Influence of presence/absence of thyroid gland on the cutoff value for thyroglobulin in lymph-node aspiration to detect metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma

In the last three decades, thyroid carcinoma has become the most rapidly increasing disease throughout the world, including on the Chinese mainland [1]. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) accounts for the majority of all thyroid cancers. Lymph-node metastasis is a frequent finding at the onset or during the follow-up of PTC, and ultrasonography and fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) are the most important modalities for the evaluation of lymph-node metastasis. Ultrasonography is highly sensitive in detecting cervical metastases, but its specificity is low [2]. Although FNAC is highly specific, its false-negative rate can be as high as 8.6%–24% because of sampling error [3, 4].

Thyroglobulin measurement with fine-needle aspiration (Tg-FNA) was initially proposed in 1992 by Pacini et al. for the detection of neck lymph-node metastasis in patients with PTC [5]. Several studies have reported that Tg-FNA is more sensitive than FNAC in detecting metastasis and that the sensitivity of FNAC is increased when combined with Tg-FNA [6‐15]. However, the diagnostic threshold has not been well established. Apart from differences in the sample treatments and Tg assays, the Tg-FNA cutoff may differ in the presence or absence of the thyroid gland because thyroglobulin can be detected in the FNA washout fluid from nonmetastatic lymph nodes in the presence of a thyroid gland [13]. However, few studies have investigated the different cutoff values for Tg-FNA measurements in athyrotic patients and patients with thyroid glands [15‐17].

We separated patients into two groups according to the presence or absence of the thyroid gland. One group contained patients with a thyroid, including patients awaiting surgery or after partial thyroid resection. The other contained patients who had undergone total thyroid ablation (followed or not by ¹³¹I ablative therapy). We analyzed the difference in the cutoff values for these two groups and evaluated the influence of the presence/absence of the thyroid gland on the cutoff value.

Tg-FNA measurement is a useful tool for detecting metastases from PTC, with high sensitivity and specificity, in both the preoperative and postoperative context. Although this procedure is now recommended by the American and European Thyroid Association guidelines [19, 20], the cutoff value for Tg-FNA is still controversial [6‐17]. In previous reports, the functional sensitivity of Tg measurements was the most commonly used threshold values [7, 10‐12]. However, this threshold value suffers from several limitations. Tg-FNA may be higher if the patient has a remnant thyroid gland. The aspirate may be contaminated with blood containing high levels of Tg, or the Tg secreted by the remnant thyroid may be transported to the regional lymph node, like the dye used to map the sentinel lymph node during the operation. In patients awaiting surgery or even in postoperative patients with partial thyroid ablation, Tg secretion may not be suppressed, which can confuse the diagnosis. However, few studies have investigated the difference in the cutoff values for athyrotic patients and patients with intact thyroid tissue [15‐17].

In the past, the surgical and radioiodine ablation of cancerous and all noncancerous thyroid cells is the most common management regimen for PTC in Western countries. Therefore, the influence of an intact thyroid can be ignored in postoperative patients in the West. However, in the Chinese population, various surgical procedures are used for PTC, including total ablation, lobectomy, lobe and isthmus resection, and affected lobe and isthmus resection plus opposite-side subtotal lobectomy [21]. In this study, 96 lymph nodes were from patients after thyroid surgery. Of these, 47 were from collected patients who had undergone total thyroid ablation, and 49 were from patients after partial resection. Therefore, the influence of the remnant thyroid gland on the cutoff value for Tg-FNA must be considered, even in postoperative patients in the Chinese population. Recently, the 2015 American Thyroid Association guidelines recommended that, for low-risk papillary and follicular carcinomas between 1 and 4 cm in size, thyroid lobectomy alone may be sufficient as an initial treatment [19]. Therefore, we believe that the influence of the remnant thyroid gland on the cutoff value for Tg-FNA is a common problem throughout the world.

We separated the patients into two groups, with or without thyroid, to evaluate the influence of intact thyroid tissue. The group with thyroids was composed of patients awaiting surgery and patients after partial thyroid resection. The other group, without thyroids, was composed of patients after total thyroid ablation (with or without subsequent ¹³¹ I ablative therapy). The optimal cutoff value we recommend for patients with thyroids is 55.99 ng/mL (sensitivity, 95.1%; specificity, 100%), whereas that for patients without thyroids is 9.71 ng/mL (sensitivity, 96.7%; specificity, 100%). In clinical practice, PTC generally behaves indolently. Therefore, we consider that the specificity of Tg-FNA is highly significant, in reducing false positive results as far as possible and avoiding unnecessary surgery. Therefore, we selected a cutoff value with high specificity as the optimal cutoff value.

