To assess the prognostic factors and investigate the optimal treatment of gastric mixed adenoneuroendocrine tumors.
Methods
We retrospectively analyzed clinical data from 80 patients with gastric mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma that received radical resection in our department from January 2007 to December 2016. Risk factors for relapse and survival were analyzed using a multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model. Gastric mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma was divided into neuroendocrine carcinoma and adenocarcinoma based on the predominant type in the tumor.
Results
The 3-year overall survival was 40% in the neuroendocrine carcinoma group and 75% in the adenocarcinoma group (P = 0.006). The neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC)-dominant tumors and a Ki-67-positive index ≥60% were independent risk factors for worse overall survival. The 3-year recurrence-free survival was 33% in the neuroendocrine carcinoma group and 68% in the adenocarcinoma group. NEC-dominant tumors and a Ki-67-positive index ≥60% were independent risk factors for gastric mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma recurrence. Patients in the adenocarcinoma group that received adjuvant chemotherapy exhibited significantly better overall survival than patients that did not receive chemotherapy (median survival time 43 months vs. 13 months, P = 0.026).
Conclusion
The NEC-dominant tumors and a Ki-67-positive index ≥60% were significantly associated with worse survival and a higher recurrence rate for gastric mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma patients. Patients in the adenocarcinoma group may benefit from gastric adenocarcinoma treatments.
Jian-Wei Xie and Jun Lu contributed equally to this work.
Background
Gastric neuroendocrine tumors (gNETs) are rare neoplasms with significant heterogeneity that account for approximately 4.0% of all neuroendocrine tumors [1], and the incidence of gNET increases yearly [2, 3]. According to the 2010 WHO classification, gNET can be divided into neuroendocrine tumors, neuroendocrine carcinomas and mixed neuroendocrine cancers [3]. Gastric mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinomas (gMANECs) contain gastric adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine carcinoma cells, with each population accounting for at least 30% of tumor cells [4]. The pathology of gMANEC indicates that its clinical and biological characteristics differ from those of simple gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma and simple gastric adenocarcinoma [5]. However, due to the low incidence of gMANEC, few gMANEC studies have been performed, most of which analyze only a single or a few patients [6‐8]. In addition, no guidelines currently exist for gMANEC patients, as the 2017 National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines do not address gMANEC treatment, and factors affecting gMANEC prognosis and treatment have not yet been reported. Therefore, we retrospectively investigated the clinicopathologic data of gMANEC after radical gastrectomy in a large-volume center to analyze prognostic factors and identify appropriate adjuvant treatments.
Methods
Patient selection
We retrospectively analyzed clinical data from patients diagnosed with gMANEC at Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, from January 2007 to December 2016. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) those pathologically diagnosed with gMANEC; (2) those without distant metastasis, as assessed by preoperative examination; and (3) those who underwent D2 lymph node dissection and for whom postoperative pathological diagnosis of R0 resection was conducted. The following were the exclusion criteria: (1) those with preoperative and intraoperative findings of distant metastasis; (2) those who underwent preoperative adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy; and (3) those with incomplete clinical data. A total of 80 gMANEC patients were included in this study. The study was approved by the ethics committee of the Fujian Medical University Union Hospital. Written consent was provided by the patients for their information and specimens to be stored in the hospital database and used in research.
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Diagnosis and classification of gMANEC
gMANEC was defined as a malignant tumor containing a proportion of at least 30% or more of both glandular epithelial cells and neuroendocrine cells according to the 2010 classification of neuroendocrine tumors. All neuroendocrine tumors were confirmed, diagnosed and classified using microscopic histomorphological features, immunohistochemical staining for neuroendocrine tumor-associated biomarkers. The pathological findings were confirmed by two experienced pathologists.
Tumor dominance: When the tumor had not metastasized, the tumor component in the primary tumor was greater than 50% of all tumors. If lymph node metastasis occurred, the number of metastatic lymph nodes in the tumor component was greater than 50% of all metastatic lymph nodes. gMANEC was divided into the neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) group and the adenocarcinoma (AC) group according to the type of tumor dominance: NEC-dominant type (Fig. 1a) and AC-dominant type (Fig. 1b).
