Background
Methods
Recruitment and participants
Measures and data management
Outcome variables
Explanatory variables
Data analysis
Results
Variable | Screen time mins/day | Sedentary time mins/day | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys (n = 504) | Girls (n = 433) | Boys (n = 394) | Girls (n = 323) | |||||
% or mean (SD)b
| β (95% CI) | % or mean (SD)b
| β (95% CI) | % or mean (SD)b
| β (95% CI) | % or mean (SD)b
| β (95% CI) | |
Individual level
| ||||||||
Demographic and family profile
| ||||||||
Child disability/poor health | 10.3% | 4.57 (−17.79, 26.93) | 5.6% | 39.18 (−4.82, 83.18) | 9.9% | −10.93 (−21.99, 0.12) | 5.6% |
14.38 (0.64, 28.13)
|
Child’s birth parents live together | 86.9% | −5.90 (−30.42, 18.63) | 89.3% | −10.91 (−40.22, 18.40) | 88.1% | 9.71 (−0.63, 20.05) | 90.0% | −1.60 (−14.50, 11.30) |
Child sleep duration (hours) | 11.1 (1.1) |
−13.96 (−22.40, −5.52)
| 11.0 (1.1) |
−10.24 (−16.91, −3.57)
| 11.1 (1.0) |
−7.09 (−11.35, −2.82)
| 11.0 (1.1) |
−6.52 (−9.20, −3.84)
|
Child has siblings | 84.9% | −0.98 (−17.83, 15.88) | 82.3% | −8.30 (−24.40, 7.81) | 86.6% | −4.63 (−16.17, 6.91) | 83.5% | 1.79 (−9.37, 12.96) |
Child BMI categoryc
| ||||||||
Underweight/healthy weight (ref) | 82.5% | 0 | 80.8% | 0 | 83.3% | 0 | 80.0% | 0 |
Overweight/obese | 17.5% | 2.64 (−14.22, 19.51) | 19.2% | 2.19 (−14.84, 19.21) | 16.7% | −1.30 (−12.00, 10.02) | 20.0% | 6.94 (−3.84, 17.72) |
Maternal age (years) | 37.1 (5.3) | −0.13 (−1.65, 1.40) | 37.1 (5.1) | −1.22 (−2.53, 0.09) | 37.0 (5.1) | 0.57 (−0.06, 1.21) | 37.1 (5.2) | −0.30 (−1.07, 0.48) |
Mother born in Australia | 70.1% |
−17.00 (−32.69, −1.32)
| 68.1% |
−26.60 (−42.88, −10.32)
| 72.6% | −7.75 (−16.18, 0.69) | 68.1% | −0.61 (−8.89, 7.67) |
Maternal BMI categoryd
| ||||||||
Healthy weight (ref) | 62.1% | 0 | 60.9% | 0 | 62.1% | 0 | 62.8% | 0 |
Overweight | 22.7% | 11.13 (−1.70, 23.96) | 21.8% | 7.28 (−8.60, 23.16) | 23.4% | 5.69 (−2.98, 14.37) | 19.2% |
9.99 (0.51, 19.47)
|
Obese | 15.2% | 17.04 (−8.42, 42.49) | 17.3% |
26.78 (7.91, 45.65)
| 14.6% | −8.80 (−18.27, 0.68) | 18.0% | 7.98 (−1.32, 17.28) |
Mother in paid employmente
| 55.3% | −6.29 (−20.24, 7.66) | 52.5% | −9.49 (−22.72, 3.74) | 55.5% | 5.63 (−2.12, 13.38) | 50.8% | 3.91 (−2.83, 10.65) |
Maternal disability/poor health | 3.4% | 7.72 (−28.30, 43.75) | 4.4% | 33.04 (−3.77, 69.86) | 2.5% | −17.05 (−35.42, 1.32) | 4.6% |
19.32 (5.72, 32.92)
|
Maternal education | ||||||||
Year 10 or equivalent (ref) | 10.6% | 0 | 11.2% | 0 | 9.9% | 0 | 11.2% | 0 |
Year 12/trade/diploma | 31.7% | −6.72 (−34.83, 21.38) | 36.3% | −10.37 (−34.49, 13.75) | 31.0% | −7.21 (−21.03, 6.61) | 34.7% | 6.71 (−9.16, 22.57) |
