuccus pancreaticus | death 19 weeks after first skin lesion |
6 | [56] | 26 | f | acute pancreatitis | resolution |
7 | [57] | 27 | f | acute pancreatitis | resolution |
8 | [58] | 34 | m | chronic pancreatitis | n.r. |
9 | [59] | 63 | f | acute pancreatitis | resolution |
10 | [60] | 83 | m | pancreatic ACC | resolution of skin lesions after surgery, death 34 months after first skin lesion |
11 | [60] | 75 | m | Acute pancreatitis | resolution |
12 | [60] | 60 | m | Large pancreatic neoplasm | n.r. |
13 | [61] | 68 | f | metastatic pancreatic ACC | death six months after first skin lesion |
14 | [62] | 61 | f | acute pancreatitis | resolution |
15 | [63] | 63 | f | acute pancreatitis | resolution |
16 | [64] | 49 | m | acute pancreatitis | resolution |
17 | [47] | 69 | m | hepatic metastasis of previous-ly resected pancreatic ACC | resolution after metastasectomy, follow-up n.r. |
18 | [65] | 71 | f | chronic pancreatitis with pseudocyst | n.r. |
19 | [66] | 66 | f | serous cystadenoma of the pancreas | n.r. |
20 | [67] | 39 | m | chronic pancreatitis | death six weeks after first skin lesion |
21 | [68] | 20 | f | pseudopapillary pancreatic tumor, chronic pancreatitis | death eleven weeks after first skin lesion |
22 | [8] | 38 | f | acute pancreatitis | resolution |
23 | [69] | 56 | f | acute pancreatitis | death within a few days |
24 | [70] | 79 | m | pancreatic ACC | n.r. |
25 | [71] | 17 | f | acute pancreatitis | resolution |
26 | [72] | 54 | m | pancreatic ACC | Response to octreotide, regression of skin lesions after resection, follow-up two months (i.e. eleven months after first skin lesion) |
27 | [73] | 81 | f | pancreatic tumor with hepatic metastases | n.r. |
28 | [74] | 64 | m | anastomotic leakage after Whipple procedure | death 50 days after first skin lesion |
29 | [75] | 79 | f | pancreatic ACC | regression after resection, follow-up 14 months after resection (i.e. 16 months after first skin lesion) |
30 | [35] | 60 | f | pancreatic adenocarcinoma | n.r. |
31 | [35] | 58 | m | malignant neoplasia of the tail of the pancreas | n.r. |
32 | [76] | 44 | f | pancreas transplant rejection | resolution |
33 | [77] | 63 | f | metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma | n.r. |
34 | [78] | 38 | m | pancreatic pseudocyst-inferior vena cava fistula | resolution after Roux-en-Y pseudocyst-jejunostomy |
35 | [40] | 82 | m | pancreatic ACC | death 2.5 months after first skin lesion |
36 | [46] | 79 | m | pancreatic ACC | death two months after first skin lesion |
37 | [79] | 2,5 | m | acute pancreatitis with pseudocyst | n.r. |
38 | [80] | 45 | m | chronic pancreatitis | resolution after placement of endoprothesis |
39 | [81] | 18 | w | acute pancreatitis | resolution |
40 | [82] | 10 | w | acute pancreatitis with pseudocyst | resolution after endosonographic cysto-gastrostomy |
41 | [83] | 69 | m | gastric adenocarcinoma with pancreas metastasis | death 14 weeks after first skin lesion |
42 | [84] | 58 | m | pancreatic pseudocyst-portal vein fistula | death five days after admission |
43 | [85] | 84 | m | pancreatic tumor | death two months after first skin lesion |
44 | [86] | 40 | m | chronic pancreatitis | n.r. |
45 | [87] | 84 | f | acute pancreatitis, liver lesions ten years after resection of colonic carcinoma | initially resolution, death three months later |
46 | [2] | 65 | f | acute pancreatitis | death from gangrenous cholecystitis |
47 | [2] | 64 | f | acute pancreatitis | resolution |
48 | [2] | 70 | f | pancreatic carcinoma | death |