Fig. 1
Different components in lymph node metastasis. (a) adenocarcinoma component. (b) neuroendocrine carcinoma component. (c) mixed components with neuroendocrine carcinoma and adenocarcinoma
×
Variables and definitions
Overall survival (OS) was recorded from the time of surgery to the last follow-up, date of death or the deadline of the follow-up database (such as lost to follow-up or other causes of death). Recurrence-free survival was the time from the first diagnosis to the initial recurrence. Post-recurrence survival was the time from the initial recurrence to the date of death. The following definitions for recurrent tumors were utilized: (1) local recurrence - gastric stump or anastomotic recurrence, metastasis to lymph nodes around the stomach; (2) hematogenous metastasis - metastasis to remote organs (e.g., the liver, lung, brain, bone) or to periaortic lymph nodes or lymph nodes outside the abdominal cavity; and (3) peritoneal recurrence - a tumor derived from the peritoneum or ovary [9]. A tumor size of 5 cm was considered the cut-off point. For Ki-67, 60% positive was considered the cut-off point [10].
Treatment
Operation: The surgical method, including radical total gastrectomy, radical distal gastrectomy and proximal gastrectomy, was selected depending on the tumor location. Lymph node dissection was performed according to Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines (13th edition) [11].
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Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with 5- fluorouracil (FU) was performed for patients at stage II or above.
Treatment for patients with recurrence: Patients with recurrence after postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy were treated with chemotherapy based on 5-FU plus taxol.
Statistical analysis
All of the data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 statistical software. The χ2 test was used to compare count data, and the binary logistic regression model was used to analyze independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis. OS and recurrence-free survival were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The log rank test was used to compare survival and recurrence rates. The Cox regression model was used for the multivariate analysis of prognosis. The pros and cons of the prognostic model were compared by combining the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). P < 0.05 was considered a significant difference.
Results
Clinicopathologic characteristics
Eighty patients with gMANEC were enrolled in this study from January 2007 to December 2016; 44 were in the NEC group, and 36 were in the AC group. Table 1 shows the clinicopathologic characteristics of the entire cohort (n = 80). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of male-female ratio, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage or Ki-67-positive index, although the NEC group exhibited larger tumor sizes.
Table 1
Patient Characteristics
NEC dominant type
AC dominant type
P value
Age(year)
0.071
< 65
16
21
≥ 65
28
15
Gender
0.798
Male
33
28
Female
11
8
ASA score
0.265
1
20
22
2
20
10
≥ 3
4
4
Tumor size(cm)
0.023
< 5
20
26
≥ 5
24
10
Tumor location
0.108
Upper
23
15
Middle
4
8
Lower
9
11
Diffuse
8
2
T stage
0.202
T1 + T2
5
8
T3
24
13
T4
15
15
N stage
0.095
N0
12
4
N1
32
32
TNM stage
0.268
I-II
11
5
III
33
31
Operation types
0.145
Total gastrectomy
34
22
Distal gastrectomy
10
14
Surgical method
0.631
Open
15
10
Laparoscopic
29
26
Complication
0.763
Yes
8
5
No
36
31
Ki-67 positive index (%)
0.26
< 60
16
18
≥ 60
28
18
Lymph node metastasis
There were 64 patients of lymph node metastasis and 16 patients without lymph node metastasis. A total of 328 lymph node metastases were identified in 73% (32/44) of NEC group patients, including 297 identified as simple NEC,26 identified as simple AC, and 5 identified as mixed components containing NEC and AC (Fig. 1c). A total of 269 lymph node metastases were identified in 89% (32/36) of the AC group patients, including 223 identified as simple AC, 34 identified as simple NEC, and 12 patients of mixed components containing NEC and AC (Fig. 2). In univariate analysis, T stage (P = 0.004) and age < 65 (P = 0.023) were associated with lymph node metastasis (Additional file 1: Table S1), and in the multivariate analysis, T stage (P = 0.010) and age < 65 (P = 0.016) were independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis (Table 2).
