Background
Argan is now used worldwide in numerous cosmetic products, as this fruit is supposed to possess many health properties related to its high unsaturated fatty acid and phytosterol content [1,2]. Argan oil is obtained according to an ancestral technique by heating, roasting and pressing the nuts contained in the fruit of Argania spinosa (Sapotaceae), an endemic tree growing in arid and semi-arid areas in South-West Morocco.
More recently, argan-derived products (proteins) extracted from argan cakes (residuals from pressing operations) have also been used in cosmetic products. To date, only one case of argan oil allergy has been reported in the literature, with digestive manifestations related to argan oil ingestion [3].
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In January 2011, a 35 year-old man, a current smoker working in a cosmetic factory, was referred to the occupational medicine department of our university hospital. He reported brief episodes of flu-like syndrome (asthenia, myalgia, shivering, chest tightness) several hours after handling of crude argan powder derived from argan cakes. With his written and informed consent, the patient underwent a specific challenge to argan cake milling products at his workplace for one hour (D0), under medical supervision. This challenge was followed, eight hours later, by flu-like syndrome. Diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) decreased from 93% predicted to 80% at D2 with no changes on HRCT scan. On D4, alveolitis (602,000 cells/mL) with discrete lymphocytosis (25%), predominantly CD8 (60%), was observed in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Specific serum antibodies directed against antigens derived from extracts of various argan products were positive with up to seven arcs on electrosyneresis (ES). The diagnosis of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (HP) was established in this patient according to form 1 of the HP study classification [4].
Following this index case, presenting a new etiology for HP, we decided to conduct a systematic survey of all workers exposed under similar conditions in order to identify other possible cases of HP. A second objective was to identify the antigen responsible (microorganisms as in farmer’s lung or protein as in pigeon breeders’ lung [5]).
Methods
Description of the industrial process
Argan cakes (as granulates) arrive from Morocco in jute bags of 25 kg with no treatment after the pressing step. Argan cakes are initially delipidized by carbon dioxide at low temperature, and then milled to a fine powder. A second step of the process, including solubilization, filtration and sterilizing operations, results in a sterile finished product, in powder or liquid form. Operators are exposed to various levels of three forms of the product (granulates, powder and sterile powder) depending on the step of the process and protective measures. Workers wear filtration masks only during one step.
Data collection
All subjects were examined in our reference center after specific information on the examinations and after obtaining their written informed consent. All patients filled in a standardized questionnaire including personal use of argan products (in cosmetics or cooking), personal history of atopy, allergic rhinitis or asthma, smoking, flu-like symptoms (asthenia, myalgia, fever, chest tightness) after argan handling. Physical examination, anteroposterior chest X-ray and blood tests, including total IgE, were performed in the absence of any recent argan exposure. After specific treatment and extraction of proteins from argan products (see below), a specific identification of precipitins in workers’ sera was systematically performed.
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All subjects with episodes of flu-like syndrome several hours after handling argan cakes, underwent the same workplace specific challenge test to argan powder as that performed in the index case. The challenge test was organized in the workplace with the collaboration of the factory occupational physician and a resident of our center, under the usual conditions of the industrial process. On D2, the workers underwent physical examination with blood count, of pulmonary function tests by plethysmography (Vmax - Autobox V62J Encore, SensorMedics, Yorba Linda, CA), and chest HRCT scan. On D4, BAL was proposed only in subjects with flu-like symptoms during the hours following argan exposure and association of significant features on either HRCT scan (ground-glass opacities) or pulmonary function tests (more than 10% decrease DLCO after challenge).
Culture and antigen extracts
The three forms of argan were processed by one of the authors (GR) to extract microorganisms and specific antigens. The methods have been previously published [6,7]. Endotoxin assay was also performed by the National Institute of Safety Research (INRS) [8]. Culture and isolations methods are described in Additional file 1.
Three total crude extracts were prepared by extraction from crude sample materials according to the form: granulates, powder and sterilized finished product. This technique is adapted from Pépys et al. [9] (see Additional file 1). Two somatic antigens (Bacillus Licheniformis and Bacillus sp.) were derived from bacteria isolated from “argan” (powder and granulates). Antigens were prepared as previously described [7] (see Additional file 1).
As a review of the literature showed that argan roots are commonly contaminated by Streptomyces marokkonensis [10], S. marokkonensis antigen was prepared from the original strain (DMZ 41918) isolated from the Argania spinosa tree.
