Background
Ethics
Methods
Data sources
Statistical analyses
Results
Characteristics of the sample
Characteristic | n | % |
---|---|---|
Individual level factors
| ||
Parental factor
| ||
Maternal working status | ||
Non-working | 984 | 13.4 |
Working (past 12 months) | 6340 | 86.6 |
Maternal education | ||
No education | 1887 | 25.8 |
Primary | 4982 | 68.0 |
Secondary and above | 456 | 6.2 |
Partner's occupation | ||
Non agriculture | 2168 | 29.6 |
Agriculture | 4759 | 65.0 |
Not working | 398 | 5.4 |
Partner's education (n = 6932) | ||
No education | 1266 | 18.3 |
Primary | 5090 | 73.4 |
Secondary and above | 576 | 8.3 |
Mother's age | ||
15–24 years | 2188 | 29.9 |
25–34 years | 3310 | 45.2 |
35-49 years | 1826 | 24.9 |
Mother's age at birth | ||
< 19 years | 1091 | 14.9 |
20–29 years | 3805 | 52.0 |
30–39 years | 2141 | 29.2 |
40 and above | 288 | 3.9 |
Marital status | ||
Currently married | 6260 | 85.5 |
Formerly married (div/sep/widow) | 701 | 9.6 |
Never married | 363 | 5.0 |
Birth order | ||
First-born | 1439 | 19.6 |
2nd -4th | 3546 | 48.4 |
5 or more | 2339 | 31.9 |
Preceding birth interval | ||
No previous birth | 1439 | 19.7 |
< 24 months | 895 | 12.2 |
> 24 months | 4979 | 68.1 |
Place of delivery | ||
Home | 3684 | 50.3 |
Health facility | 3640 | 49.7 |
Mode of delivery (n = 7301) | ||
Non-caesarean | 6987 | 95.7 |
Caesarean | 314 | 4.3 |
Type of delivery assistance (n = 7193) | ||
Health professional | 3567 | 49.6 |
Traditional birth attendant | 976 | 13.6 |
Relatives and other untrained personnel | 2388 | 33.2 |
No one | 262 | 3.6 |
Antenatal clinic visits (n = 5134) | ||
None | 98 | 1.9 |
1–3. | 2839 | 55.3 |
4+ | 2198 | 42.8 |
Timing of postnatal check-up (n = 7235) | ||
No check-ups (including missing) | 5536 | 76.5 |
0–2 days | 814 | 11.2 |
3–6 days | 327 | 4.5 |
7 + days | 559 | 7.7 |
Maternal BMI (n = 7240) | ||
<= 18.5 (kg/m2) | 668 | 9.2 |
> 18.5 (kg/m2) | 6572 | 90.8 |
Child breastfeeding (BF) status | ||
Exclusive BF | 840 | 11.5 |
BF + water | 177 | 2.4 |
BF + supplementsa | 3499 | 47.8 |
No BF | 2809 | 38.4 |
Mother is literate (n = 7257) | ||
No | 3024 | 41.7 |
Yes | 4233 | 58.3 |
Mother read newspaper (n = 7317) | ||
No | 6418 | 87.7 |
Yes | 900 | 12.3 |
Mother listened to the radio (n = 7322) | ||
No | 3537 | 48.3 |
Yes | 3785 | 51.7 |
Mother watched TV | ||
No | 6342 | 86.6 |
Yes | 982 | 13.4 |
Child level factors
| ||
Sex of baby | ||
Male | 3647 | 49.8 |
Female | 3678 | 50.2 |
Size of baby | ||
Small | 562 | 7.9 |
Average | 4992 | 70.6 |
Large | 1522 | 21.5 |
Child had diarrhoea in the last 2 weeks (n = 7308) | ||
No | 6207 | 84.9 |
Yes | 1101 | 15.1 |
Child had fever in last two weeks (n = 7303) | ||
No | 5560 | 76.1 |
Yes | 1743 | 23.9 |
Household level factors
| ||
Wealth Index | ||
Poorest | 1566 | 21.4 |
Poorer | 1747 | 23.9 |
Middle | 1647 | 22.5 |
Rich | 1369 | 18.7 |
Richest | 996 | 13.6 |
Source of drinking water | ||
Protected | 3088 | 42.2 |
Unprotected | 4237 | 57.8 |
Community level factors
| ||
Type of residence | ||
Urban | 1442 | 19.7 |
Rural | 5883 | 80.3 |
Geographic Zones | ||
Northern | 956 | 13.1 |