University degree/post-graduate | 57.7% | −17.11 (−45.00, 10.78) | 52.6% |
−34.98 (−57.46, −12.49)
| 59.0% | −1.83 (−13.93, 10.28) | 54.2% | −6.23 (−18.96, 6.49) |
Low income status (health care/pension card) | 20.4% | 13.72 (−4.88, 32.33) | 18.1% |
23.91 (3.92, 43.90)
| 17.7% | −4.05 (−14.67, 6.57) | 17.7% | 4.40 (−5.70, 14.5) |
Paternal age (years) | 39.1 (5.7) | −0.65 (−1.74, 0.43) | 39.2 (5.5) | −0.58 (−1.99, 0.83) | 38.9 (5.5) |
0.85 (0.21, 1.50)
| 39.0 (5.3) | −0.27 (−1.14, 0.59) |
Father born in Australia | 68.3% | −8.24 (−22.90, 6.42) | 66.9% |
−19.14 (−35.97, −2.32)
| 71.3% | −6.46 (−15.31, 2.39) | 69.5% | −2.25 (−11.36, 6.86) |
Paternal BMI categoryd
| ||||||||
Healthy weight (ref) | 38.6% | 0 | 34.0% | 0 | 36.7% | 0 | 36.5% | 0 |
Overweight | 45.2% | 1.91 (−11.26, 15.08) | 48.7% | 4.62 (−11.62, 20.87) | 46.9% | −0.38 (−9.41, 8.66) | 47.0% | −3.47 (−11.23, 4.28) |
Obese | 16.2% |
18.84 (2.21, 35.48)
| 17.3% | 18.97 (−2.31, 40.24) | 16.3% | 8.57 (−2.73, 19.86) | 16.5% | 6.99 (−4.81, 18.80) |
Father in paid employmente
| 88.9% | 10.16 (−7.81, 28.13) | 90.8% | −16.27 (−42.18, 9.64) | 89.7% | 1.96 (−11.21, 15.12) | 90.9% | −10.51 (−27.72, 6.71) |
Paternal disability/poor health | 4.9% | 32.13 (−6.56, 70.83) | 4.4% | 38.40 (−10.43, 87.23) | 4.5% | 14.39 (−3.29, 32.08) | 4.8% | 4.17 (−9.92, 18.26) |
Paternal education | ||||||||
Year 10 or equivalent (ref) | 9.6% | 0 | 9.5% | 0 | 9.9% | 0 | 7.8% | 0 |
Year 12/trade/diploma | 39.9% | −8.63 (−29.07, 11.82) | 42.4% | 0.26 (−25.22, 25.74) | 39.2% | −4.91 (−16.47, 6.65) | 41.8% | −8.10 (−26.21, 10.01) |
University degree/post-graduate | 50.5% | −14.67 (−33.75, 4.42) | 48.1% |
−28.92 (−52.31, −5.53)
| 51.0% | 0.95 (−9.83, 11.73) | 50.3% | −9.01 (−25.08, 7.06) |
Child PA and SB
| ||||||||
Usual frequency of active transport per week (e.g., ride a bike to kinder) | 4.6 (3.9) | −0.22 (−1.79, 1.35) | 4.3 (4.1) |
−3.01 (−4.53, −1.49)
| 4.4 (3.6) | −0.73 (−1.65, 0.19) | 4.2 (3.9) | −0.10 (−1.28, 1.07) |
Usual frequency of non-organised activities per week (e.g., play in the backyard) | 22.7 (9.8) | −0.51 (−1.20, 0.19) | 22.8 (10.4) | −0.35 (−0.80, 0.09) | 22.3 (9.7) | −0.28 (−0.65, 0.09) | 22.3 (10.4) | −0.18 (−0.56, 0.19) |
Number of organised activities per week (e.g., swimming, tennis) | 0.9 (0.8) | −3.75 (−12.14, 4.63) | 1.2 (0.8) |
−17.67 (−25.95, −9.39)
| 0.9 (0.8) | 0.93 (−3.81, 5.67) | 1.2 (0.8) | −3.29 (−7.79, 1.21) |
Child attends playgroupf
| 24.3% | 4.98 (−8.96, 18.92) | 20.8% | 1.52 (−16.25, 19.30) | 24.1% | 0.27 (−7.36, 7.90) | 20.1% | −3.88 (−11.64, 3.88) |
