Background
FIELD STUDY I: Item reduction, factorial structure and internal consistency of the QWLQ-CS
Methods
Design
Participants
Informed consent
Procedure
Instruments
Preliminary version of the QWLQ-CS
Other variables
Field study I | Field study II | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample population | Cancer survivors | Cancer survivorsa | Cancer survivorsb | Healthy Employeesc | |||||
Sample size | N = 302 | N = 130 | N = 87 | N = 45 | |||||
Demographic characteristics
| |||||||||
Age (mean in years ± standard deviation) | 52 ± 8 | 52 ± 8 | 52 ± 9 | 51 ± 9 | |||||
N
| (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | ||
Gender - male | 83 | (28) | 26 | (20) | 17 | (20) | 9 | (20) | |
Marital status | Married/living together with a partner | 240 | (79) | 106 | (82) | 69 | (79) | 38 | (82) |
Ethnical background | Dutch | 279 | (92) | 123 | (95) | 82 | (94) | 43 | (96) |
Immigrant first and second generation | 21 | (7) | 7 | (5) | 5 | (6) | 2 | (4) | |
Clinical characteristics
| |||||||||
Number of cancer diagnoses | 1 diagnosis | 256 | (85) | 109 | (84) | 75 | (86) | – | – |
≥ 2 diagnoses | 45 | (15) | 21 | (16) | 12 | (14) | – | – | |
Cancer diagnosisd | Breast cancer | 123 | (36) | 68 | (49) | 51 | (55) | – | – |
Gynecological cancer | 59 | (17) | 20 | (14) | 10 | (11) | – | – | |
Gastrointestinal cancer | 47 | (14) | 34 | (24) | 22 | (24) | – | – | |
Urological cancer | 36 | (11) | 0 | (0) | 0 | (0) | – | – | |
Hematological cancer | 26 | (8) | 4 | (3) | 3 | (3) | – | – | |
Head and neck cancer | 22 | (6) | 6 | (4) | 3 | (3) | – | – | |
Malignant melanomas | 10 | (3) | 5 | (4) | 2 | (2) | – | – | |
Others (e.g. metastases) | 17 | (5) | 3 | (2) | 2 | (2) | – | – | |
Most recent cancer diagnosis | < 1 year ago | 60 | (20) | 21 | (16) | 13 | (15) | – | – |
1–3 years ago | 162 | (54) | 63 | (49) | 41 | (47) | – | – | |
4–6 years ago | 55 | (18) | 43 | (33) | 30 | (35) | – | – | |
> 6 years ago | 24 | (8) | 3 | (2) | 3 | (3) | – | – | |
Current cancer treatment | Yes | 42 | (14) | 26 | (20) | 16 | (18) | – | – |
Cancer treatmentd | Surgery | 253 | (39) | 112 | (39) | 74 | (37) | – | – |
Radiotherapy | 152 | (23) | 60 | (21) | 45 | (22) | – | – | |
Chemotherapy | 150 | (23) | 74 | (26) | 53 | (26) | – | – | |
Hormone therapy | 67 | (10) | 34 | (12) | 23 | (11) | – | – | |
Othere | 31 | (5) | 8 | (3) | 8 | (4) | – | – | |
Co-morbidity | Yes | 76 | (25) | 39 | (30) | 23 | (26) | – | – |
Work characteristics
| |||||||||
Education | Primary/secondary education | 55 | (18) | 24 | (18) | 18 | (21) | 5 | (11) |
Intermediate vocational education | 102 | (34) | 51 | (39) | 36 | (41) | 15 | (33) | |
Higher prof/academic education | 143 | (47) | 54 | (42) | 33 | (38) | 25 | (56) | |
Work contract | Permanent position | 225 | (75) | 91 | (70) | 64 | (74) | 35 | (78) |
Temporary employment | 19 | (6) | 12 | (9) | 7 | (8) | 1 | (2) | |
Self-employed | 44 | (15) | 23 | (18) | 13 | (15) | 8 | (18) | |
Contract hours | <12 h | 12 | (4) | 3 | (2) | 1 | (1) | 1 | (2) |
12–36 h | 141 | (47) | 80 | (62) | 57 | (66) | 32 | (71) | |
>36 h | 112 | (37) | 32 | (25) | 19 | (22) | 9 | (20) | |
Current work hours | Total contract hours | 193 | (64) | 94 | (72) | 62 | (71) | – | – |
Proportion of contract hours (1–36) | 108 | (36) | 36 | (28) | 25 | (29) | – | – | |
Years on the job | 0–3 years | 36 | (12) | 20 | (15) | 12 | (14) | 7 | (16) |
4–7 years | 40 | (13) | 12 | (9) | 8 | (9) | 5 | (11) | |
> 8 years | 225 | (74) | 67 | (77) | 98 | (75) | 33 | (74) | |
Management position | Yes | 78 | (26) | 25 | (19) | 17 | (20) | 8 | (18) |
Occupational sector | Health care and pharmacy | 73 | (24) | 38 | (29) | 26 | (30) | 12 | (27) |
Educational | 34 | (11) | 8 | (6) | 5 | (6) | 8 | (18) | |
