Association of preoperative EpCAM Circulating Tumor Cells and peripheral Treg cell levels with early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma following radical hepatic resection
verfasst von:
Yan Zhou, Beili Wang, Jiong Wu, Chunyan Zhang, Yiwen Zhou, XinRong Yang, Jian Zhou, Wei Guo, Jia Fan
This study was carried out to determine the prognostic significance of preoperative peripheral epithelial cell adhesion molecule- positive (EpCAM+) circulating tumor cell (CTC) and T regulatory (Treg) cell levels in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients for the prediction of postoperative recurrence following curative resection.
Methods
A total of 49 patients about to undergo curative resection for HCC were recruited into the study. PCR and FACS were used to detect the preoperative levels of EpCAMmRNA+ CTCs and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells. The prognostic value of EpCAMmRNA+ CTCs, CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells, and other clinicopathological factors were analyzed by applying the Kaplan–Meier method and the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model.
Results
The number of EpCAMmRNA+ CTCs and Treg/CD4+ cells showed significant correlation as prognostic factors of postoperative HCC recurrence: EpCAMmRNA+ CTC ≥ 2.22 (P = 0.001) and Treg/CD4+ ≥ 5.07 (P = 0.045), with EpCAMmRNA+ CTC ≥ 2.22 (P = 0.003, HR = 6.668) being the most important indicator. Patients with high CTC/Treg levels showed a significantly higher risk of developing postoperative HCC recurrence than those with low CTC/Treg levels (66.7 % vs. 10.3 %, P < 0.001). The high CTC/low Treg group also presented higher 1-year recurrence rates compared with the low CTC/low Treg level group (50.0 % vs. 10.3 %, P = 0.004).
Conclusions
Elevated EpCAMmRNA+ CTC and Treg/CD4+ levels were associated with early recurrence of HCC, indicative of poor clinical outcome. The combined detection of EpCAMmRNA+ CTC and Treg/CD4+ may therefore provide a novel prognostic predictor for HCC patients.
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2526-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Background
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common malignancy worldwide, and is ranked second in global cancer-related mortality. The high incidence and poor prognosis of HCC are current focuses of clinical research [1]. The main treatments for HCC include surgical resection and liver transplantation. However, the tumor recurrence rate exceeds 70 % after 5 years following resection, and recurrence is considered the main contributor to mortality [2]. Imaging tests and pathological examination are limited in terms of accuracy and sensitivity, while common serum markers display poor diagnostic performance [3]. It is therefore critical to find robust prognostic biomarkers with which to monitor postoperative recurrence for HCC patients [4].
The progression of a tumor consists of two stages: growth of the primary tumor and development of distant metastases. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) spread from the primary tumor sites or the metastases into the peripheral blood supply, and possess characteristics of stem cells combined with invasive ability. Distant metastases induced by CTC invasion are believed to be responsible for the majority cases of recurrence and cancer-related deaths. Therefore, isolation and detection of CTCs will help us to understand the processes of early metastasis and recurrence, and the aggressiveness of tumors [5].
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Epithelial cell adhesion molecule-positive (EpCAM+) CTCs are a proven independent risk factor for HCC recurrence in our previous study [6], while immune suppressive CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) intra-nuclear expressing Foxp3+ are associated with tumor immune tolerance and immune escape [7]. Treg cell proliferation is known to be significantly associated with tumor invasion and poor prognosis [7], and increased proportions of Foxp3+ Treg cells were shown to be an important predictor for the high recurrence and poor survival rates of HCC patients [8].
The prognostic significance of CTC or Treg cells alone for HCC recurrence has therefore already been investigated; however, the prognostic value of CTCs in combination with Tregs has not yet been established. The objective of our study was therefore to determine the prognostic significance of preoperative EpCAM+ CTCs and Treg cells population levels for recurrence in HCC patients following curative resection, and to explore the interaction between EpCAM+ CTCs and the tumor immune microenvironment.
Methods
Patients
From March to June 2012, 49 HCC patients undergoing curative resection at the Zhongshan Hospital were recruited (36 males and 13 females), with a median age of 50 years (range: 37 to 83). According to Child-Pugh score criteria, 48 patients were classified as grade A, and one as grade B. All cases enrolled had to fulfill the following criteria: (i) Hepatitis B virus-related HCC with pathological diagnosis; (ii) about to receive curative resection; (iii) no history of blood transfusion, acquired immunologically mediated disease or any anti-tumor treatment within the preceding 6 months. This study adopted the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system and the Edmondson-Steiner grading system. Fifty healthy volunteers were recruited as the control group (35 males and 15 females). All patients provided informed consent before sample collection.
