Background
Methods
Design
Recruitment of study participants in Austria
Questionnaires
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Question 1: Do antibiotics kill viruses?
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Question 2: Are antibiotics effective against colds and flu?
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Question 3: Does the unnecessary use of antibiotics make them ineffective?
Data analyses
Ethical considerations
Results
Sample
Flu vaccination 2009/2010 | Flu vaccination 2010/2011 | Both years flu vaccination | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Sub-variable | All | Yes | No/Don’t know | Yes | No/Don’t know | Yes | No/Don’t know |
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
AB-knowledge-Score | 1.35 (0.99) | 1.49 (1.06) | 1.32 (0.98) | 1.51 (1.06) | 1.34 (0.98) | 1.54 (1.07) | 1.33 (0.98) | |
p
| 0.001 | 0.002 | <0.001 | |||||
% (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | ||
All | 100.0 (3224) | 18.6 (593) | 81.4 (2598) | 14.0 (435) | 86.0 (2675) | 12.1 (383) | 87.9 (2780) | |
Question 1d | Correct | 28.0 (894) | 22.6 (201)a | 77.4 (689)a | 16.8 (148)a | 83.2 (731)a | 14.8 (131)a | 85.2 (754)a |
Not correct | 72.0 (2298) | 17.0 (386)b | 83.0 (1886)b | 12.7 (281)b | 87.3 (1923)b | 10.9 (246)b | 89.1 (2003)b | |
p
| <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.003 | |||||
Question 2e | Correct | 32.7 (1043) | 21.8 (226)a | 78.2 (812)a | 16.4 (167)a | 83.6 (850)a | 15.1 (156)a | 84.9 (875)a |
Not correct | 67.3 (2149) | 17.0 (361)b | 83.0 (1763)b | 12.7 (262)b | 87.3 (1804)b | 10.5 (221)b | 89.5 (1882)b | |
p
| 0.001 | 0.005 | <0.001 | |||||
Question 3f | Correct | 74.2 (2368) | 18.9 (445)a | 81.1 (1906)a | 14.4 (333)a | 85.6 (1978)a | 12.6 (295)a | 87.4 (2039)a |
Not correct | 25.8 (824) | 17.5 (142)a | 82.5 (669)a | 12.4 (96)a | 87.6 (676)a | 10.3 (82)a | 89.8 (718)a | |
p
| 0.370 | 0.170 | 0.073 | |||||
Sex | Female | 56.6 (1801) | 18.9 (337)a | 81.1 (1448)a | 13.5 (235)a | 86.5 (1506)a | 11.9 (211)a | 88.1 (1560)a |
Male | 43.4 (1382) | 18.1 (247)a | 81.9 (1121)a | 14.3 (190)a | 85.7 (1141)a | 12.1 (164)a | 87.9 (1189)a | |
p
| 0.555 | 0.562 | 0.868 | |||||
Age | 16–24 | 9.0 (290) | 8.4 (24)a | 91.6 (263)a | 4.6 (13)a | 95.4 (272)a | 2.8 (8)a | 97.2 (279)a |
25–44 | 30.6 (985) | 10.7 (105)a | 89.3 (874)a | 6.6 (64)a | 93.4 (905)a | 5.4 (53)a | 94.6 (920)a | |
45–64 | 36.8 (1185) | 17.1 (201)b | 82.9 (975)b | 11.9 (135)b | 88.1 (1004)b | 10.3 (120)b | 89.7 (1046)b | |
