Background
Methods
Search strategy and eligibility criteria
Study selection
Data extraction and analysis
Results
Description of the studies identified
Reference number | Author(s) | Country | Study design | Participant population group (oldest old, BME, deprived area)and age | Potential facilitators (themes) | Potential barriers (themes) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[4] | Davies, K. et al. 2010 | England | Quantitative, descriptive study on recruitment methods | Oldest old, ≥85 years | Family involvement, trust and respect, recruitment and maintenance strategy, location, flexible assessment, participant consent strategy | Mortality risk, poor health, unwillingness, interfering family members |
[25] | Dyall, L. et al. 2013 | New Zealand | Quantitative, structured questionnaires, descriptive study on recruitment methods | Oldest oldand BME (Māori), ≥85 years | Family involvement, trust and respect, recruitment and maintenance strategy | Mortality risk, poor health, unwillingness |
[26] | Ewart, C.V. et al. 2001 | United States | Quantitative, descriptive study on recruitment methods | Oldest old, 65–105 years | Trust and respect, recruitment and maintenance strategy, flexible assessment | Mortality risk, poor health, unwillingness, interfering family members, poor location |
[5] | Pascucci, M. et al. 2012 | United States | Quantitative, descriptive study and structured survey | Oldest old, 80–101 years | None | Poor health, poor location |
[44] | Buijs, R. et al. 2003 | Canada | Qualitative, focus groups and individual interviews | Deprived area, 61–90 years | Motivation, adaptable service | Poor health, lack of interest |
[40] | Martinez, I.L. et al. 2009 | United States | Qualitative, focus groups | Deprived area and BME (African American), 61–89 years | Motivation, free food | Poor health, inaccessibility, costs |
[21] | Mills, K.M. et al. 1996 | United States | Quantitative, descriptive study and structured interviews | Deprived area, ≥62 years | Introductory meeting at the housing estate | Poor health, lack of interest, letter invitation |
Number | Author(s) | Country | Study design | Participant population group (oldest old, BME, deprived area)and age | Potential facilitators | Potential barriers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[28] | Arean, P. A. et al. 2003 | United States | Quantitative, quasi-experimental comparative study | BME(African American, Latino) ≥65 years | Ethnical and cultural aspects, community connections, recruitment and maintenance strategy | Poor recruitment and engagement strategy |
[42] | Bynum, S. A. et al. 2012 | United States | Quantitative, structured interviews | BME(African American, Hispanic) ≥50 years | None | Lack of confidence, lack of knowledge |
[30] | Carlson, M. et al. 2014 | United States | Quantitative, descriptive study embedded in RCT | BME(African American, Hispanic) 60–95 years | Ethnical and cultural aspects, community connections, social support, providing transportation | Other priorities |
[27] | Coleman, E.A. et al. 1997 | United States | Qualitative, descriptive study on recruitment methods | BME (African American) ‘older people’ - age not specified | Community connections, incentives, recruitment and maintenance strategy | Poor recruitment and engagement strategy |
[25] | Dyall, L. et al. 2013 | New Zealand | Quantitative, structured quesionnaires, descriptive study on recruitment methods | Oldest oldand BME (Māori), ≥85 years | Trust, ethnical and cultural aspects, benefits to participant’s family, community connections, recruitment and maintenance strategy | Poor health, other priorities, poor recruitment and engagement strategy |
[32] | Ellish, N. J. et al. 2009 | United States | Quantitative, descriptive study on recruitment methods | BME(African American) ≥65 years | Community connections, familiar location | Poor recruitment and engagement strategy |
[38] | Holland, C.A. et al. 2008 | England | Mixed methods, questionnaire survey and telephone interviews | BME (Indian, African-Caribbean) ≥50 years | Incentives, social support, familiar location | Poor health, poor recruitment and engagement strategy, lack of transportation |
[37] | Horne, M. et al. 2013 | England | Qualitative, focus groups | BME (Indian, Pakistani) 60–70 years | Social support | Poor health, lack of transportation, feeling too old, lack of motivation, cultural and language barriers, lack of confidence |