Approval for the use of human subjects was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of Zhongshan Hospital, and informed consent was obtained from each individual enrolled in this study.
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Specimen collection
A peripheral blood sample (6 mL each) was collected into an EDTA-K2 anticoagulant tube (BD Biosciences, USA in the morning on the day of surgery before the operation. Prior to this, the first 6 mL of blood was discarded to avoid epithelial cell contamination. RNA extraction and reverse transcription were completed within 8 h following collection (details below). Samples of cDNA were preserved at −20 °C. All the patients received curative resection and the common operation time was about 2–3 h and the average bleeding was 300 ml.
Apparatus and reagents
The monocyte isolation kit used was Ficoll-Paque Plus (GE Healthcare, USA). CD45 cells were isolated with RosetteSep Human CD45 Depletion Cocktail (Stemcell Technologies, Canada). Other equipment used included the RNA extraction kit, RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Germany), the QuantiTect Reverse Transcription kit, the Human Regulatory T cell Staining Kit (eBioscience, USA), the LightCycler 480 Real-time PCR system (Roche, Switzerland) and the FACS Calibur flow cytometry system (BD Biosciences, USA).
EpCAMmRNA+ CTC detection and qRT-PCR
CTC detection was processed by a negative enrichment and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) based platform [9]. A peripheral blood sample was collected for each patient (5 ml). Target cells were first negative enriched by RosetteSep Human CD45 Depletion Cocktail (StemCell, Canada), which to remove leukocyte impureness [9]. After enrichment, messenger RNA (mRNA) was extracted from the target cells with an RNeasy Mini Kit and then reverse transcribed into cDNA using the QuantiTect Reverse Transcri EpCAM ption kit. All protocols were according to manufacturer’s instructions. qRT-PCR analysis of and β-actin (as an internal control) transcripts were performed using the Light Cycler 480 platform (Roche Diagnostics, Germany) with fluorescent Taqman methodology. PCR reactions were performed using the following conditions: 2 min at 50 °C and 2 min at 95 °C, followed by 45 cycles at 95 °C for 30 s and 60 °C for 30 s. Florescent detection was performed at 60 °C, and three replicates were carried out for each sample. Invitrogen (nvitrogen, USA) synthesized the primers and probe segments. The forward primer :5′-CTCGCGTTCGGGCTTCT-3′, the reverse primer: 5′- TGTAGTTTTCACAGACACATTCTTCCT-3′, and the probe [6FAM] ACGGCGACTTTTGCCGCAGCTTA-MRA were used for analysis of EpCAM expression. The forward primer: 5′-TGGCATTGCCGACAGGAT-3′, the reverse primer: 5′-CTCAGGAGGAGCAATGATCTTGAT-3′, and the probe [6FAM] -ATCACTGCCCTGGCACCCAGCATA-MRA were used for analysis of β-actin expression. All primers and probes were designed and synthesized by the Life Technology Corporation (Invitrogen, USA).
Gene expression levels were calculated with the following equations:
where Ct (calibrator) stands for the mean ΔCT of the 50 healthy volunteers [9, 10].
Detection of lymphocyte subgroups
Two sets of four-color florescent antibody, CD3/CD8/CD45/CD4 (BD Biosciences) and CD3/CD16+ CD56/CD45/CD19 (BD Biosciences), were added (20 μl each) into two separate flow cytometry tubes. The sample (50 μl whole blood each) was added to each tube, followed by incubation at room temperature (RT) under darkness for 15 min. After adding 0.45 ml erythrocytolysin (BD Biosciences), the solution was incubated for another 10 min. The solution was then centrifuged for 5 min at 1200 rpm. The supernatant was discarded and the pellet was washed twice with 2 ml PBS. After resuspension in 0.4 ml phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), the sample was loaded for flow cytometry analysis. Data analyses were performed with MultiSET software (BD Biosciences). Measurements included percentages of B cells (CD19+), T cells (CD3+), CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and NK cells (CD16+CD56+) and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T cells.