Government | 30 | (10) | 14 | (11) | 11 | (13) | 4 | (9) | |
Industrial/production | 20 | (7) | 8 | (6) | 5 | (6) | 2 | (4) | |
Facility management | 12 | (4) | 4 | (3) | 2 | (2) | 1 | (2) | |
Wholesale/retail business | 15 | (5) | 9 | (7) | 7 | (8) | 3 | (7) | |
Transport/logistics | 16 | (5) | 6 | (5) | 4 | (5) | 1 | (2) | |
Business services | 26 | (9) | 16 | (12) | 8 | (9) | 6 | (13) | |
Juridical | 11 | (4) | 2 | (2) | 1 | (1) | 2 | (4) | |
IT | 7 | (2) | 4 | (3) | 3 | (3) | 1 | (2) | |
Other | 57 | (19) | 21 | (16) | 15 | (17) | 5 | (11) | |
Monthly income | ≤ €1000 | 46 | (15) | 21 | (16) | 13 | (15) | 6 | (13) |
€1001 - €3000 | 125 | (41) | 85 | (65) | 60 | (69) | 25 | (56) | |
≥ €3001 | 98 | (33) | 12 | (9) | 8 | (9) | 11 | (24) | |
Breadwinner position | Sole or shared | 251 | (83) | 99 | (76) | 68 | (78) | 35 | (78) |
Data analysis
Explorative factor analysis
Input: | 104-items preliminary QWLQ-CS | |
---|---|---|
Aim | Outcome/conditions | |
Step 1 | Item deletion | • If ≥95% of the responses on an item was located in one response category • If ≥20% of the responses on an item was located in the ‘not applicable’ category AND this was specific to a subgroup |
Step 2 | Item deletion | • If an item correlated ≤0.2 with ≥80% of the other items • If two items correlated ≥0.9 |
Step 3 | Test assumptions PCA | • Adequate sample size if Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value >0.6 • Items were correlated if Bartlett’s test of sphericity p < 0.05 |
Step 4 | Explore number of factors | • Outcome on Catell’s scree test • Outcome on Parallel Analysis |
Step 5 | Determine rotation for factor structure | • Outcome rotation (e.g. varimax, Quartimax, Direct Oblimin) |
Step 6 | Determine number of factors and items | • Analyzed per outcome of step 4: the number of items, item content, and item factor loadings • Assigned to a factor: items with factor loading >0.5 |
Item deletion | • If item had a factor loading of <0.5 • If item had factor loadings of >0.3 on more factors: deletion discussed based on importance of item | |
Step 7 | Item deletion | • If inter-item correlation ≥0.7 • If item had low inter-item correlation (0.2–0.4) with half of the items in the factor • If Cronbach’s alpha <0.7 |
Output: | Final QWLQ-CS |
Results
Explorative factor analysis (EFA)
Item No.a | Items | Factorsb | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
Subscale 1: Meaning of work (Cronbach’s α = 0.83) | ||||||
1. | Working gives me structure in my life |
0.87
| 0.17 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.08 |
2. | I think it is good to work |
0.83
| 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.13 | −0.01 |
3. | I consider that my work gives me a goal in life |
0.69
| 0.16 | 0.27 | 0.19 | 0.05 |
4. | I consider my work important |
0.67
| 0.30 | 0.27 | 0.10 | 0.11 |
Subscale 2: Perception of the work situation (α = 0.85) | ||||||
5. | I do my work well | 0.13 |
0.82
| 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.05 |
6. | I am self-confident in my work | 0.12 |
0.81
| 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.19 |
7. | I am suited to my work | 0.22 |
0.80
| 0.19 | 0.09 | 0.08 |
8. | I have control over the work I do | 0.10 |
0.72
| 0.27 | 0.17 | 0.18 |
9. | I feel powerless in my workc | 0.07 |
0.52
| 0.39 | 0.27 | 0.30 |
Subscale 3: Atmosphere in the work environment (α = 0.86) | ||||||
11. | I have the feeling I am taken seriously by people in my working environment | 0.07 | 0.20 |
0.78
| 0.34 | 0.09 |
13. | I have good relations with my colleagues | 0.16 | 0.09 |
0.76
| 0.17 | −0.04 |
10. | I feel there is a positive atmosphere in my working environment | 0.21 | 0.18 |
0.73
| 0.22 | 0.07 |
14. | I feel valuable to my colleagues | 0.20 | 0.26 |