Serology techniques
All sera were tested by two techniques using the same batches of antigen. Serum precipitins were investigated by agar gel Ouchterlony double diffusion (DD) [12] and electrosyneresis (ES) on cellulose acetate [13]. All results were read blindly by two operators and no difference was observed between the two readings. Serological techniques have been previously described in detail in supplementary data on Journal of Medical Microbiology [6]. Moreover an ELISA IgG technique (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assays) was also used for all sera. Technique was described previously by Roussel et al. [11].
Results
Nine subjects, one female and eight male, including the case index, were included in the study. Their main characteristics are reported in Table 1. Six subjects, including the index case, reported similar respiratory symptoms: flu like symptoms early in the evening following argan handling. Physical examination and initial chest X-rays in the absence of any recent exposure to argan were normal in all patients (Table 2). Table 2 also presents the results of specific challenge tests.
Table 1
General and occupational characteristics of the subjects sample
Cases | Gender (age) | Tobacco status | Domestic argan exposure | Workstation | First exposure to argan | Frequency of exposure to argan granule | Last exposure to argan | Complaints suggestive of HP | Onset and duration of complaints suggestive of HP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Male (35) | S | No | production operator | 2006 | monthly | previous month | flu-like syndrome | Early evening and for several hours |
2 | Male (28) | FS | No | production operator | 2008 | monthly | previous month | flu-like syndrome | Early evening and for several hours |
3 | Male (35) | FS | No | production operator | 2007 | monthly | previous month | flu-like syndrome | Early evening and for several hours |
4 | Male (39) | FS | No | production (foreman) | 2007 | monthly | previous month | flu-like syndrome | Early evening and for several hours |
5 | Male (30) | S | No | production operator | 2007 | occasionally | previous month | No | / |
6 | Male (35) | S | No | production operator | 2007 | monthly | previous month | No | / |
7 | Male (45) | S | No | “powder” workshop | 2006 | occasionally | previous month | No | / |
8 | Female (40) | NS | No | packaging | 2007 | monthly | previous month | No | / |
9 | Male (34) | NS | No | production operator | 2006 | occasionally | previous month | flu-like syndrome | Early evening and for several hours |
Table 2
Summary of investigations for the diagnosis of Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Before specific challenge | After specific challenge * | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cases | Physical examination | Chest X rays | DLCO | Symptoms suggestive of HP† | DLCO (variation) % predicted† | CT Scan† | BAL‡ | Conclusion |
1 | normal | normal | 89% | Yes | 78% (-11%) | No specific abnormalities | 600000/mL 25.5% lymphocytes | HP |
2 | normal | normal | 118% | Yes | 120% | / | / | ODTS |
3 | normal | normal | 63% | Yes | 61% | Emphysema | 935000/mL 5% lymphocytes | ODTS |
4 | normal | normal | 88% | Yes | 62% (-22%) | Localized Ground-glass opacities | 600000/mL 18% lymphocytes (not available) | HP |
5 | normal | normal | 68% | Yes | 79% | / | / | ODTS |
6 | normal | normal | 85% | / | / | / | / | / |
7 | normal | normal | 79% | / | / | / | / | / |
8 | normal | normal | 86% | / | / | / | / | / |
9 | normal | normal | 95% | Yes | 94% | / | / | ODTS |
In the index case (#1), the challenge reproduced the symptoms within 8 hours, but physical examination remained normal. HRCT scan did not demonstrate any significant abnormalities. BAL revealed the presence of alveolitis with 602,000 cells/mL and discrete (25%) but significant lymphocytosis in this smoker [14,15] with a predominance of CD8 (60%). Noteworthy, the DLCO was decreased to 78% predicted.
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Three of the five new symptomatic patients (#2, #5 and #9) did not present any alteration of DLCO or HRCT scan after specific challenge. In subject #3, a current smoker, who presented an abnormal DLCO before and after the challenge (63% and 61% predicted, respectively), HRCT scan demonstrated the presence of centrilobular emphysema. BAL was at the limit of normal. The last subject (#4), also a current smoker, presented a significant decrease of DLCO after the challenge (62% predicted vs 88% predicted), and localized ground-glass opacities on HRCT scan on D2 after challenge. However, BAL failed to demonstrate the presence of lymphocytosis in this case (18%). As this stage, the diagnosis of HP was only suspected in this subject.