Detection of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs
After the addition of 20 μl anti-CD4-FITC/anti-CD25-APC (eBioscience) and the relevant isotype control antibody (IgG1Ƙ-FITC and IgG1Ƙ-APC, respectively; eBioscience) into two separate flow cytometry tubes, 100 μL whole blood sample was added, followed by incubation at 4 °C for 30 min in darkness. After the erythrocytolysis step (as above), each tube was supplemented with 1 ml permeabilization reagent and incubated at 4 °C for 60 min. After washing with PBS, 100 μl mouse serum was added to the solution and the mixture was incubated at RT under darkness for 15 min. Intracellular antibody 20 μl anti-Foxp3-PE, and isotype control IgG2a-K-PE (both from eBioscience), were each added, and the resulting solution was incubated at RT under darkness for another 30 min. After resuspension in PBS, the sample was loaded for flow cytometry analysis. Measurements included proportions of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells (Tregs) in total lymphocytes, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells and CD3+ T cells.
Follow-up for HCC recurrence
All patients had postoperative follow-ups [11]. Time to recurrence (TTR) was defined as the period from curative excision to diagnosis of HCC recurrence (including intrahepatic recurrence and extrahepatic metastasis) based on MRI and serum AFP levels [12, 13]. Early recurrence was defined as recurrence within 12 months following excision [14].
Statistical analysis
Prognostic cut-off values were determined using X-tile 3.6.1 software [15]. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 17.0. Categorical data and measurement data were assessed with the χ2 test and the t-test, respectively. Prognostic factors for early recurrence were evaluated with univariate analysis and multivariate COX regression analysis. The associations between TTR and the prognostic factors were assessed with Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and the inter-curve differences were assessed with the log-rank test. P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.
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Results
Patient characteristics
The characteristics of the study participants were listed in Additional file 1: Table S1. The cohorts were well matched for serum AFP, age, and sex overall. There were 44 (89.8 %) patients with early HCC (BCLC 0-A) and 14 (28.6 %) patients with early recurrence. Majority of patients had Child-Pugh score A with multiple tumor.
EpCAMmRNA+ CTCs and Treg/CD4+ cells definition
According to previous studies, the prognostic cut-off value for HCC recurrence of EpCAMmRNA+ CTCs (2−ΔΔCT) was 2.0 [9]. In our study, the optimal prognostic cut-off values calculated by X-tile 3.6.1 software for EpCAMmRNA+ CTCs (2−ΔΔCT) and Treg/CD4+ (%) were 2.22 and 5.07, respectively. The original data of flow cytometry analysis for Tregs was shown in Additional file 2: Figure S1.
Association of clinical characteristics and pathological factors with early recurrence
EpCAMmRNA+ CTC (P < 0.001; Fig. 1a) and Treg/CD4+ ratio (P = 0.02; Fig. 1a, Additional file 3: Table S2) was observed to be significantly higher in the postoperative recurrence in recurrence group (Table 1). In addition, Satellite lesion showed inverse correlation with early recurrence. There was a positive association between vascular invasion and early recurrence in HCC patients (Table 1).
Fig. 1
Expression of EpCAMmRNA+ CTC and Treg/CD4+ in HCC recurrence vs no recurrence group. a, Based on 2−ΔΔCq algorithm transformation, the relative EpCAM mRNA expression of CTC in HCC patients with or without tumor recurrence after resection. EpCAMmRNA+ CTC showed significantly higher in recurrence patients (p = 0.001); b, The high ratio of Treg/CD4+ was observed d in recurrence group (p = 0.0197)
Table 1
Association of clinical characteristics and pathological factors with early recurrence
Variables
Early recurrence
P
No
Yes
Age
≤50
15
8
0.365
>50
20
6
Sex
male
26
10
0.838
female
9
4
HBsAg
Negative
7
2
0.641
Postive
28
12
HBeAg
Negative
27
9
0.357
Postive
8
5
HBVDNA
<5*102
21
10
0.453
>5*102
14
4
ALT (U/L)
≤40
30
9
0.412
>40
5
5
AFP (ng/ml)
≤400
23
10
0.768
>400
12
4
EpCAM mRNA+ CTC (2-ΔΔCq)
Low (<2.22)
28
4
<0.001*
High (≥2.22)
7
10
Treg/CD4+ (%)
<5.07
31
9
0.020*
≥5.07
4
5
Child-Pugh stage
A
34
14
0.523
B
1
0
Liver cirrhosis
No
9
3
0.753
Yes
26
11
Tumor number
Single
33
11
0.101
Multiple
2
3
Tumor size (cm)
≤5
21
8
0.854
>5
14
6
Tumor encapsulation
Complete
16
5
0.523
None
19
9
Satellite lesion
No
34
10
0.007*
Yes
1
4
Vascular invasion
No
21
4
0.047*
Yes
14
10
Edmondson stage
I-II
22
9
0.925
II-IV
13
5
BCLC stage
0 + A
33
11
0.101
B + C
2
3
Abbreviations: ALT alanine transaminase, HBsAg Hepatitis B surface antigen, AFP alphafetoprotein, HBeAg Hepatitis B e antigen. p value of < 0.05 was considered statistically-significant
×
Association of EpCAMmRNA+ CTCs and Treg/CD4+ cells with clinical characteristics.