Eastern | 849 | 11.6 |
Western | 1547 | 21.1 |
Southern Highlands | 1016 | 13.9 |
Lake | 1487 | 20.3 |
Southern | 567 | 7.7 |
Central | 708 | 9.7 |
Zanzibar | 196 | 2.7 |
Multivariate analyses
Characteristic | Stunted children 0–23 Months | Stunted children 0–59 Months | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted OR [95 % CI] |
P
| Adjusted OR [95 % CI] |
P
| Unadjusted OR [95 % CI] |
p
| Adjusted OR [95 % CI] |
p
| |
Parental factor
| ||||||||
Maternal working status | ||||||||
Non-working | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Working (past 12 months) | 1.57 [1.19–2.07] | 0.002 | 1.23 [1.02–1.49] | 0.029 | ||||
Maternal education | ||||||||
Secondary and above | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Primary | 2.08 [1.33–3.26] | 0.001 | 1.82 [1.15–2.86] | 0.011 | 2.26 [1.61–3.18] | <0.0001 | 1.53 [1.07–2..19] | 0.019 |
No education | 2.51 [1.59–3.96] | <0.001 | 2.26 [1.41–3.60] | 0.001 | 2.54 [1.77–3.64] | <0.0001 | 1.61 [1.08–2.40] | 0.019 |
Partner's occupation | ||||||||
Not working | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Agriculture | 1.57 [1.06–2.30] | 0.023 | 1.62 [1.05–2.49] | 0.027 | 1.42 [1.21–1.67] | <0.001 | ||
Non agriculture | 1.07 [0.72–1.59] | 0.712 | 1.30 [0.80–2.04] | 0.233 | 0.98 [0.72–1.32] | 0.889 | ||
Partner's education | ||||||||
Secondary and above | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Primary | 2.19 [1.44–3.03] | <0.001 | 2.08 [1.58–2.14] | <0.001 | ||||
No education | 1.74 [1.12–2.72] | 0.014 | 2.02 [1.51–2.71] | <0.001 | ||||
Mother's age (years) | ||||||||
15–24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
25–34 | 0..86 [0.70–1.05] | 0.145 | 0.92 [0.80–1.06] | 0.246 | ||||
35–49 | 1.20 [0.93–1.55] | 0.168 | 1.10 [0.93–1.31] | 0.277 | ||||
Mother's age at child’s birth (years) | ||||||||
20–29 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
30–39 | 1.21 [0.95–1.53] | 0.111 | 1.18 [0.93–1.52] | 0.175 | 1.15 [0.99–1.33] | 0.060 | ||
≥ 40 | 1.47 [0.92–2.35] | 0.106 | 1.66 [1.02–2.70] | 0.040 | 1.13 [0.83–1.54] | 0.259 | ||
< 20 | 1.53 [1.17–2.01] | 0.002 | 1.77 [1.27- 2.46] | 0.001 | 1.28 [1.07–1.53] | 0.006 | ||
Marital status | ||||||||
Currently married | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Formerly married+ | 1.27 [0.87–1.84] | 0.211 | 1.18 [0.94–1.48] | 0.149 | ||||
Never married | 0 .78 [0.53–1.15] | 0.209 | 0.80 [0.57–1.11] | 0.184 | ||||
Birth order | ||||||||
First-born | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
2nd -4th | 0.96 [0.74–1.24] | 0.736 | 1.04 [0.89–1.22] | 0.602 | ||||
5+ | 1.03 [0.77–1.36] | 0.854 | 1.10 [0.92–1.31] | 0.302 | ||||
Preceding birth interval | ||||||||
No previous birth | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
< 24 months | 1.09 [0.75–1.59] | 0.644 | 1.25 [0.99–1.58] | 0.066 | ||||
> 24 months | 0.97 [0.75–1.24] | 0.792 | 1.04 [0.89–1.20] | 0.651 | ||||
Place of delivery | ||||||||
Home | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Health facility | 0.81 [0.65–1.00] | 0.053 | 0.76 [0.65–0.88] | <.0001 | ||||
Type of delivery assistance | ||||||||
