Background
Methods
Study design, setting and sample
Data collection
Outcome measures and statistical analysis
Results
Sample characteristics
Characteristic | Total (n = 1891) | Women (n = 962) | Men (n = 929) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | % | % | |
Locality | ||||
Urban | 1108 | 58.6 | 61.7* | 55.3* |
Rural | 590 | 31.2 | 29.3 | 33.2 |
Camp | 193 | 10.2 | 8.9 | 11.5 |
Geographic area of residence | ||||
North West Bank | 370 | 19.6 | 13.4*** | 25.9*** |
Central West Bank | 360 | 19.0 | 20.5 | 17.5 |
South West Bank | 391 | 20.7 | 29.7 | 11.3 |
North Gaza Strip | 121 | 6.4 | 4.6 | 8.3 |
Central Gaza Strip | 514 | 27.2 | 24.6 | 29.8 |
South Gaza Strip | 135 | 7.1 | 7.2 | 7.1 |
Living arrangement | ||||
With family | 1660 | 87.9 | 90.7*** | 84.9*** |
Other | 229 | 12.1 | 9.3 | 15.1 |
Employment status | ||||
Employed | 262 | 13.9 | 5.3*** | 22.7*** |
Not employed | 1629 | 86.1 | 94.7 | 77.3 |
Father’s highest educational attainment | ||||
Less than high school | 429 | 22.7 | 23.4 | 22.0 |
High school | 439 | 23.2 | 24.1 | 22.3 |
Higher than high school | 1023 | 54.1 | 52.5 | 55.8 |
Mother’s highest educational attainment | ||||
Less than high school | 580 | 30.7 | 29.5 | 31.9 |
High school | 604 | 31.9 | 32.3 | 31.5 |
Higher than high school | 707 | 37.4 | 38.1 | 36.6 |
Self-rated financial status | ||||
Poor | 556 | 30.5 | 26.2*** | 34.9*** |
Good | 686 | 37.6 | 39.0 | 36.2 |
Very good | 582 | 31.9 | 34.8 | 28.9 |
University attended | ||||
AAUJ a
| 384 | 20.3 | 13.9*** | 26.9*** |
Birzeit University | 384 | 20.3 | 21.0 | 19.6 |
Hebron University | 355 | 18.8 | 28.9 | 8.3 |
Al-Azhar University | 384 | 20.3 | 15.4 | 25.4 |
Islamic University | 384 | 20.3 | 20.8 | 19.8 |
Current year at university | ||||
First | 550 | 29.3 | 31.2* | 27.4* |
Second | 434 | 23.1 | 22.8 | 23.5 |
Third | 433 | 23.1 | 24.3 | 21.8 |
Fourth and above | 460 | 24.5 | 21.8 | 27.4 |
Current faculty of study | ||||
Arts & humanities | 1005 | 54.3 | 56.7*** | 51.9*** |
Sciences | 520 | 28.1 | 22.4 | 34.0 |
Health sciences | 325 | 17.6 | 21.0 | 14.1 |
Self-reported academic achievement | ||||
GPAb ≤ 69.9 | 185 | 10.0 | 6.9*** | 13.2*** |
GPA 70.0–79.9 | 966 | 52.0 | 48.4 | 55.7 |
GPA ≥ 80.0 | 708 | 38.1 | 44.8 | 31.1 |
Prevalence and patterns of WTS and cigarette smoking
Factors associated with WTS and cigarette smoking
Characteristic | Total (n = 1891) | Women (n = 962) | Men (n = 929) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WTS §
| CS £
| WTS | CS | WTS | CS | |
n (row %) | n (row %) | n (row %) | n (row %) | n (row %) | n (row %) | |
Locality | ||||||
Urban & Camp | 428 (25.2)* | 305 (18.0) | 120 (13.7)* | 34 (3.9)
C
| 308 (37.5) | 271 (33.0) |
Rural | 34 (17.6) | 35 (18.1) | 4 (4.7) | 1 (1.2) | 30 (28.0) | 34 (31.8) |
Geographic area of residence | ||||||
North West Bank | 139 (37.6)*** | 125 (33.8)*** | 21 (16.3)*** | 8 (6.2)**
C
| 118 (49.0)*** | 117 (48.5)*** |
Central West Bank | 107 (29.7) | 73 (20.3) | 44 (22.3) | 14 (7.1) | 63 (38.7) | 59 (36.2) |
South West Bank | 99 (25.3) | 52 (13.3) | 49 (17.1) | 10 (3.5) | 50 (47.6) | 42 (40.0) |