Microbiological results
Only two Bacillus species were identified in all aqueous samples: Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus spp. 200 CFU/g and 400 CFU/g of B. licheniformis in granulated and “argan” powder, respectively. Bacillus spp. was isolated at a concentration of 400 CFU/g and 2000 CFU/g in the same samples. In a second sample of argan cake, 3 strains of Bacillus were identified by DNAr 16S sequence and phenotypic characteristics (B. pumilus, B. clausii, B. subtilis). No other bacteria, actinomycetes or fungi were isolated.
Serology results
The two patients (#1 and #4) with suspected HP after the specific challenge presented significant arcs to both granulates and non-sterile powder (seven and three arcs with ES technique in case #1 and five and three arcs in case #4, respectively, see Table 3). Patient #9, who reported flu-like symptoms after argan handling but with no change in DLCO or HRCT scan after specific challenge, also presented significant arcs to both granulates and non-sterile powder (four and three arcs with ES technique, respectively). These three patients also had elevated IgG against argan granulates and/or argan powder (Table 4).
Table 3
Number of precipitin arcs for four antigens in workers exposed to argan and non-exposed controls
Case | Precipitin arcs n | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Argan granulates | Argan powder | Sterile finished product | Bacillusspp |
Streptomyces marokkonensis
| ||||||
ES* | DD† | ES | DD | ES | DD | ES | DD | ES | DD | |
Workers exposed to Argan
| ||||||||||
1 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
4 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
6 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
7 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
8 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
9 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Non exposed Controls
| ||||||||||
1 (serum pool‡) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Table 4
Mean IgG and total IgE in workers exposed to argan and exposed controls
Case | Total IgE (IU/ml) | Average IgG | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Argan granule Ag (ARG Ag) | Argan powder Ag (ARP Ag) | Argantensyl Ag (ART Ag) | Bacillusspp. Ag | Streptomyces. marokkonensisAg | ||
Workers exposed to Argan
| ||||||
1 | 80 | 2.48 | 2.37 | 3.25 | 0.13 | 0.10 |
2 | 559 | 1.10 | 1.00 | 0.55 | 0.12 | 0.13 |
3 | 261 | 1.17 | 0.94 | 0.22 | 0.10 | 0.29 |
4 | 144 | 0.96 | 1.48 | 1.48 | 0.10 | 0.14 |
5 | 100 | 1.30 | 1.03 | 0.27 | 0.10 | 0.19 |
6 | 47 | 1.52 | 0.92 | 0.45 | 0.11 | 0.09 |
7 | 21 | 0.14 | 0.22 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.09 |
8 | 65 | 0.51 | 0.56 | 0.28 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
9 | 112 | 1.49 | 1.25 | 1.12 | 0.13 | 0.09 |
Non exposed controls
| ||||||
1 (serum pool*) | / | 0.45 | 0.62 | 0.22 | 0.14 | 0.11 |
No reactivity was observed against antigens derived from bacteria (Bacillus spp. including B. pumilus, B. clausii, B. subtilis, B. licheniformis and S. marokkonensis) in any of the subjects. Noteworthy, none of the subjects presented arcs against the sterile argan finished product. No arcs were identified in a serum pool of 9 urban adults without exposure to farm products or birds. None of subjects presented any exposure to other common risk of HP.
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Finally, on the basis of the presence of clinical symptoms after exposure, ground-glass opacities on HRCT scan and positive serology, the diagnosis of HP was adopted for case #4 as well as case #1.
Discussion
Two cases of documented HP related to handling argan cake were identified among nine exposed workers in a factory using argan cake. Positive diagnosis was based on the presence of the following criteria after specific challenge test at the workplace: presence of suggestive clinical symptoms within 8 hours, significant specific serum antibodies to extracts or argan granulates and non-sterile powder (Precipitins and IgG), significant decrease of DLCO, presence of ground glass opacities (only in subject #4), presence of alveolitis (in both) subjects with mild lymphocytosis (25% in subject #1). Four other patients with suggestive clinical symptoms occurring after argan handling but with no HRCT scan or DLCO changes were considered to present organic dust toxic syndrome, as a significant level of endotoxins (4200 EU/g) was observed in argan cake granulates. Finally, one of these patients presented a lobular emphysema on HRCT scan with altered DLCO, not modified by challenge to argan, and associated with active smoking.