49 | [2] | 58 | m | pancreatic carcinoma | death |
50 | [2] | 21 | f | pancreatic carcinoma | death |
51 | [2] | 75 | m | acute pancreatitis | death |
52 | [2] | 75 | f | acute pancreatitis | resolution |
53 | [2] | 44 | m | chronic pancreatitis | resolution |
54 | [2] | 63 | m | pancreatic carcinoma | death |
55 | [2] | 72 | m | pancreatic carcinoma | death |
56 | [2] | 60 | m | pancreatic carcinoma | n.r. |
57 | [88] | 35 | m | chronic pancreatitis | n.r. |
58 | [89] | 7 | m | acute pancreatitis | resolution |
59 | [14] | 61 | m | metastatic NEC of unknown primary site | death a few weeks after first skin lesion |
60 | [42] | 50 | f | metastatic ACC | regression of skin lesions and tumor under octreotide, gemcitabine, streptozocin and doxorubicin; return after discontinuation; response to restart of therapy; follow-up 9 months after first skin lesion |
61 | [90] | 74 | m | pancreatic ACC | death 3.75 months after first skin lesion |
62 | [91] | 61 | m | metastatic ACC | n.r. |
63 | [92] | 79 | m | metastatic pancreatic NEC | Regression under cefazolin, dexamethasone and NSAID; death 13 months after first skin lesion |
64 | [93] | 50 | m | acute pancreatitis | death 38 days after first skin lesion |
65 | [94] | 4 | m | acute pancreatitis | resolution |
66 | [11] | 45 | m | acute pancreatitis | Regression under NSAID and prednisone |
67 | [95] | 72 | m | acute pancreatitis | resolution |
68 | [96] | 52 | f | pancreatic carcinoma | death six months after first skin lesion |
69 | [97] | 29 | m | acute pancreatitis | resolution |
70 | [23] | 75 | f | hepatic metastases of adeno-carcinoma of unknown origin | death 15 weeks after first skin lesion |
71 | [6] | 78 | m | metastatic pancreatic NEC | death two months after first skin lesion |
72 | [6] | 75 | m | pancreatic adenocarcinoma | regression under irradiation, follow-up n.r. |
73 | [98] | 67 | f | IPMN | partial pancreatectomy, follow-up n.r. |
74 | [99] | 51 | m | chronic pancreatitis | regression of skin lesions under conservative treatment |
75 | [100] | 49 | f | pancreas transplant rejection | resolution |
76 | [101] | 89 | f | acute pancreatitis | resolution |
77 | [42] | 59 | m | hepatic metastases of pre-viously resected pancreatic ACC | death several weeks after first skin lesion |
78 | [102] | 67 | m | metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma | regression under irinotecan, cisplatin, mito-mycin; death twelve months after first skin lesion |
79 | [103] | 62 | f | IPMN | resection, follow-up n.r. |
80 | [22] | 60 | m | metastatic pancreatic acinar cell cystadenocarcinoma | death seven weeks after admission |
81 | [104] | 13 | m | chronic pancreatitis with pseudocyst | regression after cystogastrostomy |
82 | [41] | 72 | m | pancreatic NEC | regression after resection, no reappearance with liver metastases, death 15 months after first skin lesion |
83 | [25] | 58 | m | HCC | death four months after first skin lesion |
84 | [105] | 88 | m | metastatic pancreatic NEC | Death eight weeks after first skin lesion |
85 | [106] | 42 | f | acute pancreatitis | resolution |
86 | [107] | 63 | m | chronic pancreatitis | resolution after distal pancreatectomy and pancreatic duct dilation |
87 | [108] | 34 | m | acute pancreatitis | resolution |
88 | [109] | 21 | f | acute pancreatitis | death from retroperitoneal hemorrhage |
89 | [110] | 61 | f | metastatic pancreatic ACC | death one year after first skin lesion |
90 | [3] | 70 | f | IPMN | resolution after resection |
91 | [3] | 53 | f | IPMN | resolution after resection |
