Background
Method
(November, 2013) | Municipality of Aarhus (N = 330.000) | Social housing sector in the municipality of Aarhus (N = 75.500) | Deprived social housing settlement (N = 6650) |
---|---|---|---|
Unemployment ratea,b | 17.0% | 37.5% | 52.4% |
Social welfare recipientsb | 11.5% | 27.7% | 37.2% |
Non-western originc | 10.7% | 30.3% | 79.7% |
Population and sampling
Setting
Invitation
Intervention
Self-reported questionnaire on health and health behavior
Health check
Data analysis
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Causal model
Variables
Confounding variables
Statistical analysis
Results
Entire cohort | Nested cohort | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Attendance | Non-attendance | Total | Missings | Attendance | Non-attendance | Total | Missings | |
n (pct) | 1958 (29.5) | 4691 (70.6) | 6649 (100) | 0 / 6649 | 355 (25.2) | 1052 (74.8) | 1407 (100) | 0 / 1407 |
Age at first invitation | 0 / 6649 | 0 / 1407 | ||||||
-49 | 332 (17.0) | 1039 (22.2) | 1371 (20.6) | 60 (16.9) | 268 (25.5) | 328 (23.3) | ||
50–54 | 442 (22.6) | 1065 (22.7) | 1507 (22.7) | 90 (25.4) | 237 (22.5) | 327 (23.2) | ||
55–59 | 413 (21.1) | 963 (20.5) | 1376 (20.7) | 71 (20.0) | 200 (19.0) | 271 (19.3) | ||
60–64 | 367 (18.7) | 766 (16.3) | 1133 (17.0) | 62 (17.5) | 169 (16.1) | 231 (16.4) | ||
65+ | 404 (20.6) | 858 (18.3) | 1262 (19.0) | 72 (20.3) | 178 (16.9) | 250 (17.8) | ||
Sex | 0 / 6649 | 0 / 1407 | ||||||
Female | 1107 (56.5) | 2397 (51.1) | 3504 (52.7) | 195 (54.9) | 466 (44.3) | 661 (47.0) | ||
Male | 851 (43.5) | 2294 (48.9) | 3145 (51.9) | 160 (45.1) | 586 (55.7) | 746 (53.0) | ||
Education (years) | 432 / 6649 | 180 / 1407 | ||||||
< =10 | 479 (25.8) | 1575 (36.1) | 2054 (33.0) | 89 (28.2) | 361 (39.6) | 450 (36.7) | ||
10–15 | 832 (44.8) | 1822 (41.8) | 2654 (42.7) | 140 (44.3) | 371 (40.7) | 511 (41.7) | ||
> 15 | 547 (29.4) | 962 (22.1) | 1509 (24.3) | 87 (27.5) | 179 (19.7) | 266 (21.7) | ||
Income (1000 dkk) | 6 / 6649 | 3 / 1407 | ||||||
Low quartile (0-) | 581 (29.7) | 1734 (37.0) | 2315 (34.9) | 157 (44.2) | 556 (53.0) | 713 (50.8) | ||
Middle low quartile (161-) | 756 (38.6) | 1836 (39.2) | 2592 (39.0) | 108 (30.4) | 355 (33.8) | 463 (33.0) | ||
Middle high quartile (216-) | 437 (22.3) | 815 (17.4) | 1252 (18.9) | 68 (19.2) | 116 (11.1) | 184 (13.1) | ||
High quartile (283-) | 184 (9.40) | 300 (6.40) | 484 (7.29) | 22 (6.20) | 22 (2.10) | 44 (3.13) | ||
Occupational status | 5 / 6649 | 3 / 1407 | ||||||
Employed | 870 (44.4) | 1616 (34.5) | 2486 (37.4) | 133 (37.5) | 251 (23.9) | 384 (27.4) | ||
Self-employed | 43 (2.20) | 78 (1.66) | 121 (1.82) | 6 (1.69) | 22 (2.10) | 28 (2.00) | ||
Unemployed/benefits | 84 (4.29) | 191 (4.08) | 275 (4.14) | 18 (5.07) | 41 (3.91) | 59 (4.20) | ||