Fig. 2
The components of lymph node metastasis in the neuroendocrine carcinoma group and adenocarcinoma group
Table 2
Multivariate analysis of lymph node metastasis in the entire group
B
SE
Wald
HR
95%CI
P
T stage
T1 + T2
T3
1.856
0.888
4.369
6.397
1.123–36.455
0.037
T4
3.811
1.285
8.797
45.183
3.642–560.565
0.003
Age < 65
2.137
0.890
5.772
8.478
1.482–48.584
0.016
×
Overall survival
The 3-year OS for these 80 patients was 55%, with a median survival of 27 months. The 3-year survival rate of those with NEC-dominant-type tumors (40% vs. 75%, P = 0.006) was significantly worse than that of those with AC-dominant-type tumors (Fig. 3). According to the univariate analysis, an NEC-dominant type, a Ki-67-positive index ≥60%, and tumor size ≥5 cm were associated with poor OS. NEC dominance and Ki-67 positivity ≥60% were independent risk factors for OS in the multivariate analysis (Table 3).
Fig. 3
Kaplan-Meier survival curves for overall survival according to types of tumor dominance (NEC: neuroendocrine carcinoma; AC: adenocarcinoma)
Table 3
Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses of OS
Univariable
Multivariable
n
3-year OS (%)
P value
HR
95% CI
P value
Age(year)
0.738
< 65
37
54
≥ 65
43
49
Gender
0.74
Male
61
51
Female
19
56
ASA score
0.28
1
42
59
2
30
49
≥ 3
8
33
Tumor size (cm)
0.043
1.537
0.799–2.959
0.198
< 5
46
64
≥ 5
34
35
Tumor location
0.288
Upper
38
50
Middle
12
75
Lower
20
51
Diffuse
10
36
T stage
0.288
T1 + T2
13
81
T3
37
58
T4
30
36
N stage
0.327
N0
16
66
N1
64
49
TNM stage
0.235
I-II
16
65
III
67
49
Operation types
0.795
Total gastrectomy
56
52
Distal gastrectomy
24
53
Surgical method
0.084
Open
25
37
Laparoscopic
55
60
Complication
0.647
Yes
13
62
No
67
51
Ki-67positive index (%)
0.002
2.595
1.242–5.425
0.011
< 60
34
73
≥ 60
46
37
tumor component in the primary tumor
0.683
AC higher
34
51
NEC higher
46
44
Tumor domination
0.006
2.208
1.078–4.520
0.03
AC dominant type
36
68
NEC dominant type
44
45
Adjuvant chemotherapy
0.404
Yes
50
57
No
30
39
×
Recurrence-free survival
The median follow-up time was 42 months. The 3-year recurrence-free survival was 49%, and the median recurrence-free survival was 19 months. Patients with NEC-dominant-type tumors exhibited decreased recurrence-free survival compared to those with AC-dominant-type tumors (33% vs. 68%, P = 0.025), as shown in Fig. 4a. In addition, post-recurrence survival was significantly better for AC-dominant-type patients (10 months vs. 6 months, P = 0.042) (Fig. 4b). Among those with NEC-dominant-type tumors, recurrence occurred in 26 patients (60%), consisting of hematogenous recurrence in 17 (65%), peritoneal recurrence in 6 (23%) and local recurrence in 3 (12%). Among the AC-dominant-type patients, recurrence occurred in 13 (36%), including hematogenous recurrence in 7 (54%) and peritoneal recurrence in 6 (46%); this group had no local recurrence. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed NEC dominance and a Ki-67-positive index ≥60% to be independent risk factors for gMANEC recurrence (Table 4).
Fig. 4
Relationship between types of tumor dominance (NEC: neuroendocrine carcinoma; AC: adenocarcinoma) and prognosis. (a) Kaplan-Meier survival curves for recurrence-free survival; (b) Kaplan-Meier survival for curves survival time after recurrence
Table 4
Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses of RFS
Univariable
Multivariable
n
recurrence
P value
HR
95% CI
P value
Age(year)
0.663
< 65
37
22
≥ 65
43
17
Gender
0.915
Male
61
29
Female
19
10
ASA score
0.377
1
42
18
2
30
17
≥ 3
8
4
Tumor size (cm)
0.555
< 5
46
22
≥ 5
34
17
Tumor location
0.119
Upper
38
18
Middle
12
3
Lower
20
11
Diffuse
10
7
T stage
0.08
T1 + T2
13
4
T3
37
16
T4
30
19
N stage
0.182
N0
16
5
N1
64
34
TNM stage
0.249
I-II
16
6
III
67
33
Operation types
0.381
Total gastrectomy
56
25
Distal gastrectomy
24
14
Surgical method
0.162
Open
25
14
Laparoscopic
55
25
Complication
0.081
Yes
13
7
No
67
32
Ki-67positive index (%)
0.026
1.979
1.012–3.870
0.046
< 60
34
14
≥ 60
46
25
tumor component in the primary tumor
0.751
AC higher
34
16
NEC higher
46
23
Tumor domination
0.025
1.993
1.016–3.909
0.045
AC dominant type
36
13
NEC dominant type
44
26
Adjuvant chemotherapy
0.807
Yes
50
27
No
30
12
×
ROC curve prediction of OS and recurrence-free survival
The discriminative power of the predictive model was expressed as the AUC comparing the degree of similarity between the predicted and actual values. For the 3-year OS, the AUC was 0.574, 0.642 and 0.644 using TNM staging, tumor proportion and the Ki-67-positive index, respectively, with a combined AUC of 0.727 (Fig. 5a). For 3-year recurrence-free survival, the AUC was 0.561, 0.614 and 0.564 using TNM staging, tumor fraction, and Ki-67-positive index, respectively, with a combined AUC of 0.657 (Fig. 5b).
