Background
Methods
Eligibility
Sampling and sample size
Recruitment
Data collection
Assessment of CVD risk factors and HIV status and diagnosis of CMDs
Results
General population
Indicator | All | Male | Female |
p-value: Overall
| ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
| Mean (±SD) |
n
| Mean (±SD) |
n
| Mean (±SD) | |||||
Age (years) | 5059 | 61.7 (±13.1) | 2345 | 61.7 (±12.8) | 2714 | 61.7 (±13.3) | 0.990 | |||
Weight (kg) | 4786 | 71.5 (±18.2) | 2211 | 70.0 (±16.9) | 2575 | 72.7 (±19.1) | <0.001 | |||
Height (m) | 4685 | 1.6 (±10.1) | 2160 | 1.7 (±9.3) | 2525 | 1.6 (±8.2) | <0.001 | |||
Average SBP (mmHg) | 4895 | 138.0 (±23.3) | 2260 | 137.9 (±23.5) | 2635 | 138.1 (±23.3) | 0.703 | |||
Average DBP (mmHg) | 4895 | 82.1 (±12.7) | 2260 | 81.9 (±13.2) | 2635 | 82.3 (±12.3) | 0.305 | |||
Body Mass Index (kg/m2)
| 4680 | 27.5 (±10.0) | 2156 | 25.1 (±9.2) | 2524 | 29.6 (±10.2) | <0.001 | |||
Waist Circumference (cm) | 4758 | 92.4 (±15.1) | 2204 | 89.4 (±13.3) | 2554 | 95.0 (±16.0) | <0.001 | |||
Waist-Hip Ratio | 4728 | 0.91 (±0.08) | 2194 | 0.92 (±0..08) | 2534 | 0.89 (±0..08) | <0.001 | |||
Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4196 | 4.24 (±1.3) | 1886 | 4.0 (±1.2) | 2310 | 4.4 (±1.3) | <0.001 | |||
High Density Lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 4234 | 1.6 (±0.6) | 1911 | 1.6 (±0.6) | 2323 | 1.6 (±0.5) | 0.030 | |||
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 4223 | 1.8 (±1.6) | 1903 | 1.7 (±2.1) | 2320 | 1.8 (±1.0) | 0.298 | |||
Low Density Lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 3841 | 2.1 (±1.5) | 1714 | 2.0 (±1.9) | 2127 | 2.2 (±1.0) | <0.001 | |||
n
| Mean (IQR) |
n
| Mean (IQR) |
n
| Mean (IQR) | |||||
Glucosea, b (mmol/L) | 4626 | 6.7 (5.1; 7.2) | 2130 | 6.5 (5.0; 7.1) | 2496 | 6.8 (5.2; 7.2) | <0.001 | |||
hsCRPb, c (mg/L) | 4296 | 3.3 (1.2; 4.3) | 1955 | 3.1 (1.1; 4.1) | 2341 | 3.3 (1.4; 4.5) | <0.001 | |||
n
| Proportion (%) |
n
| Proportion (%) |
n
| Proportion (%) |
p-value: Overall
| ||||
Current Smokers | 5059 | 9.1 | --- | 2345 | 19.2 | --- | 2714 | 0.4 | --- | <0.001 |
HIV Positived
| 4576 | 22.9 | --- | 2099 | 23.0 | --- | 2477 | 22.8 | --- | 0.872 |
ALL | Male | Female | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Male | 40–44 | 45–54 | 55–64 | 65+ |
p-value trend (Male) | Total Female | 40–44 | 45–54 | 55–64 | 65+ |
p-value trend (Female) |
p-value (Overall Men vs women) | ||
Hypertensiona
| 58.4 | 54.5 | 34.6 | 42.2 | 56.9 | 64.8 | <0.001* | 61.8 | 34.6 | 52.9 | 65.3 | 72.0 | <0.001* | <0.001 |
Total Diabetesb