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Clinical characteristics and associations with EpCAMmRNA+ CTCs and Treg/CD4+ were analyzed using the χ 2 test and the t-test for two subgroups of HCC patients according to the calculated cut-off values (Tables 2 and 3). Treg/CD4+ ratio was elevated in the EpCAMmRNA+ CTC ≥ 2.22 group (P = 0.026; Table 4, Fig. 2). A rising rate of vascular invasion within the EpCAMmRNA+ CTC ≥ 2.22 group was also confirmed (P = 0.027, Table 2). Patients within the Treg/CD4+ ≥ 5.07 % group were more likely to be younger (age ≤ 50 years old; P = 0.040) and male (P = 0.046, Table 3), and displayed an increased number of multiple satellite focuses in pathological specimens (P = 0.011, Table 3).
Table 2
Association of EpCAM+ CTCs with clinical characteristics
Clinical characteristics
CTC (2-ΔΔCq)
P
Low (<2.22)
High (≥2.22)
Age (y)
≤50
13
10
0.224
>50
19
7
Sex
Female
9
4
0.729
Male
23
13
HBsAg
Negative
7
2
0.384
Postive
25
15
HBeAg
Negative
24
12
0.586
Postive
8
5
HBVDNA
<5*102
21
10
0.703
>5*102
11
7
Child-Pugh score
A
32
16
0.166
B
0
1
Liver cirrhosis
No
8
4
0.909
Yes
24
13
ALT (U/L)
≤40
19
14
0.103
>40
13
3
AFP (ng/ml)
≤400
28
11
0.060
>400
4
6
Tumor number
Single
30
4
0.210
Multiple
2
3
Tumor size (cm)
≤5
18
11
0.566
>5
14
6
Tumor encapsulation
Complete
15
6
0.436
None
17
11
Satellite lesion
No
30
4
0.210
Yes
2
3
Vascular invasion
No
20
5
0.027*
Yes
12
12
Edmondson stage
I-II
20
11
0.879
II-IV
12
6
BCLC stage
0 + A
30
14
0.210
B + C
2
3
Treg/CD4+ (%)
<5.07
29
11
0.026*
≥5.07
3
6
Early recurrence
No
28
7
0.001*
Yes
4
10
p value of < 0.05 was considered statistically-significant
Table 3
Association of Treg/CD4+ with clinical characteristics
Clinical characteristics
Treg/CD4+ <5.07 %
Treg/CD4 ≥ 5.07 %
P
Age (y)
≤50
16
7
0.040*
>50
24
2
Sex
Male
13
0
0.046*
Female
27
9
HBsAg
Negative
8
1
0.534
Postive
32
8
HBeAg
Negative
30
6
0.609
Postive
10
3
HBVDNA
<5*102
25
6
0.815
>5*102
15
3
Child-Pugh score
A
39
9
0.632
B
1
0
Liver cirrhosis
No
10
2
0.861
Yes
30
7
ALT (U/L)
≤75
26
7
0.460
>75
14
2
AFP (ng/ml)
≤400
32
7
0.881
>400
8
2
Tumor number
Single
36
8
0.921
Multiple
4
1
Tumor size (cm)
≤5
25
4
0.319
>5
15
5
Tumor encapsulation
Complete
17
4
0.915
None
23
5
Satellite lesion
No
38
6
0.011*
Yes
2
3
Vascular invasion
No
22
3
0.240
Yes
18
6
Edmondson stage
I-II
25
6
0.815
II-IV
15
3
BCLC stage
0 + A
37
7
0.187
B + C
3
2
p value of < 0.05 was considered statistically-significant
Table 4
Association between EpCAM+ CTC and Treg/CD4+
EpCAM mRNA + CTC(2-ΔΔCT)
P
Low (<2.22)
High (≥2.22)
Treg/CD4+ (%)
<5.07
29
11
0.026*
>5.07
3
6
p value of < 0.05 was considered statistically-significant
Fig. 2
Association between EpCAM+ CTC and Treg/CD4+ ratio. Distribution of Treg/CD4+ ratio in EpCAMmRNA+ -positive and negative group. The cutoff to discriminate between CTC-positive and -negative was set at 2.0 [9]