Average outdoor play time hours/day (week and weekend day) | 4.3 (2.7) | 0.11 (−2.60, 2.82) | 3.8 (2.5) | 1.18 (−1.27, 3.63) | 4.2 (2.6) | −0.27 (−1.77, 1.24) | 3.7 (2.5) | −0.75 (−2.33, 0.83) |
Child personality, preferences and constraints
| ||||||||
Child active co-participation preferences (e.g., active by him/herself, active with his/her friends) | 1.8 (1.5) | 0.42 (−2.82, 3.65) | 1.6 (1.4) | −0.78 (−5.74, 4.19) | 1.8 (1.5) | −0.59 (−3.43, 2.25) | 1.5 (1.4) | −1.92 (−4.60, 0.77) |
Child is active for longer with someone else | 79.2% |
−20.57 (−40.06, −1.08)
| 78.3% | 14.43 (−2.48, 31.34) | 78.9% | −6.32 (−16.18, 3.55) | 78.5% | −1.70 (−11.41, 8.00) |
Child is competitive with other children when being active | 66.2% | 11.48 (−1.00, 23.96) | 51.9% | −1.21 (−14.28, 11.86) | 66.9% | 2.75 (−3.41, 8.90) | 51.3% | 0.33 (−7.44, 8.09) |
Child prosocial PA behaviour (e.g., asks for opportunities to be active) | 12.8 (2.8) | 0.29 (−2.17, 2.76) | 12.6 (2.9) | −0.43 (−2.58, 1.73) | 12.8 (2.7) | −0.24 (−1.40, 0.92) | 12.5 (2.8) | −0.01 (−1.60, 1.58) |
Child preferences for SB (e.g., more likely to watch TV than be active) | 4.1 (1.6) |
10.07 (5.98, 14.16)
| 4.4 (1.4) |
14.51 (9.71, 19.32)
| 4.1 (1.6) | 0.89 (−1.42, 3.20) | 4.5 (1.4) | 1.08 (−2.37, 4.53) |
Child constraints to PA (e.g., too tired to do more PA) | −12.1 (4.5) |
1.60 (0.11, 3.09)
| −11.9 (4.4) | 1.28 (−0.07, 2.63) | −12.2 (4.4) | −0.48 (−1.21, 0.25) | −11.8 (4.5) | −0.33 (−1.12, 0.46) |
Social level
| ||||||||
Parental influence
| ||||||||
Parental concerns about child’s PA/SB | -3.9 (3.3) |
4.59 (2.51, 6.66)
| −4.4 (3.1) |
7.47 (4.90, 10.04)
| −3.8 (3.3) | 0.57 (−0.44, 1.57) | −4.3 (3.0) | 0.59 (−0.69, 1.87) |
Parental constraints to child’s PA | 6.9 (3.1) |
2.87 (0.36, 5.38)
| 6.7 (3.2) |
5.05 (3.19, 6.92)
| 6.9 (3.0) | 0.14 (−1.01, 1.28) | 6.8 (3.1) | 0.94 (−0.19, 2.07) |
Parent likes to participate in outdoor play | 73.5% | 4.70 (−8.72, 18.12) | 70.8% | 7.03 (−7.35, 21.41) | 73.0% | 3.65 (−3.37, 10.67) | 70.0% | −5.31 (−13.37, 2.75) |
Parent prefers to be social with other parents | 36.7% | −5.65 (−17.2, 5.90) | 39.1% | 11.65 (−1.77, 25.07) | 35.6% | −0.68 (−7.52, 6.15) | 36.8% | −2.02 (−10.21, 6.16) |
Parent gets bored watching child playing in outdoor spaces | 11.8% |
−22.01 (−36.87, −7.15)
| 12.5% | 5.81 (−18.58, 30.19) | 11.5% | −0.71 (−8.44, 7.02) | 12.7% | −7.79 (−18.44, 2.86) |
Parent likes child to do activities of older children | 24.0% | −10.26 (−24.05, 3.52) | 22.5% | 12.73 (−2.27, 27.73) | 24.7% | 1.18 (−6.7, 9.07) | 22.0% | 6.29 (−2.93, 15.50) |