Health professional | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Traditional birth attendant | 1.44 [ 1.09–1.91] | 0.010 | 1.55 [1.28–1.88] | <0.001 | ||||
Relatives or other | 1.28 [0.99–1.64] | 0.052 | 1.33 [1.13–1.57] | 0.001 | ||||
No one | 0.61 [0.32–1.16] | 0.130 | 0.96 [0.68–1.37] | 0.831 | ||||
Mode of delivery | ||||||||
Non-caesarean | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Caesarean | 0.75 [0 .48–1.15] | 0.188 | 0.70 [0.51–0.98] | 0.035 | ||||
Timing of postnatal check-up | ||||||||
No check-ups& | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
0-2 days | 0.95 [0.73–1.25] | 0.729 | 0.85 [0.70–1.03] | 0.101 | ||||
3-6 days | 1.04 [0.67–1.59] | 0.874 | 0.99 [0.72–1.35] | 0.927 | ||||
7 + days | 0.71 [0.51–0.98] | 0.040 | 0.73 [0.57–0.92] | 0.011 | ||||
Antenatal clinic visits | ||||||||
None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
1-3. | 0.62 [0.39–0.98] | 0.043 | 0.75 [0.65–0.87] | <0.001 | 0.78 [0.65–0.95] | 0.017 | ||
4+ | 0.59 [0.38–0.92] | 0.020 | 0.71 [0.61–0.84] | <0.001 | 0.82 [0.65–1.02] | 0.080 | ||
Maternal BMI (kgm−2) | ||||||||
> 18.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
< 18.5 | 1.54 [1.17–2.03] | 0.002 | 1.46 [1.21–1.77] | <0.001 | 1.38 [1.12–1.69] | 0.002 | ||
Child BF status | ||||||||
Exclusive BF | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
BF + water | 0.94 [0.59–1.70] | 0.836 | 1.04 [0.68–1.59] | 0.869 | 1.09 [0.71–1.67] | 0.668 | ||
BF + supplements | 2.11 [1.51, 2.94] | <0.001 | 1.20 [0.98–1.46] | 0.076 | 1.26 [1.03–1.53] | 0.022 | ||
No BF | 5.07 [3.40–7.56] | <0.001 | 1.69 [1.38–2.06] | <0.001 | 2.02 [1.65–2.46 | <0.001 | ||
Mother is literate | ||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 0.93 [0.77–1.12] | 0.450 | 1.36 [1.03–1.82] | 0.032 | 0.82 [0.72–0.93] | 0.003 | ||
Mother read newspaper | ||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Yes | 0.93 [0.70–1.24] | 0.625 | 0.87 [0.71–1.07] | 0.183 | ||||
Mother listened to the radio | ||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Yes | 1.06 [0.87–1.29] | 0.537 | 0 .92 [0.81–1.04] | 0.190 | ||||
Mother watched television | ||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Yes | 0.79 [0.57–1.08] | 0.141 | 0.63 [0.50–0.81] | <0.001 | ||||
Child level factors
| ||||||||
Child’s age | 1.11 [1.09–1.13] | <0.001 | 1.11[1.10–1.13] | 1.01 [1.01–1.02] | <0.001 | |||
Sex of baby | ||||||||
Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Male | 1.42 [1.17–1.73] | <0.001 | 1.66 [1.34–2.06] | <0.001 | 1.36 [1.21–1.52] | <0.001 | 1.39 [1.23–1.58] | <0.001 |
Size of baby | ||||||||
Large | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Average | 1.30 [1.03–1.64] | 0.028 | 1.39 [1.09–1.77] | 0.007 | 1.23 [1.07–1.40] | 0.002 | 1.18 [1.03–1.34] | 0.015 |
Very small | 1.93 [1.33–2.81] | <0.001 | 2.23 [1.47–3.38] | <0.001 | 1.82 [1.45–2.29] | <0.001 | 1.92 [1.52–2.43] | <0.001 |
Child had diarrhoea (past 2 weeks) | ||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Yes | 1.11 [0..87–1.41] | 0.407 | 1.03 [0.87–1.22] | 0.715 | ||||