| 11.1 | 10.1 | 4.6 | 8.2 | 10.1 | 12.6 | 0.001* | 11.9 | 4.7 | 8.7 | 12.8 | 15.3 | <0.001* | 0.048 |
Self-Report Diabetes | 6.7 | 6.2 | 1.7 | 4.5 | 5.9 | 8.6 | <0.001* | 7.1 | 1.8 | 4.5 | 8.3 | 9.3 | <0.001* | 0.227 |
RBG ≥ 11.1 mmol/L | 5.5 | 4.7 | 1.4 | 3.9 | 5.2 | 5.5 | 0.044* | 6.3 | 2.4 | 4.6 | 5.9 | 8.5 | <0.001* | 0.017 |
Reports diabetes medication use | 4.9 | 4.5 | 1.7 | 3.3 | 4.4 | 5.9 | 0.013* | 5.3 | 1.1 | 3.3 | 6.6 | 6.8 | <0.001* | 0.194 |
Total Dyslipidemiac
| 43.6 | 44.8 | 45.2 | 50.5 | 47.5 | 40.2 | 0.003* | 42.7 | 41.6 | 39.8 | 49.1 | 40.3 | 0.002* | 0.160 |
High Total Cholesterol ≥ 6.21 mmol/L | 6.6 | 4.12 | 3.3 | 2.9 | 3.9 | 5.2 | 0.291 | 8.5 | 4.7 | 5.9 | 11.0 | 9.3 | 0.002* | <0.001 |
Low HDL < 1.19 mmol/L | 26.5 | 31.3 | 35.0 | 38.4 | 30.7 | 27.5 | 0.001* | 22.5 | 28.3 | 22.7 | 24.6 | 19.2 | 0.009* | <0.001 |
High LDL > 4.1 mmol/L | 3.7 | 2.1 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 1.9 | 2.6 | 0.458 | 4.9 | 3.2 | 3.9 | 6.5 | 5.0 | 0.136 | <0.001 |
Hypertriglyceridemia > 2.25 mmol/L | 21.2 | 20.4 | 17.9 | 23.1 | 22.3 | 18.4 | 0.136 | 21.7 | 16.5 | 18.5 | 26.0 | 22.2 | 0.003* | 0.311 |
BMI [45] | ||||||||||||||
Underweight: < 18.5 | 6.7 | 10.1 | 10.0 | 10.9 | 10.6 | 9.2 | --- | 3.7 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 4.0 | 4.6 | --- | <0.001 |
Normal: 18.5–24.9 | 35.4 | 45.9 | 51.3 | 45.0 | 45.4 | 45.3 | --- | 26.4 | 26.3 | 24.4 | 21.8 | 31.1 | --- | <0.001 |
Overweight: 25.0–29.9 | 27.9 | 27.8 | 29.1 | 26.1 | 26.7 | 29.2 | --- | 28.1 | 28.6 | 26.7 | 28.8 | 28.5 | --- | 0.790 |
Obese Grade I: 30.0–34.9 | 17.7 | 11.8 | 6.9 | 12.6 | 12.8 | 12.1 | --- | 22.7 | 23.7 | 23.0 | 25.7 | 20.0 | --- | <0.001 |
Obese Grade II: 35.0–39.9 | 7.4 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.9 | --- | 11.3 | 12.6 | 12.9 | 10.4 | 10.5 | --- | <0.001 |
Extreme Obesity: ≥ 40 | 4.9 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 2.4 | 1.6 | 1.3 | --- | 7.8 | 5.9 | 10.6 | 9.3 | 5.3 | --- | <0.001 |
Waist-Hip Ratio [46] | 67.9 | 61.6 | 40.9 | 55.8 | 66.7 | 66.7 | <0.001* | 73.4 | 62.3 | 71.2 | 75.6 | 76.3 | <0.001* | <0.001 |
hsCRP Risk Category [25] | ||||||||||||||
Low (<1 mg/L) | 19.2 | 21.7 | 23.4 | 22.9 | 21.3 | 20.9 | --- | 17.0 | 16.2 | 19.24= | 15.6 | 16.9 | --- | <0.001 |
Intermediate (1–3 mg/L) | 42.4 | 42.9 | 43.2 | 44.6 | 43.7 | 41.6 | --- | 42.0 | 47.0 | 38.7 | 42.6 | 42.4 | --- | 0.517 |
High (>3 mg/L) | 38.4 | 35.4 | 33.3 | 32.5 | 35.0 | 37.5 | --- | 41.0 | 36.8 | 42.1 | 41.8 | 40.7 | --- | <0.001 |
Condition | TOTAL (%) |
p-value |
---|---|---|
Angina | 2.35 | |
Male | 1.8 | 0.014* |
Female | 2.8 | |