The accuracy of the diagnosis of HP needs to be discussed. In the case index, the combination of symptoms, mild lymphocytosis on BAL, significant decrease of DLCO after challenge with complete recovery in the absence of exposure and the presence of specific serum antibodies with argan granulates or non-sterile powder, appeared to be sufficient to confirm the diagnosis of HP. In absence of lymphocytosis in the second case, the diagnosis of HP may be more doubtful. However, the presence of slight ground-glass opacities on HRCT scan, a significant decrease of DLCO after specific challenge, with recovery in the absence of exposure, as well as significant arcs to antigens derived from argan cake, were clearly in favor of the diagnosis. Moreover, all clinical features were mild and totally reversible after removal from occupational exposure, which could also explain the absence of respiratory crackles on physical examination, as also reported in 32% of patients with form one of the HP study. The positive diagnosis of HP is fairly complex [5] and several classifications have been proposed in the literature [4,16-18]. In most classifications, the major criterion is a combination of suggestive clinical symptoms after exposure to antigens, HRCT abnormalities, specific serum antibodies and lymphocytosis on BAL. However, a decrease in DLCO, positive challenge or inspiratory crackles are considered to be major or minor criteria depending on the classification, and these classifications remain controversial. In particular, a recent study observed that HRCT abnormalities were strongly associated with chronic forms of the disease, but may be absent in more acute forms. Accordingly, we assume that our two patients presented an acute form of HP (or active as proposed by Lacasse et al. in the HP study) [4]. Interestingly, the very low frequency of exposure (less than one hour every month for some workers) may explain the paucity and the transient nature of clinical features. The intensity of exposure and repeated exposure are known risk factors for HP [19-21]. The cases described here demonstrate that HP can also occur in very particular circumstances associated with infrequent exposure.
The marked differences between specific serum antibodies against non-sterile forms of argan (both granulate and powder) and sterile forms first suggest that a microbial agent may be responsible for the disease. However, cultures for the microorganisms usually involved in HP were negative, as were specific antibodies for these agents despite the use of several specific media. A review of the literature also found that argan roots are commonly contaminated by Streptomyces marokkonensis [10]. As some other Streptomyces spp. are known to be responsible for HP, this may constitute an interesting hypothesis to explain our findings. Unfortunately, all specific serological tests derived from the Streptomyces marokkonensis extract remained negative in all subjects. The last explanation, under the hypothesis of causative microbial agent, is that this agent is a no viable or uncultivable bacteria or fungi. However, these negative results and the fact that, to the best of our knowledge, HP has never been previously described in the literature among workers (mainly women) of argan cooperatives, also suggest that the antigen responsible could be a protein. In this case, differences observed between specific serum antibodies against argan granulates and powder and against the sterile form could be explained by a heat-labile protein. Further investigations are required to identify the protein or microbial agent responsible for the HP observed in these two patients.
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Conclusions
We report two cases of acute HP associated with argan powder manipulation before sterilization. No similar cases have been previously reported. Moreover, our findings also highlight the fact that HP can occur even in a context of infrequent exposure.
Ethics
In this case series report, all the procedure are clinically indicated and confirmed by a pluridisciplicinary medical staff (multidisciplanarystaff for occupational allergic disease of the university hospital of Nancy). All cases agreed that theirs results could be published.
Acknowledgements
We thank Cecile Poussel who contributed to acquisition of the data. The authors received only funding from their employers. CP, EP and IT: Université de Lorraine and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Nancy. FH: Université de Toulouse and CHU de Toulouse. GR: Université de Franche Comté and CHU de Besançon. CB: Université de Franche Comté. CG: Association Lorraine de Santé en Milieu de Travail (association of occupational physicians of Lorraine).
The manuscript preparation has been made using only annual funding from research unit INGRES (EA7298) of the Université de Lorraine.
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Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
CP contributed to the study design; data acquisition, their analysis, and their interpretation; drafting and revision of the manuscript and is the guarantor of the content of the manuscript including the data and analysis. FH, contributed to the study design; data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation and revision of the manuscript GR contributed to study design, acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data related to microbiological analysis, culture and antigen extracts, and serology, and revision of the manuscript. EP, contributed to the study design; data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation and revision of the manuscript. CB, contributed to acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data related to microbiological analysis, culture and antigen extracts, and serology and revision of the manuscript. CG, contributed to clinical data acquisition in particular and organization of challenge and revision of the manuscript. IT contributed to the study design; interpretation of data; drafting and revision of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.