Child had fever in (past two weeks) | ||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Yes | 1.19 [0.96–1.46] | 0.115 | 1.02 [0.88–1.18] | 0.754 | ||||
Household level factors
| ||||||||
Household wealth index | ||||||||
Richest | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Richer | 1.35 [0.89–2.04] | 0.155 | 1.68 [1.25–2.25] | 0.001 | 1.40 [1.03–1.89] | 0.030 | ||
Middle | 1.49 [0.99–2.26] | 0.057 | 2.06 [1.55–2.74] | <0.001 | 1.67 [1.23–2.28] | 0.001 | ||
Poorer | 1.49 [0.99–2.25] | 0.057 | 2.12 [1.58–2.83] | <0.001 | 1.81 [1.34–2.45] | <0.001 | ||
Poorest | 1.85 [1.25–2.74] | 0.002 | 2.48 [1.87–3.29] | <0.001 | 1.95 [1.43–2.65] | <0.001 | ||
Source of drinking water | ||||||||
Protected | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Unprotected | 1.48 [1.19–1.84] | <0.001 | 1.33 [1.04–1.70] | 0.020 | 1.42 [1.23–1.63] | <0.001 | 1.26 [1.08–1.46] | 0.002 |
Community level factors
| ||||||||
Type of residence | ||||||||
Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Rural | 1.40 [1.06–1.85] | 0.019 | 1.76 [1.43–2.17] | <0.001 | ||||
Geographic Zones | ||||||||
Northern | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Eastern | 0.84 [0.51–1.37] | 0.486 | 0.62 [0.44–0.86] | 0.005 | ||||
Western | 1.35 [0.96–1.90] | 0.085 | 0.95 [0.75–1.19] | 0.640 | ||||
Southern Highlands | 1.59 [1.05–2.39] | 0.026 | 1.39 [1.01–1.90] | 0.043 | ||||
Lake | 0.93 [0.67–1.28] | 0.654 | 0.83 [0.65–1.05] | 0.124 | ||||
Southern | 1.15 [0.78–1.71] | 0.482 | 1.08 [0.85–1.38] | 0.527 | ||||
Central | 1.55 [1.09–2.19] | 0.014 | 1.30 [0.99–1.70] | 0.063 | ||||
Zanzibar | 0.81 [0.58–2.18] | 0.222 | 0.55 [0.43–0.71] | <0.001 |
Characteristic | Severely stunted children 0–23 Months | Severely stunted children 0–59 Months | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted OR [95 % CI] |
P
| Adjusted OR [95 % CI] |
p
| Unadjusted OR [95 % CI] |
p
| Adjusted OR [95 % CI] |
p
| |
Parental factor
| ||||||||
Maternal working status | ||||||||
Non-working | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Working (past 12 months) | 1.15 [0.77–1.70] | 0.497 | 1.05 [0.78–1.40] | 0.761 | ||||
Maternal education | ||||||||
Secondary and above | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Primary | 3.44 [1.68–7.02] | 0.001 | 3.63 [1.58–8.28] | 0.002 | 3.28 [2.04–5.27] | <0.001 | 1.95 [1.12–3.41] | 0.017 |
No education | 4.41 [2.22–8.76] | <0.001 | 4.86 [2.08–11.35] | <0.001 | 4.50 [2.74–7.39] | <0.001 | 2.57 [1.46–4.50] | 0.001 |
Partner's occupation | ||||||||
Non agriculture | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Agriculture | 1.43 [1.01–2.03] | 0.046 | 1.50 [1.22–1.84] | <0.001 | ||||
Not working | 0.73 [0.38–1.41] | 0.352 | 1.08 [0.72–1.61] | 0.721 | ||||
Partner's education | ||||||||
Secondary and above | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Primary | 1.99 [1.16–3.44] | 0.013 | 2.57 [1.80–3.66] | <0.001 | 1.79 [1.19–2.71] | 0.005 | ||
No education | 1.87 [1.03–3.40] | 0.041 | 2.92 [1.94–4.39] | <0.001 | 1.71 [1.07–2.72] | 0.022 | ||
Mother's age | ||||||||
15–24 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
