Background
Methods
Sampling method
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Stunting (low height for age) is defined as a Z-score < −2 SD of the reference population. It refers to a chronic nutritional disorder.
Data analysis
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Child’s age, and sex.
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Mother’s and father’s education were categorized into low level of education (illiterate, primary school, and preparatory school), moderate level of education (secondary school), and high education level (graduate or postgraduate university).
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Mother’s employment was identified as working or housewife, and father’s job was identified as working or not working.
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Household’s monthly income.
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Household’s size.
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Mother’s height was measured in meters and categorized as <1.55 m, 1.55–1.60 m, or >1.60 m.
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Mother’s age at the birth of her child categorized as: (<20 years of age, 20–30 years, or >30 years).
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Child’s birth order (the child’s birth order is the position of child birth order regarding his/her siblings in the household).
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Breastfeeding practices.
Ethical issues
Pilot study
Results
Variables | Frequency (n) | Percent (%) |
---|---|---|
Geographical location | ||
Urban area | 100 | 28.0 |
Refugee camp | 217 | 60.8 |
Rural area | 40 | 11.2 |
Child’s sex | ||
Boy | 188 | 52.7 |
Girl | 169 | 47.3 |
Child’s age (month) Mean 39.58 ± 10.74 | ||
24–35 | 153 | 42.9 |
36–47 | 111 | 31.1 |
48–60 | 93 | 26.0 |
Child’s birth order Mean 3.99 ± 2.34 | ||
Mother’s age at child’s birth (year) Mean 30.80 ± 6.39 | ||
> 30.0 | 111 | 31.1 |
20–30 | 203 | 56.9 |
< 20.0 | 43 | 12.0 |
Mother’s educational level | ||
Illiterate & Elementary | 20 | 5.6 |
Preparatory | 118 | 33.1 |
Secondary | 140 | 39.2 |
University Graduate | 79 | 22.1 |
Mother’s job | ||
Employed mother | 18 | 5.0 |
Housewife | 339 | 95.0 |
Father’s educational level | ||
Illiterate & Elementary | 29 | 8.1 |
Preparatory | 100 | 28.0 |
Secondary | 95 | 26.6 |
University Graduate | 123 | 34.5 |
Post graduate | 10 | 2.8 |
Father’s job | ||
Working | 275 | 77.0 |
Not working | 82 | 23.0 |
Household size Mean 6.50 ± 1.99 | ||
Monthly income (Shekel)* | ||
> 1400 | 109 | 30.5 |
1000–1400 | 107 | 30.0 |
< 1400 | 141 | 39.5 |
Breastfeeding | ||
Yes | 349 | 97.7 |
No | 8 | 2.3 |
Exclusive Breastfeeding* | ||
Yes | 87 | 24.4 |
No | 270 | 75.6 |
Mother’s height (m) Mean 1.59 ± 0.06 | ||
> 1.60 | 147 | 41.1 |
1.55–1.60 | 128 | 35.9 |
< 1.55 | 82 | 23.0 |
Consanguinity between parents | ||
Yes | 138 | 38.7 |
No | 219 | 61.3 |
Variables | Frequency (n = 357) | Percent (%) | Mean (SD) |
---|---|---|---|
Child’s body weight/kg | 14.20(2.42) | ||
Child’s body height/cm | 94.14(7.94) | ||
Height for Age (HAZ) | |||
Normal (−1.0-to 2.0) | 170 | 47.6 | |
Mild Stunting (−2.0-to < −1.0) | 117 | 32.8 | |
Moderate Stunting (−3.0 ≤ to <−2.0) | 70 | 19.6 |
Variables | Urban | Rural | Refugee camp |
P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 100)(%) | (n = 40)(%) | (n = 217) (%) | ||
Stunting | 17(17.0) | 4(10.0) | 49(22.6) | 0.136 |
Normal | 83(83.0) | 36(90.0) | 168(77.4) |
Variables | Simple logistic regression | Binary logistic regressiona
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Crude OR (95% CI) |
P-value | Exp(B) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
P-value | |
Geographical location1
| −0.61 | 0.54(0.17,1.72) | 0.300 | – | – | – |
Geographical location2
| 0.35 | 1.42(0.77,2.62) | 0.257 | – | – | – |
Child age | −0.01 | 0.98(0.96,1.01) | 0.224 | – | – | – |
Child’s sex | −0.37 | 0.69(0.40,1.17) | 0.172 | – | – | – |
Mother’s age at child birth1
| 0.71 | 1.18(0.65,2.17) | 0.575 | – | ||
Mother’s age at child birth2
| 0.51 | 1.66(0.71,3.87) | 0.237 | – | ||
Mother’s education1
| 0.79 | 2.21(1.02,4.76) | 0.042 | – | ||
Mother’s education2
| 0.47 | 1.60(0.72,3.52) | 0.242 | – | ||
Family members | 0.05 | 1.05(0.93, 1.18) | 0.412 | – | – | – |
Father’s education1
| 0.34 | 1.41(0.76,2.65) | 0.278 | – | – | – |
Father’s education2
| −0.41 | 0.66(0.34,1.26) | 0.210 | – | – | – |
Household income1
| 0.24 | 1.27(0.57,2.81) | 0.555 | – | – | – |
Household income2
| 0.70 | 2.01(0.93,4.35) | 0.075 | – | ||
Breastfeeding | 0.92 | 2.52(0.59,10.83) | 0.212 | – | – | – |
Exclusive breastfeeding | 0.20 | 1.22(0.65,2.30) | 0.523 | – | – | – |
Mother’s height1
| 0.96 | 2.62(1.28,5.36) | 0.008 | 0.97 | 2.66(1.29,5.46) | 0.008 |
Mother’s height2
| 1.83 | 6.26(3.04,12.91) | <0.001 | 1.85 | 6.38(3.07,13.26) | <0.001 |
Consanguinity | 0.65 | 1.92(1.13,3.25) | 0.015 | 0.68 | 1.98(1.14,3.44) | 0.015 |