×
Prognostic model for HCC recurrence
Prognostic models for HCC recurrence were determined with univariate analysis and multivariate Cox analysis. Univariate analysis revealed significant prognostic factors for early recurrence in the 49 HCC patient cohort, including EpCAMmRNA+ CTC ≥ 2.22 (P = 0.001), Treg/CD4+ ≥ 5.07 (P = 0.045), and satellite lesions (P = 0.004). Moreover, multivariate Cox analysis revealed that EpCAMmRNA+ CTC ≥ 2.22 (P = 0.003, HR = 6.668, Table 5) and satellite lesions (P = 0.019, HR = 5.917, Table 5) were dependent prognostic factors. Of these three factors, EpCAMmRNA+ CTC ≥ 2.22 was determined to be the key prognostic factor (Table 5).
Table 5
Analyses of risk factors for HCC recurrence
Univariate analysis
Multivariate analysis
HR (95 % CI)
P
HR (95 % CI)
P
Age (>50y vs. ≤ 50y)
0.626 (0.217–1.804)
0.385
N.A.
Gender (Male vs. Female)
0.886 (0.278–2.827)
0.838
N.A.
HBsAg (Positive vs. Negative)
1.433 (0.321–6.406)
0.638
N.A.
Cirrhosis (Positive vs. Negative)
1.323 (0.369–4.743)
0.668
N.A.
Child-Pugh grade (B vs. A)
0.048 (0.000–23944)
0.700
N.A.
ALT (>40 U/L vs. ≤ 40 U/L)
0.783 (0.246–2.497)
0.679
N.A.
AFP (>400 ng/ml vs. ≤ 400 ng/ml)
2.258 (0.756–6.743)
0.145
N.A.
Tumor number (multiple vs. one)
3.570 (0.998–12.896)
0.052
N.A.
Tumor size (>5 cm vs. ≤5 cm)
1.094 (0.379–3.154)
0.868
N.A.
Tumor encapsulation (Yes vs. No)
1.425 (0.477–4.252)
0.526
N.A.
Satellite lesion (Yes vs. No)
5.726 (1.771–18.509)
0.004
5.917 (1.342–26.078)
0.019
Vascular invasion (Yes vs. No)
2.943 (0.922–9.399)
0.068
N.A.
Edmondson classification (III-IV vs. I-II)
1.057 (0.354–3.155)
0.921
N.A.
BCLC stage (B + C vs. 0 + A)
3.496 (0.966–12.646)
0.056
N.A.
EpCAM+ CTC 2-ΔΔCq (≥2.22 vs. < 2.22)
6.580 (2.056–21.055)
0.001
6.668 (1.943–22.883)
0.003
Treg/CD4+(≥5.07 vs. < 5.07)
2.993 (0.998–8.947)
0.045
0.825 (0.196–3.468)
0.792
Survival analysis
The 1-year recurrence rates were 12.5 % and 58.8 % in the EpCAMmRNA+ CTC < 2.22 group and EpCAMmRNA+ CTC ≥ 2.22 group, respectively (P = 0.002; Fig. 3a); and similarly 22.5 % and 55.6 % in the Treg/CD4+ < 5.07 group and Treg/CD4+ ≥ 5.07 group, respectively (P = 0.002; Fig. 3b). Patients were categorized into four groups according to their combined levels of EpCAMmRNA+ CTC and Treg/CD4+: HH group (high CTC and high Treg levels), HL group (high CTC and low Treg levels), LH group (low CTC and high Treg levels) and LL group (low CTC and low Treg levels). There was a statistically significant difference between the 1-year recurrence rates in the HH group and the LL group (66.7 % vs.10.3 %, P < 0.001; Fig. 3c). The recurrence rate in the HL group was 46.4 % higher than in the LL group (50.0 % vs. 10.3 %, P = 0.004; Fig. 3c).