Parent likes child to do activities they did as a child | 34.3% | 5.27 (−9.72, 20.26) | 33.0% | 1.79 (−12.19, 15.76) | 34.4% | −0.71 (−7.41, 5.99) | 34.1% | −0.01 (−8.59, 8.58) |
Parent gets bored going to the same place | 12.8% | 5.71 (−21.47, 32.88) | 10.9% | 7.73 (−17.83, 33.29) | 10.7% | −0.83 (−10.72, 9.06) | 11.2% | −6.60 (−16.29, 3.09) |
Parent believes it’s important to be active as a family | 90.8% |
−26.67 (−48.93, −4.42)
| 86.9% | −14.56 (−34.31, 5.19) | 90.6% | −0.22 (−12.23, 11.80) | 86.8% | −6.87 (−19.39, 5.65) |
Parental self-efficacy to support PA | 5.9 (1.7) |
−3.62 (−7.02, −0.23)
| 5.9 (1.8) |
−8.07 (−11.75, −4.38)
| 5.9 (1.7) | 0.06 (−2.00, 2.12) | 5.8 (1.8) | −0.54 (−2.60, 1.53) |
Parental self-efficacy to limit screen time | 8.7 (2.3) |
−9.15 (−11.68, −6.62)
| 8.9 (2.5) |
−8.25 (−10.98, −5.52)
| 8.8 (2.3) | −0.20 (−1.86, 1.46) | 9.0 (2.4) | −0.89 (−2.43, 0.66) |
Parental health knowledge/beliefs of child’s PA | 1.5 (2.2) | −4.19 (−8.74, 0.36) | 1.3 (2.2) |
−5.65 (−8.87, −2.44)
| 1.6 (2.1) | −0.08 (−1.72, 1.56) | 1.3 (2.2) | 0.46 (−1.31, 2.23) |
Rules and boundaries
| ||||||||
Parental rules to limit screen time | 2.1 (1.6) |
−11.40 (−16.32, −6.48)
| 2.2 (1.5) |
−14.20 (−18.24, −10.16)
| 2.2 (1.6) | −0.64 (−2.65, 1.37) | 2.2 (1.5) | −1.90 (−4.46, 0.66) |
Parental rules about games inside (e.g., no throwing balls inside) | −0.2 (2.1) | 1.13 (−2.50, 4.76) | −0.2 (2.1) | 1.13 (−2.50, 4.76) | −0.2 (2.1) | −0.16 (−1.90, 1.58) | −0.1 (2.1) | 1.16 (−0.73, 3.05) |
Parental rules about PA for stranger danger, traffic, injury | 2.3 (1.5) | −1.23 (−6.15, 3.70) | 2.3 (1.6) | 1.27 (−2.65, 5.19) | 2.3 (1.5) | −1.73 (−4.17, 0.71) | 2.3 (1.5) | −0.31 (−3.17, 2.54) |
Parent allows child to play freely in backyard/street | −0.1 (1.2) | −6.29 (−13.74, 1.16) | −0.1 (1.2) |
−7.11 (−12.49, −1.73)
| −0.1 (1.1) | −2.67 (−6.09, 0.75) | −0.04 (1.2) | −0.97 (−3.99, 2.05) |
Parent switches off screen entertainment | 2.7 (1.4) | 3.19 (−0.62, 7.00) | 2.6 (1.3) | 3.26 (−1.76, 8.28) | 2.7 (1.4) | −0.27 (−2.80, 2.26) | 2.7 (1.3) | −0.83 (−3.35, 1.69) |
Social interaction and support
| ||||||||
Child is active at social gatherings | 6.0 (1.0) | 5.26 (−1.42, 11.95) | 6.0 (1.2) | 1.05 (−5.88, 7.97) | 6.0 (1.0) | −0.54 (−5.45, 4.37) | 5.9 (1.2) | −1.86 (−4.50, 0.77) |
Maternal PA emotional support for child | 5.5 (2.1) |
4.32 (1.74, 6.90)
| 5.4 (2.1) | 1.20 (−1.84, 4.24) | 5.5 (2.1) |
−1.75 (−3.46, −0.04)
| 5.4 (2.1) | −0.92 (−2.55, 0.71) |
Paternal PA emotional support for child | 4.7 (2.4) |
4.29 (1.89, 6.70)
| 4.6 (2.4) | 1.86 (−0.95, 4.66) | 4.7 (2.4) | −1.25 (−2.77, 0.28) | 4.6 (2.4) | −0.73 (−2.43, 0.97) |