92 | [111] | 37 | f | acute pancreatitis with pseudocyst | resolution after surgery |
93 | [111] | 50 | m | acute pancreatitis with pseudocyst | resolution after stone extraction from the pancreatic duct |
94 | [112] | 71 | m | pancreatic adenocarcinoma | n.r. |
95 | [113] | 60 | f | pancreatic ACC | regression after distal pancreatectomy, follow-up 28 months after first skin lesion |
96 | [113] | 54 | m | pancreatic ACC | death six weeks after first skin lesion |
97 | [114] | 56 | m | chronic pancreatitis | n.r. |
98 | [115] | 53 | m | actue pancreatitis | resolution |
99 | [48] | 67 | m | metastatic pancreatic ACC | Regression after TACE of four liver metasta-ses, death 14 weeks after first skin lesion |
100 | [116] | n.r. | n.r. | chronic pancreatitis | resolution after placement of pancreatic duct stent |
101 | [117] | 31 | m | acute pancreatitis | resolution |
102 | [118] | 57 | f | acute pancreatitis | resolution |
103 | [119] | 60 | f | pancreatic ACC | resolution after resection, follow-up n.r. |
104 | [120] | 41 | m | acute pancreatitis | death 22 days after admission |
105 | [44] | 79 | f | metastatic pancreatic ACC | Death 20 weeks after first skin lesion |
106 | [121] | 45 | m | chronic pancreatitis | resolution |
107 | [122] | 59 | f | acute pancreatitis | resolution |
108 | [123] | 81 | m | pancreatic ACC | n.r. |
109 | [124] | 69 | m | pancreatic ACC | n.r. |
110 | [125] | 15 | f | acute pancreatitis | death nine days after first skin lesion |
111 | [126] | 49 | m | acute pancreatitis | regression under antibiotic treatment, then slight progression, follow-up seven weeks |
112 | [127] | 66 | m | pancreatic ACC | resolution after resection, follow-up n.r. |
113 | [128] | 67 | m | chronic pancreatitis | death two months after first skin lesion |
114 | [12] | 69 | m | pancreatic ACC | resolution after distal pancreatectomy and adjuvant radio-chemotherapy, follow-up 6 months |
115 | [129] | 29 | f | acute pancreatitis | resolution |
116 | [130] | 29 | m | pancreatic pseudocyst-portal vein fistula | no new lesions after surgery |
117 | [131] | 75 | m | pancreatic tumor | Death several months after first skin lesion |
118 | [131] | 39 | m | chronic pancreatitis with pseudocyst | n.r. |
119 | [132] | 62 | m | acute pancreatitis | resolution |
120 | [133] | 77 | f | pancreatic tumor | death five months after first skin lesion |
121 | [134] | 54 | f | chronic pancreatitis | resolution after ESWL and endoscopic dilation of the pancreatic duct |
122 | [135] | 47 | f | acute pancreatitis | resolution |
123 | [136] | 7 | m | acute pancreatitis | n.r. |
124 | [137] | 69 | m | chronic pancreatitis with pseudocyst | resolution |
125 | [138] | 33 | f | acute pancreatitis | n.r. |
126 | [139] | 46 | f | chronic pancreatitis | death four months after first skin lesion |
127 | [140] | 55 | m | chronic pancreatitis | n.r. |
128 | [5] | 62 | m | acute pancreatitis | resolution |
129 | [141] | 61 | f | metastatic ACC | resolution after surgery, follow-up n.r. |
130 | [142] | 80 | m | pancreatic ACC | resolution after surgery, death from metastatic disease after 18 months |
131 | [143] | n.r. | m | pancreatic ACC | n.r. |
Pancreatitis | Neoplastic conditions | Other | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acute | 34.4 % | pancreatic ACC | 19.8 % | fistula | 2.3 % |
Chronic | 15.3 % | n. r. | 9.9 % | transplant rejection | 1.5 % |
NEC | 4.6 % | ||||
adeno-carcinoma | 3.8 % | anastomotic leakage | 0.8 % | ||
IPMN | 3.1 % | ||||
other | 4.6 % | ||||
Total | 49.6 % | total | 45.8 % | total | 4.6 % |