Fig. 5
Area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of different prognostic factors. (a) ROC curve for overall survival; (b) ROC curve recurrence-free survival
×
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The impact of tumor dominance on chemotherapy efficacy
Fifty patients (60%) received 5-FU-based adjuvant chemotherapy; 30 patients did not. There were no differences in OS and recurrence-free survival between patients that received chemotherapy and those that did not (median OS, 28 vs. 22 months, P = 0.404; median recurrence-free survival, 14 vs. 15 months, P = 0.807) (Fig. 6a, b). Patients in the AC group treated with adjuvant chemotherapy had a significantly better OS than those that did not receive chemotherapy (median OS, 43 vs. 13 months, P = 0.026) (Fig. 6c). In contrast, patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy in the NEC group had a similar OS to those who did not receive chemotherapy (median OS, 19 vs. 29 months, P = 0.398) (Fig. 6d).
Fig. 6
Relationship between adjuvant chemotherapy and prognosis. (a) Comparison of overall survival between patients with adjuvant chemotherapy and patients without adjuvant chemotherapy. (b) Comparison of recurrence-free survival between patients with adjuvant chemotherapy and patients without adjuvant chemotherapy. (c) Comparison of effects of adjuvant chemotherapy and non-chemotherapy on overall survival in adenocarcinoma-dominant-type patients. (d) Comparison of effects of adjuvant chemotherapy and non-chemotherapy on overall survival in neuroendocrine carcinoma-dominant-type patients
×
Discussion
There are two hypotheses regarding the origin of gMANEC. The first postulates that AC cells differentiate into neuroendocrine cancer cells [12]; the second posits that monoclonal pluripotent stem cells differentiate into two types of cells [13, 14]. Patients with AC and NEC not only have different prognoses but receive different treatments [15]. Previous research revealed that the clinical features of gMANEC largely depend on the proportion of neuroendocrine cancer components [16, 17]. Fernandes et al. conclude that gMANEC prognosis depends on the more aggressive component [18]. Among 21 gMANEC patients, the proportion of primary tumor components was revealed to be an independent prognostic factor, with a higher rate of NEC component indicating a worse prognosis [19]. In lymph node metastasis-negative (N-) gMANEC, the tumor component present in a higher proportion of the primary tumor suggests the predominant tumor growth. In this study, gMANEC was grouped according to the ratio of primary tumor components in N- patients. For example, if the tumor was more than 50% AC, it was considered the AC-dominant type. In lymph node positive (N+) gMANEC, we found that the composition of the primary tumor was not a factor influencing lymph node metastasis, indicating that tumor components in the primary tumor do not fully reflect malignancy in N+ patients. Therefore, positive lymph nodes in every patient were calculated, and the metastatic components from each positive lymph node were identified. If the lymph node metastases contained more than 50% AC components in N+ patients, the patient was placed in the AC-dominant type group; otherwise, the patient was classified with the NEC-dominant type. For example, if a patient had 10 positive lymph nodes, including 6 simple AC components, 4 simple NEC components, indicating that AC components were 60% (more than 50%); this patient would be placed into the AC group. Thus, gMANEC was divided into two groups: AC and NEC. By comparing OS and recurrence-free survival between these groups, we revealed that this typing method exhibits good prognostic differentiation.