Modelling of PA
| ||||||||
Maternal time in PA (hours/week) | 5.4 (4.2) | −0.01 (−1.72, 1.69) | 5.0 (4.0) | −1.28 (−3.01, 0.45) | 5.3 (4.0) | −0.17 (−0.79, 0.45) | 4.9 (3.9) | 0.46 (−0.54, 1.45) |
Paternal time in PA (hours/week) | 5.4 (4.7) | 0.24 (−0.93, 1.40) | 5.2 (4.6) |
−2.12 (−3.65, −0.59)
| 5.0 (4.3) | −0.47 (−1.17, 0.22) | 5.2 (4.5) | 0.35 (−0.53, 1.23) |
Maternal TV viewing (hours/week) | 8.6 (6.8) |
3.87 (1.81, 5.93)
| 9.0 (6.5) |
2.62 (1.56, 3.68)
| 8.6 (6.1) | −0.14 (−0.74, 0.46) | 9.2 (6.6) | 0.10 (−0.46, 0.66) |
Paternal TV viewing (hours/week) | 9.6 (6.6) |
1.91 (0.96, 2.85)
| 9.8 (7.0) |
2.26 (1.23, 3.29)
| 9.8 (6.4) | 0.16 (−0.39, 0.71) | 9.6 (6.9) | −0.01 (−0.48, 0.46) |
Maternal role modelling of PA (times/week) | 3.2 (2.0) | −0.63 (−4.49, 3.23) | 3.0 (2.0) |
−3.67 (−6.97, −0.38)
| 3.3 (2.0) | −0.29 (−1.94, 1.35) | 3.0 (2.0) | −1.03 (−3.27, 1.22) |
Paternal role modelling of PA (times/week) | 2.8 (2.0) | −1.82 (−4.88, 1.24) | 2.6 (2.0) |
−4.68 (−7.73, −1.63)
| 2.8 (1.9) | −0.21 (−2.01, 1.60) | 2.7 (2.0) | −0.28 (−2.26, 1.69) |
Physical environment level
| ||||||||
Dog ownership | 32.3% | 3.35 (−9.64, 16.34) | 32.2% | −1.44 (−14.89, 12.00) | 32.1% | 0.90 (−6.43, 8.22) | 31.2% | 4.94 (−2.91, 12.79) |
Number of pieces of toys/equipment to be physically active with at home (e.g., swings, slide) | 13.3 (3.5) | −1.62 (−3.25, 0.001) | 13.1 (3.7) |
−2.37 (−4.15, −0.60)
| 13.4 (3.5) | −0.12 (−1.17, 0.93) | 13.1 (3.7) | −0.69 (−1.89, 0.52) |
Lives on medium/large block | 86.1% | 1.16 (−14.99, 17.30) | 85.2% | −8.11 (−26.65, 10.43) | 86.1% | −1.06 (−12.25, 10.13) | 84.5% | −6.63 (−18.48, 5.21) |
Number of features at home (e.g., front fence, covered outdoor areas) | 1.9 (0.9) |
−11.00 (−20.38, −1.62)
| 1.9 (0.9) |
−11.48 (−17.82, −5.14)
| 2.0 (0.8) | 2.02 (−2.10, 6.14) | 1.9 (0.8) | −3.14 (−8.23, 1.95) |
Lives on a cul-de-sac | 24.1% |
24.23 (7.27, 41.19)
| 29.6% | 13.57 (−1.66, 28.79) | 23.3% | −5.76 (−13.49, 1.97) | 28.0% | 0.31 (−7.40, 8.01) |
Number of pieces of electronic equipment at home (e.g., DVD player, PlayStation) | 5.1 (1.2) | 3.83 (−2.76, 10.41) | 5.1 (1.1) | 2.89 (−2.67, 8.46) | 5.1 (1.1) | 1.01 (−2.89, 4.91) | 5.0 (1.1) | 1.58 (−2.33, 5.49) |
Number of TVs at home | 2.2 (1.2) |
7.31 (1.89, 12.74)
| 2.2 (1.1) |
14.08 (7.61, 20.55)
| 2.2 (1.1) | −0.80 (−3.60, 2.00) | 2.2 (1.0) |
4.10 (1.00, 7.20)
|
TV in child’s bedroom | 10.6% |
23.51 (4.75, 42.28)
| 9.5% |
50.01 (23.84, 76.18)
| 10.0% | 0.02 (−11.97, 12.01) | 7.1% | 12.36 (−1.91, 26.63) |