Stroke | 3.0 | |
Male | 2.7 | 0.397 |
Female | 3.1 | |
MIa
| 0.4 | |
Male | 0.5 | 0.730 |
Female | 0.4 | |
Heart Failure | 0.8 | |
Male | 0.6 | 0.102 |
Female | 1.0 |
ANGINA | All | Male | All | Female | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age Group | 40–44 | 45–54 | 55–64 | ≥65 |
p-value | 40–44 | 45–54 | 55–64 | ≥65 |
p-value | ||
Self-Report or Rose Criteria[32] | 8.20 | 4.1 | 4.7 | 8.4 | 11.1 | <0.001* | 12.5 | 7.6 | 11.4 | 14.3 | 13.2 | 0.024* |
Self-Report | 1.8 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 2.8 | 0.023* | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 3.1 | 0.829 |
Rose Criteria | 6.9 | 3.3 | 3.7 | 7.9 | 9.0 | <0.001* | 10.8 | 5.4 | 9.3 | 13.4 | 11.7 | 0.002* |
Age | Number (N) | Harvard Risk Score [29] (%) | Pooled Cohort Risk Equations (ASCVD) [27] (%) | Framingham 2008 [28] (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
WOMEN | ||||
Aggregate | 2239 | 9.6 | 7.7 | 9.7 |
40–44 | 273 | 2.3 | 1.3 | 3.9 |
45–54 | 667 | 5.2 | 3.6 | 7.1 |
55–64 | 708 | 10.0 | 7.0 | 10.9 |
65–74 | 591 | 17.6 | 15.0 | 13.8 |
MEN | ||||
Aggregate | 1964 | 13.4 | 12.5 | 15.3 |
40–44 | 241 | 3.8 | 4.8 | 5.8 |
45–54 | 508 | 7.3 | 7.6 | 9.6 |
55–64 | 659 | 14.2 | 13.1 | 16.5 |
65–74 | 556 | 22.0 | 18.3 | 21.6 |
TOTAL | ||||
Aggregate | 4203 | 11.3 | 9.9 | 12.2 |
40–44 | 514 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 4.7 |
45–54 | 1175 | 6.1 | 5.2 | 8.1 |
55–64 | 1367 | 12.0 | 10.4 | 13.5 |
65–74 | 1147 | 19.7 | 16.6 | 17.6 |
HIV status
Male | Female | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HIV−
(n = 1186)
| HIV+
(n = 524)
|
p-value | HIV−
(n = 2093)
| HIV+
(n = 610)
|
p-value | |
Hypertensiona
| 59.2 | 38.7 | <0.001* | 67.2 | 43.8 | <0.001* |
Diabetesb
| 10.9 | 7.3 | 0.014* | 13.1 | 7.9 | <0.001* |
Dyslipidemiac
| 45.4 | 42.7 | 0.303 | 42.8 | 42.2 | 0.810 |
BMI (kg/m2)[45] | ||||||
Underweight (<18.5) | 9.1 | 13.3 | 0.007* | 3.5 | 4.5 | 0.241 |
Normal (18.5–24.9) | 44.3 | 51.5 | 0.005* | 23.5 | 35.2 | <0.001* |
Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 29.3 | 22.7 | 0.004* | 28.7 | 26.2 | 0.225 |
Obese Grade I (30.0–34.9) | 12.9 | 8.6 | 0.010* | 23.9 | 18.6 | 0.007* |
Obese Grade II (35.0–39.9) | 3.3 | 1.6 | 0.070 | 11.7 | 10.2 | 0.321 |
Extreme/Morbid (>40) | 1.3 | 2.3 | 0.142 | 8.6 | 5.2 | 0.007 |
Number of Co-Morbiditiesa
| ≥2 (%)
n = 2,820 | ≥3 (%)
n = 1,239 | ≥4 (%)
n = 344 |
---|---|---|---|
HIV−
| 50.5 | 21.6 | 5.3 |
Male | 41.9 | 15.8 | 2.9 |
Female | 57.9 | 26.6 | 7.4 |
HIV+
| 34.6 | 12.0 | 3.3 |
Male | 28.2 | 9.0 | 2.5 |
Female | 40.0 | 14.6 | 3.9 |