[29] | MacEntee, M.I. et al. 2002 | United States | Qualitative, descriptive study on recruitment methods | BME(Vietnamese, Spanish, Cantonese-speaking, Punjabi-speaking) 60–75 years | Community connections, recruitment and maintenance strategy | Cultural and language barriers |
[41] | Manthorpe, J. et al. 2009 | England | Qualitative, focus groups | BME (Asian, Black, Mixed, Other) ‘older people’ - age not specified | None | Cultural and language barriers |
[40] | Martinez, I.L. et al. 2009 | United States | Qualitative, focus groups | Deprived area and BME (African American), 61–89 years | None | Lack of transportation, too tired, costs |
[36] | Mathews, A. et al. 2010 | United States | Qualitative, focus groups | BME (African Americans, American Indians,Latinos, Chinese, Vietnamese) 50–90 years | Benefits to the individual, social support | Poor health, other priorities, lack of transportation, costs, feeling too old, lack of confidence, lack of knowledge |
[39] | Prohaska, T.R. et al. 2000 | United States | Qualitative, structured interviews | BME (African American) ≥55 years | Social support | Other priorities, lack of motivation |
[31] | Stineman, M.G. et al. 2010 | United States | Quantitative, randomised controlled trial | BME (African American) ≥65 years | Community connections, social support, providing transportation | Poor health |
[33] | Sullivan-Marx, E.M. et al. 2011 | United States | Qualitative, descriptive study and structured questionnaires | BME (African American) ‘older people’ - age not specified | Trust, benefits to participant’s family, recruitment and maintenance strategy, providing transportation | Poor health, other priorities, lack of motivation |
[34] | Walcott-McQuigg, J.A. & Prohaska, T.R. 2001 | United States | Qualitative, focus groups | BME (African American) ≥55 years | Benefits to the individual, incentives, social support, providing transportation | Other priorities, lack of motivation |
[35] | Wilcox, S. et al. 2005 | United States | Qualitative, focus groups | BME (African American) 67.5 +/−9.2 years | Benefits to the individual | Lack of transportation, too tired, costs, feeling too old, lack of motivation, lack of confidence, lack of knowledge |
[43] | Williams, M.P. 1996 | United States | Qualitative, focus groups and individual interviews | BME (African American) ≥55 years | Incentives, familiar location, recruitment and maintenance strategy | None |
Oldest old | ||
Potential facilitators
|
Potential barriers
|
Strategies for engagement
|
• family involvement (e.g. engaging with family carers) • flexible assessment (length and time of sessions) • trust | • poor health • tiredness • unwillingness to engage in research on health promotion • lack of motivation • lack of support from family members • inaccessibility (lack of transport to research site, lack of facilities for in-home sessions) | • recruitment via primary care by known and trusted professionals • respectful and empathic approach • shorter visits over several months • ongoing face-to-face and written contact • home visits • check participants status with their GP |
Older people from BME groups | ||
Potential facilitators
|
Potential barriers
|
Strategies for engagement
|
• cultural and ethnic aspects e.g. connections to the targeted community and matching participants and researchers by ethnicity • trust • personal benefits and benefits to participant’s family • social support from family, friends, staff and peers | • having other priorities • lack of transportation • costs • poor health • lack of motivation • cultural and language barriers • lack of confidence • lack of knowledge | • familiar location • word-of-mouth • information easy-to-read (bullet point format, photo of research team • introductory meetings • providing transportation • monetary incentives • friendly competitions |
Older people in deprived areas | ||
Potential facilitators
|
Potential barriers
|
Strategies for engagement
|
• encouragement by others • personal interest in participating • complimentary refreshments | • poor health • inaccessibility • costs • lack of interest | • offering adaptable approach according to participants’ needs • social relationships between participants and researchers to create comfortable environment • face-to-face contact |