Computer/e-games in child’s bedroom | 4.2% | 11.34 (−28.46, 51.15) | 4.2% | 5.86 (−22.70, 34.41) | 4.1% | 17.37 (−9.11, 43.85) | 3.7% | 15.80 (−1.21, 32.81) |
Neighbourhood playground suitability (e.g., equipment, shade, safety) | 5.5 (4.4) |
−2.98 (−5.30, −0.66)
| 5.2 (4.4) |
−2.71 (−4.15, −1.28)
| 5.6 (4.2) |
−0.92 (−1.65, −0.19)
| 5.5 (4.5) | −0.31 (−1.13, 0.52) |
Neighbourhood constraints to active transport (e.g., busy roads) | 4.9 (4.4) | −1.46 (−3.19, 0.28) | 4.8 (4.6) |
−2.06 (−3.50, −0.62)
| 5.0 (4.4) |
−0.65 (−1.28, −0.01)
| 5.0 (4.4) | −0.42 (−1.34, 0.50) |
Total frequency of visiting active places per week | 6.5 (3.2) | 0.64 (−1.58, 2.85) | 5.9 (3.0) | 0.24 (−2.62, 3.10) | 6.4 (3.2) | −0.77 (−1.90, 0.37) | 5.9 (3.1) | −0.35 (−1.60, 0.90) |
Variable | Screen time mins/day | Sedentary time mins/day | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Boys (n = 504) | Girls (n = 433) | Boys (n = 394) | Girls (n = 323) | |
β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |
Individual level
| ||||
Demographic and family profile
| ||||
Child disability/poor health | - | - | - | 10.18 (−3.03, 23.40) |
Child sleep duration (hours) |
−7.49 (−13.46, −1.52)
| −5.67 (−11.57, 0.23) | −3.97 (−7.95, 0.01) |
−5.76 (−8.83, −2.69)
|
Mother born in Australia | 0.99 (−11.45, 13.42) |
−15.66 (−28.97, −2.35)
| - | - |
Maternal BMI categoryc
| ||||
Healthy weight (ref) | - | 0 | - | 0 |
Overweight | - | 1.56 (−12.22, 15.34) | - | 8.55 (−0.90, 18.00) |
Obese | - | 15.11 (−4.11, 34.32) | - | 5.20 (−4.05, 14.45) |
Maternal disability/poor health | - | - | - | 10.97 (−5.36, 27.30) |
Maternal education | ||||
Year 10 or equivalent (ref) | - | 0 | - | - |
Year 12/trade/diploma | - | −3.39 (−27.86, 21.09) | - | - |
University degree/post-graduate | - | −2.62 (−30.91, 25.66) | - | - |
Low income status (health care/pension card) | - | −4.22 (−23.18, 14.74) | - | - |
Paternal age (years) | - | - |
0.73 (0.10, 1.35)
| - |
Father born in Australia | - | −3.93 (−17.82, 9.95) | - | - |
Paternal BMI categoryc
| ||||
Healthy weight (ref) | 0 | - | - | - |
Overweight | −1.15 (−13.03, 10.74) | - | - | - |
Obese | 2.79 (−12.80, 18.37) | - | - | - |
Paternal education | ||||
Year 10 or equivalent (ref) | - | 0 | - | - |
Year 12/trade/diploma | - |
23.26 (0.11, 46.41)
| - | - |
University degree/post-graduate | - | 9.66 (−16.33, 35.65) | - | - |
Child PA and SB
| ||||
Usual frequency of active transport per week (e.g., ride a bike to kinder) | - |
−1.72 (−3.14, −0.30)
| - | - |
Number of organised activities per week (e.g., swimming, tennis) | - | −7.54 (−15.72, 0.64) | - | - |
Child personality, preferences and constraints