65+ | 23.7 (764) | 35.1 (263)c | 64.9 (486)c | 31.1 (223)c | 68.9 (494)c | 27.4 (202)c | 72.6 (535)c | |
p
| <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
Educational level | Primary | 48.6 (1539) | 17.6 (267)a | 82.4 (1254)a | 13.4 (198)a | 86.6 (1276)a | 11.2 (169)a | 88.8 (1337)a |
Secondary | 37.5 (1185) | 18.4 (217)a | 81.6 (961)a | 13.6 (157)a | 86.4 (995)a | 12.1 (141)a | 87.9 (1025)a | |
Tertiary | 13.9 (440) | 22.5 (98)a | 77.5 (338)a | 16.3 (70)a | 83.7 (360)a | 14.5 (63)a | 85.5 (372)a | |
p
| 0.065 | 0.307 | 0.183 | |||||
Country of origin | Austria | 85.9 (2729) | 18.9 (511)a | 81.1 (2191)a | 14.6 (384)a | 85.4 (2253)a | 12.5 (336)a | 87.5 (2346)a |
EU 15+ | 3.2 (102) | 22.8 (23)a | 77.2 (78)a | 13.1 (13)a,b | 86.9 (86)a,b | 12.1 (12)a | 87.9 (87)a | |
New EU 28 | 2.9 (93) | 16.1 (15)a | 83.9 (78)a | 11.0 (10)a,b | 89.0 (81)a,b | 9.8 (9)a | 90.2 (83)a | |
Others | 8.0 (253) | 13.9 (35)a | 86.1 (216)a | 7.9 (19)b | 92.1 (222)b | 6.9 (17)a | 93.1 (229)a | |
p
| 0.150 | 0.030 | 0.054 | |||||
Location of residence | Urban | 44.7 (1440) | 22.8 (324)a | 77.2 (1098)a | 18.2 (253)a | 81.8 (1140)a | 15.7 (220)a | 84.3 (1185)a |
Rural | 55.3 (1784) | 15.2 (269)b | 84.8 (1500)b | 10.6 (182)b | 89.4 (1535)b | 9.3 (163)b | 90.7 (1595)b | |
p
| <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
Job | Health care | 6.0 (194) | 26.8 (52)b | 73.2 (142)b | 18.2 (35)a | 81.8 (157)a | 15.0 (29)a | 85.0 (164)a |
Livestock farming | 2.9 (93) | 9.7 (9)c | 90.3 (84)c | 6.7 (6)a | 93.3 (83)a | 6.5 (6)a | 93.5 (87)a | |
Kindergarten teacher | 1.9 (60) | 10.0 (6)a,b,c | 90.0 (54)a,b,c | 3.5 (2)a | 96.5 (55)a | 3.4 (2)a | 96.6 (56)a | |
Others | 80.6 (2598) | 17.9 (461)a,c | 82.1 (2113)a,c | 13.8 (347)a | 86.2 (2175)a | 11.9 (305)a | 88.1 (2251)a | |
p
| Not known | 8.7 (279) | 24.1 (65)a,b | 75.9 (205)a,b | 18.0 (45)a | 82.0 (205)a | 15.6 (41)a | 84.4 (222)a |
<0.001 | 0.002 | 0.017 |
Patients with better knowledge about antibiotics demonstrated increased likelihood to be vaccinated against influenza
GP practice | Vaccination rate for 2 years | AB-knowledge score |
---|---|---|
% (n) | Mean (CI 95 %) | |
1 (n = 199) | 8.9 (17)a,b,c,d | 1.36 (1.22–1.50) |
2 (n = 111) | 11.8 (13)a,b,c,d | 1.08 (0.91–1.24) |
3 (n = 199) | 12.2 (24)a,b,c,d | 1.32 (1.18–1.45) |
4 (n = 213) | 8.1 (17) a,b,c,d | 1.01 (0.90–1.13) |
5 (n = 185) | 13.2 (24)a,b,c,d | 0.90 (0.77–1.00) |
6 (n = 62) | 24.2 (15)c,d | 1.21 (0.96–1.46) |
7 (n = 168) | 16.4 (27)a,b,c,d | 1.75 (1.60–1.90) |
8 (n = 193) | 15.0 (29)a,b,c,d | 1.33 (1.20–1.46) |
9 (n = 195) | 7.3 (14)a,b | 0.95 (0.83–1.08) |