Social welfare recipients | 898 (45.9) | 2639 (56.3) | 3537 (53.2) | 183 (51.5) | 701 (66.8) | 884 (63.0) | ||
Others | 63 (3.22) | 162 (3.46) | 225 (3.39) | 15 (4.23) | 34 (3.24) | 49 (3.49) | ||
Country of origin | 0 / 6649 | 0 / 1407 | ||||||
Denmark | 1429 (73.0) | 3227 (68.8) | 4656 (70.0) | 176 (49.6) | 430 (40.9) | 606 (43.1) | ||
Western | 107 (5.46) | 185 (3.94) | 292 (4.39) | 23 (6.48) | 47 (4.47) | 70 (4.98) | ||
Non-western | 422 (21.6) | 1279 (27.3) | 1701 (21.1) | 156 (43.9) | 575 (54.7) | 731 (52.0) | ||
Cohabitation | 8 / 6649 | 3 / 1407 | ||||||
Single | 1049 (53.6) | 2626 (56.1) | 3675 (55.3) | 151 (42.5) | 510 (48.6) | 661 (47.1) | ||
Cohabiting | 908 (46.4) | 2058 (43.9) | 2966 (44.7) | 204 (57.5) | 539 (51.4) | 743 (52.9) | ||
Partner in project | 8 / 6649 | 3 / 1407 | ||||||
Yes | 729 (37.3) | 1641 (35.0) | 2370 (35.7) | 150 (42.3) | 393 (37.5) | 543 (38.7) | ||
No | 1228 (62.8) | 3043 (65.0) | 4271 (64.3) | 205 (57.8) | 656 (62.5) | 861 (61.3) | ||
Neighbourhood deprivation | 7 / 6649 | 4 / 1407 | ||||||
Low deprivation | 262 (13.4) | 600 (12.8) | 862 (13.0) | 14 (3.94) | 45 (4.29) | 59 (4.21) | ||
Low middle deprivation | 423 (21.6) | 988 (21.1) | 1411 (21.2) | 76 (21.4) | 174 (16.6) | 250 (17.8) | ||
High middle deprivation | 655 (33.5) | 1389 (29.7) | 2044 (30.8) | 71 (20.0) | 156 (14.9) | 227 (16.2) | ||
High deprivation | 618 (31.6) | 1707 (36.4) | 2325 (35.0) | 194 (54.7) | 673 (64.2) | 867 (61.8) | ||
Medical treatment | 0 / 6649 | 0 / 1407 | ||||||
Yes | 1118 (57.1) | 2934 (62.6) | 4052 (60.5) | 209 (58.9) | 644 (61.2) | 853 (61.3) | ||
No | 840 (42.9) | 1757 (37.5) | 2597 (39.1) | 146 (41.1) | 408 (38.8) | 554 (39.4) | ||
Frequent attenders to GP (top 10%) | 0 / 6649 | 0 / 1407 | ||||||
Yes | 149 (7.61) | 415 (8.85) | 564 (8.48) | 29 (8.17) | 81 (7.70) | 110 (7.82) | ||
No | 1809 (92.4) | 4276 (91.2) | 6085 (91.5) | 326 (91.8) | 971 (92.3) | 1297 (92.2) | ||
Preventive consultation at GP | 0 / 6649 | 0 / 1407 | ||||||
Yes | 506 (25.8) | 1271 (27.1) | 1777 (26.7) | 95 (26.8) | 278 (26.4) | 373 (26.5) | ||
No | 1452 (74.2) | 3420 (72.9) | 4872 (73.3) | 260 (73.2) | 774 (73.6) | 1034 (73.5) |
Uptake in the entire cohort
Model 1 (crude) | Model 2 (adjusted for age and sex) | Model 3 (minimal adjustment) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IRR (95% CI) | p-value | p-value | IRR (95% CI) | p-value | ||
Agea | ||||||
-49 | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | |||
50–54 | 1.21 (1.07;1.37) | 0.002 | 1.21 (1.07;1.37) | 0.002 | 1.21 (1.07;1.37) | 0.002 |
55–59 | 1.24 (1.10;1.40) | 0.001 | 1.24 (1.10;1.41) | 0.001 | 1.24 (1.10;1.40) | 0.001 |
60–64 | 1.34 (1.18;1.52) | 0.000 | 1.34 (1.18;1.52) | 0.000 | 1.34 (1.18;1.52) | 0.000 |
65+ | 1.32 (1.17;1.50) | 0.000 | 1.32 (1.17;1.49) | 0.000 | 1.32 (1.17;1.50) | 0.000 |
Sexa | ||||||
Female | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | |||