Gaza Strip | 117 (15.2) | 90 (11.7) | 10 (2.9) | 3 (0.9) | 107 (25.5) | 87 (20.7) |
Living arrangement | ||||||
With family | 381 (23.0)*** | 264 (15.9)*** | 109 (12.5) | 25 (2.9)***
C
| 272 (34.5)** | 239 (30.3)*** |
Other | 81 (35.4) | 76 (33.2) | 15 (16.9) | 10 (11.2) | 66 (47.1) | 66 (47.1) |
Employment status | ||||||
Employed | 99 (37.8)*** | 99 (37.8)*** | 6 (11.8) | 4 (7.8)
C
| 93 (44.1)** | 95 (45.0)*** |
Not employed | 363 (22.3) | 241 (14.8) | 118 (13.0) | 31 (3.4) | 245 (34.1) | 210 (29.2) |
Father’s highest educational attainment | ||||||
High school & above | 368 (25.2) | 275 (18.8) | 92 (12.5) | 31 (4.2) | 276 (38.1)* | 244 (33.7) |
Less than high school | 94 (21.9) | 65 (15.2) | 32 (14.2) | 4 (1.8) | 62 (30.4) | 61 (29.9) |
Mother’s highest educational attainment | ||||||
High school & above | 329 (25.1) | 238 (18.2) | 92 (13.6) | 26 (3.8) | 237 (37.4) | 212 (33.5) |
Less than high school | 133 (22.9) | 102 (17.6) | 32 (11.3) | 9 (3.2) | 101 (34.1) | 93 (31.4) |
Self-rated financial status | ||||||
Poor | 116 (20.9)* | 103 (18.5) | 23 (9.5) | 7 (2.9) | 93 (29.7)** | 96 (30.7) |
Good | 168 (24.5) | 122 (17.8) | 50 (13.8) | 10 (2.8) | 118 (36.4) | 112 (34.6) |
Very good | 166 (28.5) | 101 (17.4) | 49 (15.2) | 17 (5.3) | 117 (45.2) | 84 (32.4) |
Current faculty of study | ||||||
Arts & humanities | 251 (25.0) | 191 (19.0) | 70 (13.2) | 22 (4.1) | 181 (38.3) | 169 (35.7)* |
Sciences & health sciences | 204 (24.1) | 140 (16.6) | 52 (12.8) | 12 (2.9) | 152 (34.7) | 128 (29.2) |
Self-reported academic achievement | ||||||
GPA
b
≤ 69.9 | 72 (38.9)*** | 67 (36.2)*** | 15 (23.1)** | 1 (1.5)
C
| 57 (47.5)*** | 66 (55.0)*** |
GPA 70.0–79.9 | 272 (28.2) | 202 (20.9) | 69 (15.1) | 20 (4.4) | 203 (40.0) | 182 (35.8) |
GPA ≥ 80.0 | 109 (15.4) | 63 (8.9) | 37 (8.7) | 12 (2.8) | 72 (25.4) | 51 (18.0) |
Characteristic | Waterpipe tobacco smoking | Cigarette smoking |
---|---|---|
AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
Age (in years) §
| - | 1.12 (1.05–1.20) |
Gender | ||
Women R
| 1 | 1 |
Men | 4.20 (3.22–5.48) | 10.91 (7.25–16.42) |
Locality | ||
Urban & Camp R
| - | 1 |
Rural | - | 1.90 (1.17–3.08) |
Geographic area of residence | ||
Gaza Strip R
| 1 | 1 |
North West Bank | 3.20 (2.31–4.44) | 3.78 (2.51–5.70) |
Central West Bank | 2.66 (1.91–3.72) | 2.66 (1.73–4.08) |
South West Bank | 2.81 (1.99–3.95) | 2.40 (1.51–3.83) |
Living arrangement | ||
With family R
| - | 1 |
Other | - | 1.79 (1.19–2.68) |
Employment status | ||
Not employed R
| - | 1 |
Employed | - | 1.54 (1.08–2.18) |
Mother’s highest educational attainment | ||
Less than high school R
| - | 1 |
High school & above | - | 1.41 (1.03–1.93) |
Self-rated financial status | ||
Poor R
| 1 | - |
Good | 1.33 (0.99–1.80) | - |
Very good | 1.68 (1.24–2.29) | - |
Current faculty of study | ||
Sciences & health sciences R
| 1 | 1 |
Arts & humanities | 1.28 (1.00–1.63) | 1.76 (1.29–2.40) |
Self-reported academic achievement | ||
GPAb ≥ 80.0 R
| 1 | 1 |
GPA 70.0–79.9 | 1.79 (1.36–2.36) | 2.15 (1.51–3.08) |
GPA ≤ 69.9 | 2.94 (1.96–4.41) | 4.50 (2.78–7.30) |