Accurate prognostic prediction is crucial for patients with gMANEC who undergo radical surgery. However, the ability of TNM staging to predict prognosis in those with NEC remains controversial [20, 21]. To our knowledge, whether TNM staging accurately predicts gMANEC prognosis has not been reported. In this study, discriminatory power was limited when using TNM staging to predict gMANEC prognosis (predicted AUC of 0.574 for 3-year OS and 0.561 for 3-year recurrence-free survival). Therefore, we established a prognostic model based on TNM staging combined with the tumor composition ratio and Ki-67 index to provide a reference for identifying patients with a poor prognosis. The model included only two postoperative pathological indicators, which are simple and easily obtained by routine postoperative pathological examination. Overall, the predictive model had good discriminatory ability. The AUCs of the 3-year OS and 3-year recurrence-free survival were 0.727 and 0.657, respectively.
There is no uniform regimen for adjuvant chemotherapy to treat gMANEC. An irinotecan plus cisplatin regimen has yielded good results for NEC [22]. However, Shen et al. used irinotecan plus cisplatin and cisplatin plus etoposide as adjuvant chemotherapy to treat postoperative gMANEC and NEC and showed a similar prognosis between the chemotherapy and non-chemotherapy groups, suggesting that postoperative chemotherapy has no benefit. Accordingly, platinum-based chemotherapy has been recommended as a first-line treatment for gMANEC. In our study, the OS of patients in the AC group treated with adjuvant chemotherapy was significantly better than that of patients that did not receive chemotherapy (median survival time 43 months vs. 13 months, P = 0.026), whereas there was no OS advantage for patients in the NEC group that received adjuvant chemotherapy (median survival time 19 months vs. 29 months, P = 0.398). Post-recurrence survival among patients in the AC group was also significantly longer than in the NEC group (10 months vs. 6 months, P = 0.042). These results indicate that patients in the AC group may benefit from 5-FU-based chemotherapy, which is a popular choice to treat AC.
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To our knowledge, this study is the first large-scale study to independently investigate gMANEC prognosis and recurrence. Notably, we classified tumors into the NEC group and the AC group according to gMANEC pathological features. Our results revealed that adjuvant chemotherapy based on 5-FU only benefitted patients in the AC group, suggesting that the clinical modality of gastric AC may be more suitable for AC-dominant-type gMANEC and providing a basis for individualized gMANEC treatment.
This study has several limitations. 1. There is a certain selection bias due to the single-center, retrospective nature of the study. 2. The data are from Eastern countries, with a lack of external verification data, especially from Western countries; thus, multi-center, prospective, large-sample analyses are needed for confirmation of the results.
Conclusion
Presence of NEC-dominant disease and a Ki-67-positive index ≥60% were significantly associated with worse survival and a higher recurrence rate in gMANEC patients. NEC patients may benefit from receiving gastric adjuvant chemotherapy treatments.
Acknowledgements
We thank all the efforts made by the staff of Fujian Medical University Union Hospital Department of Gastric Surgery.
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Funding
This work was supported by the Scientific and Technological Innovation Joint Capital Projects of Fujian Province (2016Y9031) and the Construction Project of Fujian Province Minimally Invasive Medical Center (No. [2017]171). A second source of special support funds was provided by the Fujian Province Innovation and Entrepreneurship Talents (2016B013), the Fujian Province Medical Innovation Project (2015-CXB-16), the MiaoPu Fund for Scientific Research, Fujian Medical University (No.2014MP022), the Chinese Physicians’ Association Young Physician Respiratory Research Fund and QIHANG funds from Fujian Medical University (No. 2016QH025). These funding bodies had no involvement in design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.
Availability of data and materials
The dataset analyzed for this study is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study obtained approval from the Independent Ethics Committee of the Fujian Medical University Union Hospital to identify patients diagnosed with gastric cancer in our center. Written consent was provided by the patients for their information and specimens to be stored in the hospital database and used in research. Patient records were anonymized and de-identified before analysis.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Prognostic factors for survival after curative resection of gastric mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma: a series of 80 patients
verfasst von
Jian-Wei Xie Jun Lu Jia-Bin Wang Jian-Xian Lin Qi-Yue Chen Long-Long Cao Mi Lin Ru-Hong Tu Ze-Ning Huang Ju-Li Lin Chao-Hui Zheng Ping Li Chang-Ming Huang