25–34 years | 0.98 [0.73–1.30] | 0.873 | 1.14 [0.92–1.42] | 0.212 | ||||
35-49 years | 1.46 [0.99–2.14] | 0.054 | 1.27 [0.96–1.66] | 0.089 | ||||
Mother's age at birth | ||||||||
< 19 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
20–29 years | 0.61 [0.43–0.88] | 0.009 | 0.87 [0.67–1.12] | 0.293 | ||||
30–39 years | 0.97 [0.64–1.47] | 0.893 | 1.08 [0.81–1.45] | 0.597 | ||||
40 and above | 0.88 [0.44–1.76] | 0.726 | 0.93 [0.57–1.52] | 0.774 | ||||
Marital status | ||||||||
Currently married | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Formerly married+ | 1.49 [0.93–2.39] | 0.099 | 1.33 [0.98–1.79] | 0.064 | ||||
Never married | 0.60 [0.33–1.10] | 0.101 | 0.80 [0.52–1.22] | 0.301 | ||||
Birth order | ||||||||
First-born | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
2nd -4th | 0.94 [0.65–1.35] | 0.734 | 1.24 [0.98–1.56] | 0.074 | ||||
5 or more | 1.06 [0.71–1.57] | 0.781 | 1.34 [1.02–1.72] | 0.034 | ||||
Preceding birth interval | ||||||||
No previous birth | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
< 24 months | 1.28 [0.80–2.04] | 0.296 | 1.52 [1.15–2.02] | 0.003 | ||||
> 24 months | 0.94 [0.65–1.34] | 0.721 | 1.23 [0.97–1.54] | 0.081 | ||||
Place of delivery | ||||||||
Home | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Health facility | 0.68 [0.52–0.91] | 0.010 | 0.68 [0.57–0.83] | <0.001 | ||||
Mode of delivery | ||||||||
Non-caesarean | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Caesarean | 0.77 [0.34–1.72] | 0.520 | 0.82 [0.49–1.35] | 0.435 | ||||
Type of delivery assistance | ||||||||
Health professional | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Traditional birth attendant | 1.70 [1.19–2.42] | 0.003 | 1.88 [1.46–2.43] | <0.001 | 1.51 [1.15–1.99] | 0.003 | ||
Relatives and other | 1.57 [1.14–2.19] | 0.006 | 1.57 [1.27–1.94] | <0.001 | 1.34 [1.06–1.70] | 0.014 | ||
No one | 0.89[0.34–2.34] | 0.816 | 0.79 [0.47–1.33] | 0.385 | 0.78 [0.44–1.39] | 0.409 | ||
Antenatal clinic visits | ||||||||
4+ | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
1-3. | 1.22 [0.90–1.66] | 0.179 | 1.23[0.89–1.67] | 0.199 | 1.25 [1.01–1.54] | 0.043 | ||
None | 2.62 [1.57–4.38] | <0.001 | 2.01[1.17–3.46] | 0.012 | 1.38 [1.11–1.72] | 0.004 | ||
Timing of postnatal check-up | ||||||||
No check-ups& | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
0-2 days | 0.94 [0.66–1.34] | 0.726 | 0.82 [0.64–1.06] | 0.124 | ||||
3-6 days | 1.11 [0.64–1.95] | 0.703 | 1.11 [0.70–1.72] | 0.684 | ||||
7 + days | 0.75 [0.48–1.17] | 0.207 | 0.84 [0.63–1.12] | 0.239 | ||||
Maternal BMI | ||||||||
> 18.5 (kg/m2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
<= 18.5 (kg/m2) | 1.77 [1.20–2.62] | 0.004 | 1.59 [1.05–2.41] | 0.028 | 1.67 [1.28–2.19] | <0.001 | 1.50 [1.11–2.02] | 0.008 |
Child BF status | ||||||||
Exclusive BF | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
BF + water | 0.84 [0.29–2.45] | 0.756 | 0.71 [0.34–1.36] | 0.303 | ||||
BF + supplements | 1.74 [1.04–2.92] | 0.035 | 0.96 [0.76–1.27] | 0.772 | ||||
No BF | 3.07 [1.80–5.23] | <0.001 | 1.16 [0.89–1.51] | 0.270 | ||||