10 (n = 150) | 15.9 (23)a,b,c,d | 1.72 (1.55–1.89) |
11 (n = 210) | 14,9 (31)a,b,c,d | 1.68 (1.55–1.82) |
12 (n = 194) | 14.7 (28)a,b,c,d | 1.57 (1.43–1.71) |
13 (n = 181) | 17.9 (32)a,b,c,d | 1.53 (1.38–1.67) |
14 (n = 196) | 20.0 (37)b,d | 1.66 (1.52–1.80) |
15 (n = 113) | 4.5 (5)a | 1.28 (1.09–1.47) |
16 (n = 183) | 6.7 (12)a | 1.34 (1.15–1.46) |
17 (n = 26) | 0 | 1.04 (0.69–1.39) |
18 (n = 68) | 20.3 (13)a,b,c,d | 1.15 (0.92–1.38) |
19 (n = 193) | 5.8 (11)a | 1.46 (1.31–1.61) |
20 (n = 185) | 6.0 (11)a | 1.18 (1.04–1.32) |
Chi-Square (Exact) p < 0.001 | ANOVA p < 0.001; homogeneity of variances p < 0.001 |
Variable | Sub-variable | Model I (crude) | Model II (adjusted) | Model III (adjusted)a | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95 %) |
p
| OR (95 %) |
p
| OR (95 %) |
p
| ||
AB-Knowledge score | 1.24 (1.11–1.38) | <0.001 | 1.29 (1.14–1.47) | <0.001 | 1.35 (1.18–1.54) | <0.001 | |
Sex | Female | 0.87 (0.69–1.11) | 0.259 | 0.85 (0.67–1.08) | 0.191 | ||
male | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
Age | 16–24 | 0.06 (0.03–0.13) | <0.001 | 0.05 (0.02–0.10) | <0.001 | ||
25–44 | 0.13 (0.09–1.18) | <0.001 | 0.11 (0.08–0.16) | <0.001 | |||
45–64 | 0.27 (0.20–0.35) | <0.001 | 0.24 (0.18–0.32) | <0.001 | |||
65+ | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
Educational level | Primary | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Secondary | 1.12 (0.86–1.47) | 0.402 | 1.13 (0.85–1.49) | 0.398 | |||
Tertiary | 1.28 (0.88–1.86) | 0.196 | 1.32 (0.89–1.96) | 0.168 | |||
Country of origin | Austria | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
EU 15+ | 0.65 (0.32–1.30) | 0.219 | 0.67 (0.33–1.36) | 0.671 | |||
New EU 28 | 0.86 (0.41–1.83) | 0.699 | 0.89 (0.41–1.91) | 0.763 | |||
Others | 0.63 (0.37–1.07) | 0.086 | 0.68 (0.39–1.17) | 0.166 | |||
Location of residence | Urban | 1.62 (1.26–2.08) | <0.001 | 2.13 (1.0–4.63) | 0.050 | ||
Rural | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
Job | Health care | 2.24 (1.42–3.54) | 0.001 | 2.28 (1.43–3.64) | 0.001 | ||
Livestock farming | 0.71 (0.30–1.68) | 0.707 | 0.52 (0.21–1.28) | 0.152 | |||
Kindergarten teacher | 0.25 (0.03–1.86) | 0.176 | 0.27 (0.04–2.00) | 0.197 | |||
Not known | 1.33 (0.89–1.99) | 0.163 | 1.59 (1.04–2.44) | 0.033 | |||
Others | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
GP gender | Female | 2.90 (1.32–6.40) | 0.008 | ||||
Male | 1.0 | ||||||
GP Experience | <10 years | 0.64 (0.21–1.14) | 0.439 | ||||
>10 years | 1.0 | ||||||
Nagelkerkes R2 | 0.011 | 0.168 | 0.206 |