Fig. 3
The Prognostic significance of EpCAM mRNA+ CTC and Treg/CD4+ ratio in HCC patients. a. Kaplan–Meier analysis of HCC patients receiving curative resection treatment according to relative preoperative EpCAM expression <2.22 or ≥2.22 (2−ΔΔCq algorithm transformation). b. Kaplan–Meier analysis of patients with HCC undergoing curative resection according to preoperative Treg/CD4+ <5.07 % or ≥5.07 %. c. Prognostic significance of combination of EpCAMmRNA+ CTC and Treg/CD4+ load with respect to time to recurrence in patients with high EpCAMmRNA+ CTC (≥2.22) and high Treg/CD4+(≥5.07 %), high EpCAMmRNA+ CTC(<2.22) and low Treg/CD4+(<5.07 %), low/no EpCAMmRNA+ CTC (<2.22) and high Treg/CD4+(≥5.07 %), and low/no EpCAMmRNA+ CTC (<2.22) and low Treg/CD4+(<5.07 %)
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Discussion
Currently, although surgical resection has greatly improved survival rates among HCC patients, HCC remains one of the leading causes of malignancy-related mortality worldwide with a prognosis that is still far from satisfactory, mainly due to increasing post-operative recurrence [16]. At present, predictions of recurrence are mainly based on imaging or biomarkers, which have limits to reflect the dynamic changes in tumor microenvironment. It was reported that predictions of recurrence and metastasis of HCC are influenced by characteristics of both tumor cells and the tumor immune microenvironment [17]. In our previous studies, molecular markers expressed on circulating tumor cells were found to be closely associated with early diagnosis and early recurrence of HCC [18]. Moreover, CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Tregs are considered as suppressors in immune surveillance and anti-tumor immunity, which are also proved associated with HCC invasiveness [19]. However, no previous publications have evaluated prognostic performance of circulating tumor cells and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Tregs. Here we first detected the combined effect of circulating tumor cells and its immune environment on hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Based on the optimal prognostic cut-off values for EpCAMmRNA+ CTC (2 − ΔΔCT) of 2.22, and Treg/CD4+ (%) of 5.07, as calculated using X-tile software, we found that the recurrence rate was elevated in the EpCAMmRNA+ CTC (2 − ΔΔCT) ≥ 2.22 group (P = 0.001) and the Treg/CD4+ (%) ≥ 5.07 group (P = 0.0029). The vascular invasion rate was also significantly higher in the EpCAMmRNA+ CTC ≥ 2.22 group (P = 0.027), suggesting the occurrence of tumor microenvironmental changes in early recurrent cases in addition to pathological changes.
With the expansion of the tumor microenvironment, tumor cells spread from the primary lesions, thereby forming circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Thousands of CTCs are generated each day, but not all CTCs can become “seeds” of metastatic recurrence. Besides environmental factors, the inherent characteristics of CTCs are also crucial for metastasis [20]. In recent years, with the introduction of the “tumor stem cell” concept, tumor stem cells have been shown to exhibit stem cell-like features including high capacity for self-renewal, differentiation, and the generation of heterogeneous cells, as well as high resistance to chemotherapy, radiotherapy and cytotoxic agents, combined with high capacity for oncogenesis and tumor maintenance. There is sufficient evidence that a high ratio of tumor stem cell-like cells indicates a poor prognosis [21]. Sun et al. reported that EpCAMmRNA+ CTCs retaining stem cell-like characteristics are “high-quality seeds” for metastasis, and that the level of EpCAMmRNA+ CTCs is an ideal predictor for postoperative early recurrence and prognosis of HCC [22].
Tumor-related immune suppression is mediated mainly by increased TGF-β secretion or direct Treg cell infiltration [23]. A recent study [24] found an association between intratumoral or peripheral blood Tregs and tumor invasion. Tregs mediate tumor immune escape and promote tumor growth mainly by suppressing tumor immune effector cells (especially cytotoxic lymphocytes), or by inducing effector T cell tolerance to tumor antigens. The resulting imbalance between intratumoral Tregs and cytotoxic T cells was shown to be an effective prognostic predictor. In our study, a significant correlation was observed between the levels of EpCAMmRNA+ CTC and peripheral Treg/CD4+, with an increasing trend (P = 0.026). This result may supported that Tregs contributed as “soil” which may change the tumor microenvironment to help CTCs get out of immune clearance by cytotoxic T cells as well as colonization in HCC patients.