Our results support the hypothesis that remnant thyroid increases the Tg-FNA level. For patients with thyroids, the high cutoff level for Tg-FNA can be attributed to the remnant thyroid, as is readily understandable. An elevated cutoff value of 32.04 ng/mL was also recommended for preoperative patients in the study by Pak et al. [17]. However, the high levels of Tg-FNA in the group of patients who had undergone total thyroid ablation are more difficult to understand. In Western countries, surgical and radioiodine ablation of cancerous and all noncancerous thyroid cells is the most common management regimen for PTC. However, in our study, less than half the patients had undergone total thyroid ablation had ¹³¹I ablative therapy. Residual thyroid tissue without ¹³¹I ablation may have also contributed to the elevated level of Tg-FNA. Therefore, the influence of remnant thyroid gland must be considered in all FNA patients, even in those in the Chinese population who have undergone total thyroid ablation.

Actually, the influence of residual thyroid tissue on Tg-FNA levels has also been noted in reports from Western countries. In a series of reports from American and Australia, although the functional sensitivity of Tg-FNA was recommended as the cutoff value, the specificity of Tg-FNA was as low as 50%–87.5% [10‐12]. This means that 12.5%–50% of reactive lymph nodes in postoperative patients in those studies had elevated Tg-FNA levels. An elevated threshold can reduce the false positive rate and avoid unnecessary surgery, which is important for thyroid carcinoma patients who have already undergone many rounds of surgery.

The serum Tg level has also been used as the threshold value in previous studies [22, 23]. If the Tg-FNA/serum-Tg ratio is >1.0, it is assumed that Tg-FNA is positive. However, using the Tg-FNA/serum-Tg ratio as the detection threshold may be dubious in the following situations. First, when patients who have not undergone a serum-Tg evaluation, we cannot compare the Tg-FNA levels with the serum levels. Second, in patients where blood is not sampled at the same time for serum-Tg and Tg-FNA, but are only sampled within a certain time period, there can be hormonally induced variations in the serum-Tg within this period, which may skew the data. In our study, serum Tg levels were only evaluated in 68 patients, so patients with serum Tg data accounted for 36.0% of all the patients. The time intervals ranged from 0 to 60 days (median 7.5 days) from the time of serum Tg sampling to the time of FNA. Using a cutoff value of FNA-T/serum-Tg ratio > 1.0, the sensitivity and specificity of the Tg-FNA measurement were 89.8% and 77.8%, respectively. Both the sensitivity and specificity based on a cutoff value of FNA-T/serum-Tg ratio > 1.0 were lower than those based on the optimal cutoff value for Tg-FNA. This result is as same as that of Moon [15].

Consistent with previous reports, the false negative diagnoses made with FNAC in our study were mainly attributable to cystic changes in the lymph nodes. Twelve metastatic lymph nodes were missed by FNAC. Among these, nine were cystic and two were small lymph nodes, with maximum diameters of ≤1 cm. The inefficiency of FNAC has also been attributed to small lymph nodes in a previous study [24]. The sensitivity of detecting lymph-node metastasis was greatly increased by combining Tg-FNA and cytology, and 11 of 12 metastatic lymph nodes with negative cytology were correctly identified. The one case of metastatic PTC missed by Tg-FNA was diagnosed histologically as metastatic thyroid carcinoma, which was mainly composed of a squamous carcinoma and a small amount of papillary carcinoma. It has been reported that undetectable Tg not only occurs in metastatic lymph nodes from anaplastic or undifferentiated PTCs, but also in metastatic lymph nodes from recurrent PTCs [16]. Of all differentiated thyroid carcinomas, 2%–5% will lose their differentiated features [25], and the case reported in this study falls into this category. This patient had a history of thyroidectomy for PTC, which had recurred three times. Therefore, we recommend, as discussed previously, the use of combined cytology and Tg-FNA, rather than either technique alone, to detect metastasis from any histological type of thyroid cancer [16].

It is also unclear whether serum TgAb can influence the Tg-FNA level. Studies by Baskin and Boi et al. have shown that serum TgAb did not interfere with the Tg-FNA measurements when diagnosing metastatic PTC [2, 16]. However it has recently been suggested in the study by Shin et al. that the presence of serum TgAb can reduce the diagnostic performances of Tg-FNA [26]. Our data showed no difference in the diagnostic capacity of Tg-FNA in two groups, with and without TgAb. However, data on serum TgAb levels were only available for 36.0% (68/189) of the patients. These results require validation with a larger sample.

The results of the present study demonstrate that Tg measurement with fine-needle aspiration is a useful ancillary test that improves the detection of metastatic PTC. The cutoff value for Tg-FNA is influenced by residual thyroid tissue and a higher cutoff value is recommended for patients with thyroids than for patients without thyroids. This is our first study of the cutoff values for Tg-FNA and a further large-scale study is required to validate these results.