0.71
| 0.13 | 0.22 |
12. | I am content with my work | 0.22 | 0.40 |
0.55
| 0.23 | 0.16 |
Subscale 4: Understanding and recognition in the organization (α = 0.85) | ||||||
18. | I am content with the fringe benefits provided by my employer | 0.10 | 0.18 | 0.12 |
0.78
| 0.01 |
15. | My immediate superior understands my health situation and possible health problems | 0.21 | 0.02 | 0.32 |
0.75
| 0.01 |
17. | I consider that employees with health problems are treated well in my organization | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.22 |
0.74
| 0.14 |
19. | I am content with my current income | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.04 |
0.67
| 0.14 |
16. | I have good relations with my immediate superior | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.35 |
0.63
| −0.01 |
Subscale 5: Problems due to the health situation (α = 0.84) | ||||||
20. | Because of my health situation I have problems in my work with fatigue and/or lack of energyc | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.13 |
0.84
|
21. | I am limited in my work by my health situationc | 0.04 | 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.07 |
0.81
|
22. | Because of my health situation I have little trust in my own bodyc | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.07 | −0.05 |
0.78
|
23. | Because of my health situation I feel uncertain about the futurec | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.13 | 0.10 |
0.78
|
FIELD STUDY II: Construct validity and reproducibility of the QWLQ-CS
Methods
Design
Participants
Cancer survivors
Employed people without cancer
Procedure
Instruments
Final version of the QWLQ-CS
Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ) subscales
Return-to-work self-efficacy scale (RTW-SE)
36-item short form health survey (SF-36) subscale
Visual analogue scale (VAS)
Other variables
Data analysis
Construct validity
Convergent validity
QWLQ-CS | Comparable construct | Hypothesis | Spearman’s correlation coefficienta |
---|---|---|---|
Total score | VAS overall QWL | r ≤ 0.7 |
0.70
|
VAS overall work satisfaction | r ≤ 0.7 |
0.61
| |
Subscale 1 | COPSOQ meaning of work | r = 0.4–0.6 | 0.34 |
Subscale 2 | RTW-SE | r = 0.4–0.6 |
0.53
|
Subscale 3 | COPSOQ social community | r = 0.4–0.6 |
0.58
|
Subscale 4 | COPSOQ support supervisors | r = 0.4–0.7 |
0.61
|
VAS satisfaction fringe benefits | r = 0.4–0.6 |
0.53
| |
Subscale 5 | SF-36 role limitations | r = 0.4–0.7 |
0.63
|
Discriminative validity
Reproducibility
Floor and ceiling effects
Results
Construct validity
QWLQ-CS | Total sample1 | Stable subgroup2 | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | 4 weeks follow-up | Baseline | 4 weeks follow-up | Difference baseline – 4 weeks follow-up | SEM | ICC* | ICC 95% CI | |||||||||||
N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Lower bound | Upper bound | |||
Subscale 1 | 130 | 80.35 | 13.51 | 100 | 81.65 | 12.63 | 87 | 80.52 | 12.23 | 86 | 81.45 | 12.95 | 0.87 | 9.74 | 12.57 |
0.70
| 0.58 | 0.80 |
Subscale 2 | 130 | 81.48 | 10.49 | 101 | 80.32 | 10.73 | 87 | 81.89 | 9.21 | 87 | 80.78 | 10.93 | −1.10 | 9.40 | 10.11 | 0.57 | 0.41 | 0.69 |
Subscale 3 | 129 | 81.10 | 10.92 | 101 | 81.13 | 10.52 | 86 | 81.25 | 11.44 | 87 | 82.04 | 10.25 | 0.97 | 8.68 | 10.87 | 0.68 | 0.55 | 0.78 |
Subscale 4 | 112 | 74.82 | 13.97 | 88 | 75.55 | 14.15 | 77 | 75.55 | 14.26 | 76 | 75.95 | 13.39 | 0.38 | 7.55 | 13.89 |
0.85
| 0.77 | 0.90 |
Subscale 5 | 130 | 56.89 | 24.32 | 101 | 56.09 | 24.61 | 87 | 57.70 | 24.11 | 87 | 58.22 | 24.24 | 0.52 | 11.96 | 24.17 |
0.88
| 0.82 | 0.92 |
Total score | 130 | 75.47 | 9.82 | 101 | 75.39 | 9.75 | 87 | 75.94 | 9.70 | 87 | 76.17 | 9.50 | 0.23 | 5.44 | 9.59 |
0.84
| 0.77 | 0.89 |