Mother was literate | ||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Yes | 0.85 [0.65–1.09] | 0.209 | 0.71 [0.60– 0.85] | <0.001 | ||||
Listening to radio | ||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Yes | 0.89 [0.67–1.18] | 0.445 | 0.80 [0.67–0.94] | 0.009 | ||||
Mother read newspaper/magazine | ||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Yes | 0.81 [0.55–1.19] | 0.292 | 0.82 [0.64–1.04] | 0.114 | ||||
Mother watched TV | ||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Yes | 0.79 [0.51–1.21] | 0.278 | 0.67 [0.50–0.90] | 0.007 | ||||
Child level factors
| ||||||||
Child’s age | 1.06 [1.09–1.11] | <0.001 | 1.09 [1.07–1.12] | <0.001 | 1.00 [1.00–1.01] | 0.002 | ||
Sex of baby | ||||||||
Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Male | 1.46 [1.13–1.89] | 0.003 | 1.63 [1.22–2.16] | 0.001 | 1.36 [1.17–1.58] | <0.001 | 1.45 [1.23–1.72] | <0.001 |
Size of baby | ||||||||
Large | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Average | 1.60 [1.15–2.24] | 0.005 | 1.65 [1.18–2.31] | 0.004 | 1.55 [1.25–1.90] | <0.001 | 1.48 [1.19–1.84] | <0.001 |
Very small | 3.06 [1.77–5.29] | <0.001 | 3.26 [1.80–5.90] | <0.001 | 2.54 [1.88–3.43] | <0.001 | 2.64 [1.92–3.63] | <0.001 |
Child had diarrhoea in the last 2 weeks | ||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Yes | 1.06 [0.75–1.51] | 0.738 | 1.15 [0.92–1.42] | 0.212 | ||||
Child had fever in last 2 weeks | ||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Yes | 1.19 [0.87–1.62] | 0.272 | 0.99 [0.78–1.25] | 0.941 | ||||
Household level factors
| ||||||||
Wealth Index | ||||||||
Poorest | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Poorer | 1.01 [0.56–1.82] | 0.979 | 1.50 [0.96–2.35] | 0.074 | ||||
Middle | 1.18 [0.64–2.18] | 0.585 | 1.77 [1.19–2.63] | 0.005 | ||||
Rich | 1.51 [0.86–2.65] | 0.147 | 2.29 [1.54–3.41] | <0.001 | ||||
Richest | 1.52 [0.85–2.75] | 0.159 | 2.39 [1.59–3.58] | <0.001 | ||||
Source of drinking water | ||||||||
Protected | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Unprotected | 1.58 [1.15–2.18] | 0.005 | 1.50 [1.05–2.14] | 0.025 | 1.58 [1.29–1.94] | <0.001 | 1.22 [1.13–1.79] | 0.003 |
Community level factors
| ||||||||
Type of residence | ||||||||
Rural | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Urban | 1.06 [0.74–1.53] | 0.734 | 1.52 [1.02–2.27] | 0.040 | 1.54 [1.16–2.05] | 0.003 | ||
Geographic Zones | ||||||||
Northern | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Eastern | 0.81 [0.40–1.60] | 0.530 | 0.65 [0.35–1.03] | 0.065 | 0.74 [0.43–1.27] | 0.281 | ||
Western | 1.09 [0.69–1.73] | 0.692 | 0.70 [0.48–1.02] | 0.065 | 0.64 [0.42–0.95] | 0.028 | ||
Southern Highlands | 1.28 [0.76–2.15] | 0.351 | 1.15 [0.77–1.71] | 0.473 | 1.13 [0.75–1.71] | 0.546 | ||
Lake | 0.78 [0.45–1.37] | 0.389 | 0.74 [0.48–1.16] | 0.199 | 0.73 [0.46–1.13] | 0.164 | ||
Southern | 0.98 [0.57–1.70] | 0.961 | 0.97 [0.66–1.43] | 0.888 | 0.96 [0.65–1.43] | 0.876 | ||
Central | 1.53 [0.91–2.56] | 0.105 | 1.31 [0.89–1.92] | 0.165 | 1.15 [0.77–1.70] | 0.484 | ||
Zanzibar | 0.93 [0.57–1.50] | 0.765 | 0.59 [0.40–0.86] | 0.007 | 0.80 [0.52–1.24] | 0.327 |