Background
Physical activity
Quality-of-life (physical and mental health)
Food security and nutrition
Methods
Participants and sampling
Measures
Pre-existing health conditions
Physical activity
Questiona | Points assignedb |
---|---|
In general, how would you describe your physical activity level? | No activity = 0 Low activity = 1 Somewhat low activity = 2 Somewhat high activity = 3 High activity = 4 |
In the past 3 months, have you participated in regular exercise (defined as: planned, structured, repetitive activity with an objective to improve or maintain physical fitness)? | No = 0 Yes = 2 |
Food security
Questiona | Points assignedb |
---|---|
The food that (I/we) bought just didn’t last, and (I/we) didn’t have money to get more. Was that often, sometimes, or never true for (you/your household) in the last 12 months? | Often true = 2 Sometimes true = 1 Never true = 0 Don’t know = 0 |
(I/we) couldn’t afford to eat balanced meals. Was that often, sometimes, or never true for (you/your household) in the last 12 months? | Often true = 2 Sometimes true = 1 Never true = 0 Don’t know = 0 |
In the last 12 months, did you ever eat less than you felt you should because there wasn’t enough money for food? | Yes = 2 No = 0 Don’t know = 0 |
In the last 12 months, were you ever hungry but didn’t eat because there wasn’t enough money for food? | Yes = 2 No = 0 Don’t know = 0 |
Quality-of-life (physical and mental health)
Questiona | |
---|---|
Now thinking about your physical health, which includes physical illness and injury, for how many days during the past 30 days was your physical health not good? | |
Now thinking about your mental health, which includes stress, depression, and problems with emotions, for how many days during the past 30 days was your mental health not good? | |
During the past 30 days, for about how many days did poor physical or mental health keep you from doing your usual activities, such as self-care, work, or recreation? |
Nutrition
Statistical methods
Results
Demographic variables
Pre-existing health conditions
Changes in health-related variables pre- and pandemic
Health variable | Pandemic condition | Paired-sample t test | Effect sizeb | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-pandemic | Pandemic | Change | ||||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | t | Significant at α = 0.05? | d | Label | |
Physical activity | 3.41 | 1.69 | 3.00 | 1.76 | −0.41 | 1.18 | 34.8 | Yes | 0.35 | Small |
Food security | 7.10 | 1.98 | 7.33 | 2.02 | .023 | 1.32 | 17.4 | Yes | −0.17 | – |
Nutrition | 51.4 | 11.7 | 51.0 | 11.9 | −0.45 | 6.08 | 7.45 | Yes | 0.08 | – |
Quality-of-life | 2.91 | 6.34 | 3.34 | 6.33 | 0.43 | 5.04 | −8.54 | Yes | −0.09 | – |
Population | Health variable | Pandemic condition | Paired-sample t test | Effect sizeb | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-pandemic | Pandemic | Change | |||||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | t | Significant at α = 0.05?a | d | Label | ||
Minority | Physical activity | 3.48 | 1.63 | 3.02 | 1.73 | −0.46 | 1.32 | 18.0 | Yes | 0.35 | Small |
Food security | 6.78 | 2.12 | 7.13 | 2.21 | 0.36 | 1.59 | −11.7 | Yes | −0.23 | Small | |
Nutrition | 52.3 | 11.7 | 51.7 | 12.0 | −0.57 | 7.00 | 4.16 | Yes | 0.08 | – | |
Quality-of-life | 2.24 | 5.64 | 3.11 | 6.11 | 0.86 | 5.01 | −8.85 | Yes | −0.17 | – | |
Non-minority White | Physical activity | 3.38 | 1.71 | 2.99 | 1.78 | −0.39 | 1.13 | 29.9 | Yes | 0.35 | Small |
Food security | 7.22 | 1.91 | 7.40 | 1.94 | 0.18 | 1.21 | −12.9 | Yes | −0.15 | – | |
Nutrition | 51.1 | 11.7 | 50.7 | 11.9 | −0.41 | 5.72 | 6.18 | Yes | 0.07 | – | |
Quality-of-life | 3.15 | 6.56 | 3.43 | 6.41 | 0.28 | 5.04 | −4.68 | Yes | −0.06 | – |
Exploration of correlations between variables
Minority | Education | Income | Age | Health | PAC | FSC | NC | QOLC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Minority | 1 | ||||||||
Education | −0.06 | 1 | |||||||
Income | −0.14 | 0.46 | 1 | ||||||
Age | −0.30 | 0 | 0.03 | 1 | |||||
Health | −0.13 | −0.07 | −0.10 | 0.23 | 1 | ||||
PAC | −0.03 | −0.01 | − 0.01 | 0 | − 0.01 | 1 | |||
FSC | 0.06 | −0.02 | −0.07 | − 0.08 | −0.02 | 0.04 | 1 | ||
NC | −0.01 | 0 | 0.02 | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 1 | |
QOLC | 0.05 | −0.01 | −0.05 | − 0.13 | 0.05 | − 0.06 | −0.05 | − 0.05 | 1 |