Male | 0.86 (0.80;0.92) | 0.000 | 0.86 (0.79;0.92) | 0.000 | 0.86 (0.79;0.92) | 0.000 |
Country of Origena | ||||||
Denmark | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | |||
Western | 1.20 (1.02;1.40) | 0.027 | 1.21 (1.03;1.41) | 0.020 | 1.19 (1.02;1.40) | 0.027 |
Non-western | 0.81(0.74;0.89) | 0.000 | 0.85 (0.77;0.93) | 0.001 | 0.81 (0.74;0.89) | 0.000 |
Educationb | ||||||
< =10 | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | |||
10–15 | 1.34 (1.22;1.48) | 0.000 | 1.37 (1.25;1.51) | 0.000 | 1.36 (1.24;1.50) | 0.000 |
> 15 | 1.56 (1.40;1.72) | 0.000 | 1.57 (1.42;1.74) | 0.000 | 1.56 (1.41;1.73) | 0.000 |
Occupational statusc | ||||||
Employed | 1.38 (1.28;1.49) | 0.000 | 1.51 (1.39;1.64) | 0.000 | 1.38 (1.26;1.51) | 0.000 |
Self-employed | 1.40 (1.10;1.79) | 0.008 | 1.59 (1.25;2.03) | 0.000 | 1.46 (1.14;1.87) | 0.003 |
Unemployed/benefits | 1.20 (1.00;1.45) | 0.053 | 1.38 (1.14;1.67) | 0.001 | 1.27 (1.04;1.54) | 0.018 |
Social welfare recipients | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | |||
Others | 1.10 (0.89;1.37) | 0.377 | 1.80 (1.14;2.85) | 0.012 | 1.76 (1.09;2.83) | 0.021 |
Incomed | ||||||
Low quartile | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | |||
Middle low quartile | 1.16 (1.06;1.28) | 0.001 | 1.13 (1.03;1.24) | 0.012 | 1.05 (0.95;1.17) | 0.339 |
Middle high quartile | 1.39 (1.25;1.54) | 0.000 | 1.37 (1.23;1.52) | 0.000 | 1.10 (0.97;1.25) | 0.126 |
High quartile | 1.52 (1.33;1.73) | 0.000 | 1.47 (1.29;1.69) | 0.000 | 1.14 (0.97;1.33) | 0.108 |
Cohabitationc | ||||||
Single | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | |||
Cohabiting | 1.07 (1.00;1.16) | 0.066 | 1.09 (1.01;1.17) | 0.023 | 1.11 (1.03;1.20) | 0.007 |
Medical treatmente | ||||||
Yes | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | |||
No | 1.17 (1.09;1.26) | 0.000 | 1.23 (1.14;1.33) | 0.000 | 1.22 (1.13;1.32) | 0.000 |
Frequent attendancef | ||||||
Yes | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | |||
No | 1.13 (0.98;1.30) | 0.106 | 1.17 (1.01;1.35) | 0.035 | 0.98 (0.84;1.13) | 0.753 |
Preventive consultationg | ||||||
Yes | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | |||
No | 1.05 (0.96; 1.14) | 0.295 | 1.10 (1.00;1.20) | 0.040 | 1.00 (0.91;1.10) | 0.994 |
Partner in projecth | ||||||
Yes | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | |||
No | 0.94 (0.87;1.01) | 0.084 | 0.94 (0.87;1.01) | 0.096 | 0.98 (0.85;1.12) | 0.732 |
Uptake in the nested cohort
Model 1 (crude) | Model 2 (adjusted for age and sex) | Model 3 (minimal adjustment) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IRR (95% CI) | p-value | IRR (95% CI) | p-value | IRR (95% CI) | p-value | |
Agea | ||||||
-49 | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | |||
50–54 | 1.51 (1.13;2.01) | 0.006 | 1.51 (1.13;2.01) | 0.005 | 1.51 (1.13;2.01) | 0.006 |