| ||||
Child is active for longer with someone else | −10.63 (−23.18, 1.93) | - | - | - |
Child preferences for SB (e.g., more likely to watch TV than be active) | 3.52 (−1.49, 8.53) |
7.09 (2.47, 11.70)
| - | - |
Child constraints to PA (e.g., too tired to do more PA) | −0.69 (−2.12, 0.75) | - | - | - |
Social level
| ||||
Parental influence
| ||||
Parental concerns about child’s PA/SB | 1.87 (−0.05, 3.78) |
3.19 (0.62, 5.76)
| - | - |
Parental constraints to child’s PA | 0.74 (−1.36, 2.84) | 1.29 (−0.55, 3.13) | - | - |
Parent gets bored watching child playing in outdoor spaces |
−14.43 (−27.99, −0.86)
| - | - | - |
Parent believes it’s important to be active as a family | 6.08 (−10.86, 23.02) | - | - | - |
Parental self-efficacy to support PA | 0.76 (−2.78, 4.30) | 1.67 (−2.23, 5.58) | - | - |
Parental self-efficacy to limit screen time |
−6.52 (−9.51, −3.54)
|
−2.64 (−5.12, −0.16)
| - | - |
Parental health knowledge/beliefs of child’s PA | - | 0.22 (−3.67, 4.11) | - | - |
Rules and boundaries
| ||||
Parental rules to limit screen time |
−5.15 (−9.20, −1.11)
|
−5.20 (−9.94, −0.47)
| - | - |
Parent allows child to play freely in backyard/street | - | −4.62 (−9.39, 0.16) | - | - |
Social interaction and support
| ||||
Maternal PA emotional support for child | 2.14 (−1.47, 5.76) | - | −1.10 (−2.84, 0.63) | - |
Paternal PA emotional support for child | 2.14 (−0.87, 5.14) | - | - | - |
Modelling of PA
| ||||
Paternal time in PA (hours/week) | - | −0.62 (−2.29, 1.04) | - | - |
Maternal TV viewing (hours/week) |
2.27 (1.09, 3.46)
| 1.33 (−0.05, 2.70) | - | - |
Paternal TV viewing (hours/week) | 0.49 (−0.71, 1.69) | 0.65 (−0.33, 1.63) | - | - |
Maternal role modelling of PA (times/week) | - | 0.36 (−3.27, 4.00) | - | - |
Paternal role modelling of PA (times/week) | - | 0.54 (−3.54, 4.61) | - | - |
Physical environment level
| ||||
Number of pieces of toys/ equipment to be physically active with at home (e.g., swings, slide) | - | 0.57 (−1.15, 2.29) | - | - |
Number of features at home (e.g., front fence, covered outdoor areas) | −2.51 (−9.95, 4.92) | −2.34 (−9.40, 4.72) | - | - |
Lives on a cul-de-sac | 11.70 (−1.26, 24.66) | - | - | - |
Number of TVs at home | 3.65 (−2.04, 9.34) | 5.15 (−1.69, 11.99) | - | 2.45 (−0.79, 5.70) |
TV in child’s bedroom | −1.74 (−23.72, 20.23) | 27.14 (−5.49, 59.77) | - | - |
Neighbourhood playground suitability (e.g., equipment, shade, safety) | 0.11 (−1.10, 1.32) | −0.69 (−2.11, 0.73) | −0.69 (−1.51, 0.12) | - |
Neighbourhood constraints to active transport (e.g., busy roads) | - | 0.14 (−1.29, 1.57) | −0.26 (−0.96, 0.43) | - |