The results of univariate Cox analysis found that the significant prognostic factors for early recurrence included EpCAMmRNA+ CTC ≥ 2.22 (P = 0.001) and Treg/CD4 + ≥ 5.07 (P = 0.045). Further multivariate Cox analysis revealed EpCAMmRNA+ CTC ≥ 2.22 (P = 0.003, HR = 6.668) to be a significant and independent prognostic biomarker for early recurrence, in accordance with the study by Sun et al., which reported EpCAMmRNA+ CTC ≥ 2 to be an independent predictor for early HCC recurrence (within 1 year following resection) [13]. Survival curve analyses found that the early recurrence rates within the EpCAMmRNA+ CTC ≥ 2.22 group (12.5 % vs. 58.8 %, P = 0.002, Fig. 3a) and Treg/CD4+ ≥ 5.07 group (22.5 % vs. 55.6 %, P = 0.038, Fig. 3b) were markedly elevated. Combining these two factors of “soil” and “seeds”, we found that the early recurrence rate in the group with combined high CTC and high Treg levels was significantly higher than in the combined low CTC and low Treg group (66.7 % vs. 10.3 %, P < 0.001, Fig. 3c), while the recurrence rate within the combined high CTC and low Treg group was 46.4 % higher than for the combined low CTC and low Treg group (50.0 % vs. 10.3 %, P = 0.004, Fig. 3c). These results also implied that elevated Tregs cells could cause immune suppression, and contribute CTCs escape from peripheral immune clearance. Consequently, the spread of CTCs lead to HCC metastasis and recurrence. However, the mechanisms of EpCAMmRNA+ CTC and Treg cells interaction remain unclear, warranting future larger clinical studies as well as further basic explorative research.
The limitations of the current study were a small cohort size, short follow-up time, and only patients with Hepatitis-B induced HCC and early stages (BCLC 0 and A) have been included in this study, which may results the clinical significance of Edmondson classification and AFP in HCC were not be observed. These limitations will be addressed in our next step clinical investigation.
Conclusions
In summary, our study found an association between peripheral blood EpCAMmRNA+ CTC and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg preoperative levels with postoperative recurrence and metastasis in HCC patients. Combined measurement of both cell types may improve prognostic efficacy. We are currently carrying out a large prospective randomized controlled trial to further confirm the value of this combined measurement in predicting HCC recurrence and prognosis.
Abbreviations
CTCs, circulating tumor cells; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; Treg, T regulatory
Acknowledgments
We thank the Edanz Group China that made significant revision of the manuscript.
Funding
This study was supported by grants from the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program) of China (2015AA020401), National Key Sci-Tech Project (2013ZX10002010-003, and 2013ZX10002011-004), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81572064, 81530077, 81472676 and 81372317), the Projects from the Shanghai Science and Technology Commission (14DZ1940300, 14DZ1940302, 14411970200, 13140901900,134119a1201 and 14140902301), Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education and Research Grants Council Earmarked Research Grants Joint Research Scheme (20130071140008) and the National Science & Technology Pillar Program during the 12th Five-year Plan Period (2012BAI37B01), The funding plan for outstanding youth doctors training, Shanghai (2016-01).
Availability of data and materials
The raw data will not be shared. All potential findings based on row data analysis are presented in the manuscript or additional files.
Authors’ contributions
Dr J F. and W G. had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Study concept and design: Y Z., BL W., W G., XR Y., J Z., J F. Acquisition of data: XR Y., J Z., J W., CY Z., Y Z., BL W. Analysis and interpretation of data: W G., XR Y., YW Z. Drafting the manuscript: W G., XR Y. Critical revision of the manuscript for import intellectual content: Y Z., J F. Statistical analysis: W G., BL W, J W. Obtained funding: J F. Administrative, technical, and material support: J Z., J F. Study supervision: J F. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare that there are no competing interests.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Approval for the use of human subjects was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of Zhongshan Hospital, and informed consent was obtained from each individual enrolled in this study.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
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