55–59 | 1.43 (1.06;1.94) | 0.020 | 1.44 (1.06;1.94) | 0.019 | 1.43 (1.06;1.94) | 0.020 |
60–64 | 1.47 (1.07;2.01) | 0.016 | 1.49 (1.09;2.03) | 0.012 | 1.47 (1.07;2.01) | 0.016 |
65+ | 1.57 (1.17;2.13) | 0.003 | 1.56 (1.15;2.11) | 0.004 | 1.57 (1.17;2.13) | 0.003 |
Sexa | ||||||
Female | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | |||
Male | 0.73 (0.61;0.87) | 0.001 | 0.73 (0.61;0.87) | 0.001 | 0.73 (0.61;0.87) | 0.001 |
Country of Origena | ||||||
Denmark | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | |||
Western | 1.13 (0.79;1.62) | 0.499 | 1.14 (0.80;1.64) | 0.466 | 1.13 (0.79;1.62) | 0.499 |
Non-western | 0.74 (0.61;0.89) | 0.001 | 0.77 (0.64;0.93) | 0.007 | 0.74 (0.61;0.89) | 0.001 |
Educationb | ||||||
< =10 | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | |||
10–15 | 1.39 (1.10;1.75) | 0.006 | 1.47 (1.16;1.85) | 0.001 | 1.45 (1.15;1.83) | 0.002 |
> 15 | 1.65 (1.28;2.13) | 0.000 | 1.70 (1.32;2.19) | 0.000 | 1.67 (1.30;2.15) | 0.000 |
Occupational statusc | ||||||
Employed | 1.67 (1.39;2.02) | 0.000 | 1.83 (1.51;2.22) | 0.000 | 1.67 (1.33;2.09) | 0.000 |
Self-employed | 1.04 (0.50;2.13) | 0.925 | 1.32 (0.65;2.68) | 0.444 | 1.12 (0.53;2.36) | 0.766 |
Unemployed/benefits | 1.47 (0.98;2.12) | 0.061 | 1.66 (1.09;2.53) | 0.019 | 1.33 (0.82;2.15) | 0.247 |
Social welfare recipients | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | |||
Others | 1.48 (0.95;2.30) | 0.082 | 1.69 (1.10;2.60) | 0.017 | 1.65 (1.04;2.63) | 0.035 |
Incomed | ||||||
Low quartile | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | |||
Middle low quartile | 1.06 (0.85;1.31) | 0.600 | 1.01 (0.81;1.25) | 0.959 | 0.87 (0.67;1.11) | 0.262 |
Middle high quartile | 1.68 (1.33;2.12) | 0.000 | 1.62 (1.29;2.05) | 0.000 | 1.12 (0.82;1.52) | 0.494 |
High quartile | 2.27 (1.64;3.15) | 0.000 | 2.11 (1.51;2.95) | 0.000 | 1.41 (0.94;2.10) | 0.095 |
Cohabitationc | ||||||
Single | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | |||
Cohabiting | 1.20 (1.00;1.44) | 0.048 | 1.25 (1.04;1.49) | 0.017 | 1.30 (1.07;1.57) | 0.007 |
Medical treatmente | ||||||
Yes | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | |||
No | 1.08 (0.90;1.29) | 0.434 | 1.16 (0.96;1.39) | 0.121 | 1.20 (0.99;1.45) | 0.069 |
Frequent attendancef | ||||||
Yes | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | |||
No | 0.95 (0.69;1.32) | 0.774 | 1.04 (0.75;1.44) | 0.829 | 0.75 (0.53;1.06) | 0.106 |
Preventive consultationg | ||||||
Yes | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | |||
No | 0.99 (0.81;1.21) | 0.902 | 1.06 (0.87;1.31) | 0.556 | 0.98 (0.79;1.22) | 0.885 |
Partner in projecth | ||||||
Yes | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | 1 (−; −) | |||
No | 0.86 (0.72;1.03) | 0.108 | 0.89 (0.74;1.06) | 0.192 | 0.98 (0.75;1.28) | 0.866 |